張 宏,張 琴,劉澤源,徐亞飛,曲恒燕(軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院,北京 100071)
·實(shí)驗(yàn)研究·
TAT-tCNTF對CD損傷細(xì)胞的作用機(jī)制研究
張 宏,張 琴,劉澤源,徐亞飛,曲恒燕(軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院,北京 100071)
目的:探討TAT-tCNTF對細(xì)胞松弛素D(CD)導(dǎo)致的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞株(HUVECs)損傷的作用機(jī)制。方法:TAT-tCNTF處理經(jīng)CD損傷的細(xì)胞,CCK-8法檢測其對細(xì)胞活力的影響;熒光顯微鏡觀察羅丹明-鬼筆環(huán)肽標(biāo)記的F-actin的變化;熒光顯微鏡和流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(FCM)檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)Fluo 4-AM標(biāo)記的Ca2+濃度變化;Western blot檢測F-actin蛋白水平變化。結(jié)果:10 μmol·L-1CD降低HUVECs的細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度(P < 0.000 1),而10 μg·mL-1的TAT-tCNTF明顯升高HUVECs的細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度(P = 0.003);熒光顯微鏡下觀察到CD作用后的細(xì)胞F-actin斷裂且分布減少,而TAT-tCNTF可改善這一現(xiàn)象;TAT-tCNTF可降低由CD引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載;FCM顯示CD組Ca2+熒光強(qiáng)度(MFI)較對照組增強(qiáng),而(CD + TAT-tCNTF)組的MFI較CD組減弱。Western blot結(jié)果顯示各組F-actin表達(dá)量無明顯差異。結(jié)論:TAT-tCNTF對CD引起的細(xì)胞損傷有改善作用,其機(jī)制與維持細(xì)胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu)和緩解細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載有關(guān)。
TAT-tCNTF;細(xì)胞松弛素D;F-actin;Ca2+超載
睫狀神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(ciliary neurotrophic factor,CNTF)支持營養(yǎng)神經(jīng)元并修復(fù)受損的神經(jīng)元[1-2],增加肌纖維細(xì)胞的數(shù)量[3]。但其本身透膜能力較差,難以通過細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能。人類免疫缺陷病毒-1的反義激活轉(zhuǎn)錄(trans-activator transcription,TAT)蛋白片段是有效的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)域,能攜帶外源性蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞[4]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室將TAT與截短式的CNTF(truncated CNTF)的基因序列進(jìn)行重組表達(dá),獲得融合蛋白TAT-tCNTF。前期實(shí)驗(yàn)證明其活性與CNTF基本一致[5],但TAT-tCNTF進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的機(jī)制并不清楚。TAT主要是以巨胞飲方式穿過細(xì)胞膜[6],故采用巨胞飲抑制劑CD研究TAT-tCNTF的透膜機(jī)制。本實(shí)驗(yàn)著重研究CD對細(xì)胞活力、構(gòu)成微絲的纖維狀肌動(dòng)蛋白( fi lamentous actin,F(xiàn)-actin)及支撐其運(yùn)動(dòng)的Ca2+的變化,進(jìn)而考察TAT-tCNTF對CD所致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷的作用和機(jī)制。
1.1 儀器
iMark全自動(dòng)酶標(biāo)儀(美國Bio-Rad公司),熒光顯微鏡-Axio Observer A1(德國Zeiss公司),流式細(xì)胞儀(Becton Dickinson公司)。
1.2 藥物與試劑
TAT-tCNTF(本實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備),細(xì)胞松弛素D(Calbiochem公司),胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司),DMEM培養(yǎng)基(HyClone公司),CCK-8試劑(日本株式會(huì)社同仁化學(xué)研究所),羅丹明-鬼筆環(huán)肽(Cytoskeleton公司),DAPI(MP公司),F(xiàn)luo 4-AM(日本株式會(huì)社同仁化學(xué)研究所),F(xiàn)-actin抗體(北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司),GAPDH抗體(Sigma公司)。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞
人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞株(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存提供。
1.4 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
HUVECs培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液中,置于5% CO2、37 ℃、飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中,隔天傳代。
1.5 CCK-8法檢測細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度
總的來說,教學(xué)內(nèi)容的實(shí)踐也是小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中一大重點(diǎn)板塊之一,對于提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和學(xué)習(xí)積極性都有著十分重要的正面影響作用,需要在實(shí)際教學(xué)過程中給予重視。
取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,以5×105個(gè)·mL-1的懸液種植于96孔板。實(shí)驗(yàn)分組為對照組、CD組、CD+TAT-tCNTF組和TAT-tCNTF組,并設(shè)立空白組。細(xì)胞加入10 μmol·L-1的CD孵育30 min,洗滌之后加入10 μg·mL-1的TAT-tCNTF孵育24 h。加入CCK-8溶液孵育2 h,在450 nm波長處測定吸光度值(A450)。細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度 = A450(試驗(yàn)組-空白組)/A450(對照組-空白組)×100%。
1.6 羅丹明-鬼筆環(huán)肽標(biāo)記觀察F-actin
將種植于24孔板的HUVECs經(jīng)CD和TAT-tCNTF同前處理后,去除培養(yǎng)基,PBS清洗,4%多聚甲醛固定細(xì)胞,0.5% Triton X-100滲透細(xì)胞,PBS清洗,每孔加入100 nmol·L-1的羅丹明-鬼筆環(huán)肽工作液,室溫避光孵育30 min。PBS清洗,用1 μg·mL-1的DAPI工作液孵育30 s后,熒光顯微鏡下拍照,羅丹明用綠光激發(fā),DAPI用紫光激發(fā)。
1.7 Fluo 4-AM標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+變化情況
將種植于6孔板的HUVECs經(jīng)CD和TAT-tCNTF同上處理后,除盡培養(yǎng)基,PBS洗滌,加入5 μmol·L-1的Fluo 4-AM工作液,37 ℃孵育30 min,陰性對照采用PBS代替。除去工作液,PBS洗滌,加入PBS覆蓋細(xì)胞,37 ℃孵育20 min。熒光顯微鏡下觀察拍照;另將其消化離心收集于流式細(xì)胞儀檢測熒光強(qiáng)度,激發(fā)光波長為494 nm,發(fā)射光波長為516 nm。
1.8 Western blot檢測F-actin的蛋白表達(dá)水平
將藥物處理后的HUVECs提取蛋白,同時(shí)將蛋白樣品進(jìn)行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳后并轉(zhuǎn)膜,加兔源F-actin一抗(1∶300)4 ℃孵育過夜,加HRP標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔二抗(1∶7000)室溫孵育2 h,然后于暗室加入ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光液,X膠片顯影、定影。
1.9 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 TAT-tCNTF改善CD對HUVECs的生長抑制
CD降低HUVECs的細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度(P < 0.000 1),而TAT-tCNTF可明顯升高CD作用后的HUVECs的細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度(P = 0.003)。詳見圖1。
圖1 HUVECs細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度的變化.n= 6A – 對照組,B – CD(10 μmol·L-1)組,C – CD(10 μmol·L-1) + TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組,D – TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組注:與A組比較,**P < 0.000 1;與B組比較,##P = 0.003Fig 1 Variation of the cell viability of HUVECs.n= 6A – control group, B – CD (10 μmol·L-1) group, C – CD (10 μmol·L-1) + TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group, D – TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) groupNote: compared with group A,**P < 0.000 1; compared with group B,##P = 0.003
2.2 TAT-tCNTF穩(wěn)定F-actin結(jié)構(gòu)
羅丹明-鬼筆環(huán)肽將F-actin直接熒光染色,呈紅色;DAPI將細(xì)胞核染成藍(lán)色。如圖2所示,經(jīng)CD作用后F-actin相對于對照組減少,其細(xì)胞微絲斷裂;而經(jīng)TAT-tCNTF處理受損細(xì)胞后,F(xiàn)-actin的纖維絲連接相對較緊密。
圖2 CD和TAT-tCNTF對F-actin的影響(×40)A – 對照組,B – CD(10 μmol·L-1)組,C – CD(10 μmol·L-1)+ TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組,D – TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組Fig 2 Effect of CD and TAT-tCNTF on F-actin (×40)A – control group, B – CD (10 μmol·L-1) group, C – CD (10 μmol·L-1) + TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group, D – TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group
2.3 TAT-tCNTF緩解CD引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載
熒光顯微鏡下觀察到Fluo 4-AM將Ca2+染成綠色。相對于對照組,經(jīng)CD作用后的細(xì)胞,胞內(nèi)綠色熒光明顯增加,表明細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度較高;而再經(jīng)TAT-tCNTF處理的細(xì)胞綠色熒光相對減少。詳見圖3。
圖3 Fluo 4-AM標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的顯微觀察(×10)A – 對照組,B – CD(10 μmol·L-1)組,C – CD(10 μmol·L-1)+TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組,D – TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組Fig 3 Microscopic observation of intracellular Ca2+labeled by Fluo 4-AM staining (×10)A – control group, B – CD (10 μmol·L-1) group, C – CD (10 μmol·L-1) + TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group, D – TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測Ca2+染色的平均熒光強(qiáng)度(mean fluorescene intensity,MFI)。相對于對照組(MFI為440),CD組(MFI為539)的MFI增加,說明其細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度較高;而CD + TAT-tCNTF組的MFI為499,較CD組降低,表明TAT-tCNTF能夠降低CD引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的增加。詳見圖4。
圖4 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)Fluo 4-AM標(biāo)記的Ca2+的熒光強(qiáng)度A – 對照組,B – CD(10 μmol·L-1)組,C – CD(10 μmol·L-1)+ TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組,D – TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組Fig 4 MFI of Fluo 4-AM labeled intracellular Ca2+by flow cytometryA – control group, B – CD (10 μmol·L-1) group, C – CD (10 μmol·L-1) + TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group, D – TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group
2.4 F-actin蛋白表達(dá)量基本不改變
F-actin蛋白表達(dá)量如圖5示,在內(nèi)參GAPDH表達(dá)基本一致的基礎(chǔ)上,CD組與其他組的F-actin蛋白表達(dá)量無明顯差異。
圖5 F-actin蛋白表達(dá)量A – 對照組,B – CD(10 μmol·L-1)組,C – CD(10 μmol·L-1)+ TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組,D – TAT-tCNTF(10 μg·mL-1)組Fig 5 Expression of F-actin proteinA – control group, B – CD (10 μmol·L-1) group, C – CD (10 μmol·L-1) + TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group, D – TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) group
本實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備的可穿膜重組TAT-tCNTF,在前期實(shí)驗(yàn)已證實(shí)其與CNTF的藥理作用相似,甚至在一些活性方面超過CNTF[5]。這可能由于重組的TAT-tCNTF的通透性增強(qiáng),使TAT-tCNTF與CNTFα受體結(jié)合更加充分,從而發(fā)揮更好的藥理作用,如通過抗氧化作用保護(hù)神經(jīng)元[7]。
CD結(jié)合于actin和F-actin的生長端,從而阻抑肌動(dòng)蛋白的聚合,導(dǎo)致肌動(dòng)蛋白解聚[8],本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用TAT-tCNTF對CD損傷細(xì)胞進(jìn)行了作用機(jī)制研究。CD可抑制細(xì)胞的增長,這與CD切斷微絲,抑制細(xì)胞的分裂一致[9]。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)TAT-tCNTF作用后細(xì)胞活動(dòng)度明顯增加,說明TAT-tCNTF能夠從增加細(xì)胞活力上緩解CD所致的細(xì)胞損傷,也證實(shí)TAT-tCNTF促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的增長,不僅發(fā)生在神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞,也發(fā)生在非神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用羅丹明-鬼筆環(huán)肽直接標(biāo)記F-actin,結(jié)果顯示經(jīng)CD作用后細(xì)胞的F-actin明顯斷裂且分布減少;而給予TAT-tCNTF后,F(xiàn)-actin分布和形態(tài)基本得以恢復(fù)。說明TAT-tCNTF能夠調(diào)節(jié)F-actin來維持細(xì)胞的微絲結(jié)構(gòu)。
采用Fluo 4-AM熒光標(biāo)記細(xì)胞內(nèi)的Ca2+,結(jié)果表明CD可使細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+熒光強(qiáng)度增加,跟以往報(bào)道一致[10],說明CD使F-actin結(jié)合的Ca2+釋放,造成細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載;而TAT-tCNTF可緩解由CD所致的細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+超載。另外,各組處理方式不影響F-actin表達(dá)量,說明CD只切斷微絲,不引起微絲解聚。以上結(jié)果表明TAT-tCNTF在一定程度上穩(wěn)定F-actin,即能固定和支持微絲的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)。
綜上,本實(shí)驗(yàn)中CD降低細(xì)胞活力并破壞細(xì)胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu),而TAT-tCNTF對細(xì)胞活力和細(xì)胞骨架有明顯的改善修復(fù)作用,說明TAT-tCNTF對CD損傷的細(xì)胞具有緩解作用。其機(jī)制可能與TAT-tCNTF促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長、維持F-actin的形成和修復(fù)、維持細(xì)胞骨架穩(wěn)態(tài)等有關(guān)。該結(jié)果為研究TAT-tCNTF的藥理作用以及藥物透膜機(jī)制提供了新的思路,由于通過基因工程構(gòu)建的TAT-tCNTF的藥理作用及作用機(jī)理較為復(fù)雜,仍需進(jìn)一步的研究證明。
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Studies of the mechanism of TAT-tCNTF on cell injury caused by cytochalasin D
ZHANG Hong, ZHANG Qin, LIU Ze-yuan, XU Ya-fei, QU Heng-yan(Af fi liated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China)
Objective:To investigate the mechanism of TAT-tCNTF on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injured by cytochalasin D (CD).Methods:After HUVECs were treated with CD and TAT-tCNTF, cell viability was determined by CCK-8. The structural changes of F-actin stained by rhodamine labeled ghost cyclic peptide were observed through the fl uorescence microscope. Concentrations of intracellular free calcium by Fluo 4-AM loading were detected through the fl uorescence microscope and fl ow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of F-actin protein.Results:CD (10 μmol·L-1) reduced the cell viability of HUVECs (P < 0.000 1), while TAT-tCNTF (10 μg·mL-1) significantly increased the cell viability of HUVECs (P = 0.003). F-actin with CD was fractured and reduced, while it was improved after subsequent treatment with TAT-tCNTF. TAT-tCNTF alleviated the calcium overload caused by CD. Flow cytometry showed mean fl uorescence intensity (MFI) of Ca2+in CD group was stronger than that in control group, the MFI of Ca2+in (CD + TAT-tCNTF) group was lower than that in CD group. Western blot showed the expression of F-actin protein had almost no change among all groups.Conclusion:TAT-tCNTF ameliorated the cell injury caused by CD. The mechanism was associated with maintaining actin cytoskeleton and alleviating the calcium overload.
TAT-tCNTF; Cytochalasin D; F-actin; Calcium overload
R965
A
1672 – 8157(2014)03 – 0145 – 04
2013-09-03
2014-01-07)
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81001438)
曲恒燕,女,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:藥理學(xué)。E-mail:quhymail@126.com
張宏,男,碩士,研究方向:生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。E-mail:13601192278@126.com