江國(guó)防 牛平平 張志超 焉保明 郭燦城
摘要:報(bào)道了聯(lián)苯二酚尾飾鋅卟啉的合成方法,并研究了其光譜性質(zhì).結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):目標(biāo)化合物最大熒光發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)在650 nm左右,位于可見光的紅光區(qū),表明所合成的聯(lián)苯二酚尾飾鋅卟啉在可見光的紅光部分有較強(qiáng)的熒光發(fā)射,這與理想的PDT藥物所具有的光學(xué)性質(zhì)一致,有望成為一類優(yōu)良的光敏劑.
關(guān)鍵詞:金屬卟啉;聯(lián)苯二酚;光譜性質(zhì);合成
中圖分類號(hào): O657 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
卟啉是具有很好生物活性的大分子,廣泛存在于自然界中,如構(gòu)成血紅蛋白細(xì)胞色素的鐵卟啉以及構(gòu)成葉綠素的鎂卟啉.它們是生物活性分子的核心部分,參與生物體內(nèi)系列重要活動(dòng).卟啉分子具有剛?cè)嵝?、電子緩沖性、光電磁性和高度的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,將某些具有特殊性質(zhì)的基團(tuán)連在卟啉環(huán)上合成一些具有復(fù)合功能的卟啉化合物日益受到人們的重視[1-3].
卟啉化合物具有良好的光敏性,對(duì)癌細(xì)胞有獨(dú)特的親和力,因此在醫(yī)學(xué)上可以用做癌癥的檢測(cè)和治療.隨著對(duì)卟啉的深入研究,以卟啉類的光敏劑為核心的光動(dòng)力療法已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生.近些年,利用卟啉特有的性能和結(jié)構(gòu)來進(jìn)行功能分子的合成、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用研究,受到了生物學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)以及化學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的關(guān)注[4-6].
光動(dòng)力治療(photodynamictherapy,PDT)是一種療效好、創(chuàng)傷小的腫瘤臨床治療方法.該療法通過選擇性結(jié)合病變組織、在光照下產(chǎn)生活性氧殺滅癌細(xì)胞而達(dá)到治療目的.高效光敏劑的選取是決定光動(dòng)力治療效果的關(guān)鍵[7].卟啉類化合物具有特殊的生物學(xué)功能,對(duì)于發(fā)生異常增殖的腫瘤細(xì)胞具有獨(dú)特的親和力,同時(shí)卟啉能夠特異地在腫瘤處發(fā)生富集.近年來,人們嘗試將卟啉類化合物與抗癌類藥物進(jìn)行共價(jià)聯(lián)接,從而制備出許多有靶向效應(yīng)的抗腫瘤藥物,且療效不錯(cuò).如:將卡鉑(能抑制脫氧核糖核酸)與四苯基卟啉連接,產(chǎn)物不僅會(huì)在腫瘤處發(fā)生富集,而且提高了其穿透力,增加了其光敏劑的吸收波長(zhǎng),療效明顯增強(qiáng)[8-9].此外還有替加氟[10]、甲氨蝶呤[11]、以及氟尿嘧啶[12]與卟啉形成的的鍵聯(lián)化合物.卟啉化合物之所以能夠用作抗腫瘤藥物,是因?yàn)槠鋵?duì)腫瘤組織有獨(dú)特的親和力和較高的選擇性[13-14].本文報(bào)道了由5-(4-羥基苯基)-10,15,20-三苯基卟啉出發(fā)經(jīng)過四步反應(yīng)合成了聯(lián)苯二酚尾飾鋅卟啉4,合成路線如圖1所示.我們同時(shí)研究了所合成的目標(biāo)化合物的光譜性能,結(jié)果表明該目標(biāo)化合物是一類良好的光敏劑,在光動(dòng)力治療方面具有潛在的應(yīng)用價(jià)值.
從表1 可以看出,各個(gè)化合物均表現(xiàn)出了卟啉的特征吸收.與四苯基卟啉的紫外吸收光譜相比, 化合物3和4的Soret帶發(fā)生了1~2 nm的紅移,Q帶發(fā)生了1~2 nm的藍(lán)移或者1~2 nm紅移.這說明聯(lián)苯二酚基團(tuán)的引入對(duì)卟啉化合物的吸收光譜產(chǎn)生了影響,但并不明顯.根據(jù)Jean等[16]的理論可知:當(dāng)卟啉分子的扭曲程度和分子共軛體系增大后,最低電子未占據(jù)軌道與最高電子占據(jù)軌道之間的能隙差減小,激發(fā)電子所需要的能量減小,電子在分子內(nèi)很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)從基態(tài)到激發(fā)態(tài)的躍遷,從而導(dǎo)致卟啉的紫外吸收峰發(fā)生紅移.因此,我們可以推測(cè)當(dāng)把聯(lián)苯二酚基團(tuán)引入到卟啉分子后,整個(gè)卟啉的扭曲程度增大,并且改變了π電子的共軛程度,體系的HOMO與LUMO之間的能隙變窄,從而使得化合物的吸收峰發(fā)生紅移.此外,金屬卟啉的紫外吸收帶也受中心金屬離子的影響,鋅離子的最外層電子結(jié)構(gòu)是d10的滿殼層狀態(tài),不含有未成對(duì)的電子結(jié)構(gòu),但在與卟啉環(huán)內(nèi)的N原子發(fā)生配位后,使得N原子上本來不參與π-π*躍遷的孤對(duì)電子發(fā)生了變化,其中一個(gè)電子會(huì)直接參與鍵的形成,而另外的一個(gè)單電子則增加了共軛體系的π鍵的電荷密度,升高了成鍵軌道的能量,并且使能隙變窄,從而使得化合物的吸收光譜的位置發(fā)生了紅移;同時(shí)S0→S1躍遷產(chǎn)生的Q帶相應(yīng)減少的原因是N原子與兩個(gè)質(zhì)子發(fā)生絡(luò)合后,卟啉環(huán)內(nèi)的4個(gè)N原子所處的化學(xué)環(huán)境變得趨于平均化,使得卟啉分子具有D4h的對(duì)稱性,表現(xiàn)為QⅠ和QⅣ帶的消失.鋅離子與卟啉環(huán)配位后,鋅離子突出于卟啉環(huán)平面的位置,從而影響了卟啉分子的平面性.鋅離子與卟啉環(huán)內(nèi)側(cè)鏈基N原子間的相互弱作用,這些都是影響金屬卟啉相對(duì)于未上金屬的卟啉紫外吸收發(fā)生位移的重要因素.
根據(jù)表2所列數(shù)據(jù)可知,聯(lián)苯二酚修飾的鋅卟啉的熒光量子產(chǎn)率要高于其卟啉化合物.原因是卟啉與鋅離子配位后,增加了卟啉環(huán)間π-π作用,增大了卟啉環(huán)的剛性結(jié)構(gòu),減少了分子內(nèi)能量的震動(dòng)消耗,提高了能量轉(zhuǎn)移效率.
本文合成的聯(lián)苯二酚尾飾部分及其鋅卟啉的最大熒光發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)在650 nm左右,位于可見的紅光區(qū),在可見光的紅光部分有較強(qiáng)的熒光發(fā)射,這與理想的PDT藥物應(yīng)該具有的光學(xué)性質(zhì)一致,有望成為一類優(yōu)良的光敏劑.
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]LI G T, BHOSALE S V, WANG T, et al. Nanowells on silica particles in water containing longdistance porphyrin heterodimers[J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2003, 125(35): 10693-10702.
[2]YOU C C, WURTHNER F. Porphyrinperylene bisimide dyads and triads: synthesis and optical and coordination properties[J]. Organic Letters, 2004, 6(14): 2401-2404.
[3]SPRINGER J, KODIS G, GARZA L, et al.Stepwise sequential and parallel photoinduced charge separation in a porphyrintriquinone tetrad[J]. J Phys Chem A, 2003, 107(18): 3567-3575.
[4]LAU R L C, JIANG J Z, DENNIS K P, et al. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance studies of lanthanide (III) porphyrinphthalocyanine heteroleptic sandwich complexes by using electrospray ionization[J]. Journal of American Society for Mass Spectrom, 1997, 8(2): 161-169.
[5]POLICARD A, LEULLER A. Etudesur les aspects offers par des tumeurs experimentales examineles a la luminere de woods[J]. Compte Rendus Soc biol, 1924, 91(1): 1423-1424.
[6]ADLER A D, LONGO F R, SHERGALIS W. Mechanistic investigations of porphyrin syntheses(I) preliminary studies on mstetraphenylporphin[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1964, 86(15): 3145-3149.
[7]ERIKSSON E S E,ERIKSSON L A P, NAKAGAWA K, et al. An optochemical HCl gas sensor using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3′,5′ditertbutyl,4′hydroxyphenyl)porphinethylcellulose composite films[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 52(1/2): 10-14.
[8]SESSLER J L,WEGHORN S J.Expanded,contracted & isomeric porphyrins[M].New York:Elsevier Scienced Ltd,1997:392 - 394.
[9]BRUNNER H,GRUBER N.Carboplatincontaining porphyrinplatinum complexes as cytotoxic and phototoxic antitumor agents[J].Inorganica Chimica Acta,2004,357(15):4423-4451.
[10]LI Donghong,LIU Jiancang,YU Kegui, et al.Study on the antitumor activity of anticancer drugs porphyrin modified[C]//The Fifth National Conference on Chemical Biology.2007:121.
[11]MAGDA D J, WEI W H, WANG Z, et al. Synthesis of texaphyrin conjugates[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2004, 76(2): 365-374.
[12]賈志云, 鄧侯富. 血卟啉類化合物在腫瘤診療應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥工業(yè)雜志, 2006, 37(6): 426-430.
[13]VENTURINI M. Rational development of capecitabine[J]. European Journal of Cancer, 2002, 38(2): 3-9.
[14]PAZDUR R, HOFF P M, MEDGYESY D, et al. The oral fluorouracil prodrugs[J]. Oncology (Huntingt), 1998, 10(7): 48-51.
[15]MARCUCCIO S M, ELMES B C, HOLAN G, et al.Modified nucleosides. II.1 economical synthesis of 2′,3′dideoxycytidine[J]. Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1992, 11(10): 1695-1701.
[16]JEAN B K, JOHN J L, FREDERICK R L. A mechanistic study of the synthesis and spectral properties of mesotetraarylporphyrins[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1972, 94(11): 3986-3992.
[4]LAU R L C, JIANG J Z, DENNIS K P, et al. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance studies of lanthanide (III) porphyrinphthalocyanine heteroleptic sandwich complexes by using electrospray ionization[J]. Journal of American Society for Mass Spectrom, 1997, 8(2): 161-169.
[5]POLICARD A, LEULLER A. Etudesur les aspects offers par des tumeurs experimentales examineles a la luminere de woods[J]. Compte Rendus Soc biol, 1924, 91(1): 1423-1424.
[6]ADLER A D, LONGO F R, SHERGALIS W. Mechanistic investigations of porphyrin syntheses(I) preliminary studies on mstetraphenylporphin[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1964, 86(15): 3145-3149.
[7]ERIKSSON E S E,ERIKSSON L A P, NAKAGAWA K, et al. An optochemical HCl gas sensor using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3′,5′ditertbutyl,4′hydroxyphenyl)porphinethylcellulose composite films[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 52(1/2): 10-14.
[8]SESSLER J L,WEGHORN S J.Expanded,contracted & isomeric porphyrins[M].New York:Elsevier Scienced Ltd,1997:392 - 394.
[9]BRUNNER H,GRUBER N.Carboplatincontaining porphyrinplatinum complexes as cytotoxic and phototoxic antitumor agents[J].Inorganica Chimica Acta,2004,357(15):4423-4451.
[10]LI Donghong,LIU Jiancang,YU Kegui, et al.Study on the antitumor activity of anticancer drugs porphyrin modified[C]//The Fifth National Conference on Chemical Biology.2007:121.
[11]MAGDA D J, WEI W H, WANG Z, et al. Synthesis of texaphyrin conjugates[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2004, 76(2): 365-374.
[12]賈志云, 鄧侯富. 血卟啉類化合物在腫瘤診療應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥工業(yè)雜志, 2006, 37(6): 426-430.
[13]VENTURINI M. Rational development of capecitabine[J]. European Journal of Cancer, 2002, 38(2): 3-9.
[14]PAZDUR R, HOFF P M, MEDGYESY D, et al. The oral fluorouracil prodrugs[J]. Oncology (Huntingt), 1998, 10(7): 48-51.
[15]MARCUCCIO S M, ELMES B C, HOLAN G, et al.Modified nucleosides. II.1 economical synthesis of 2′,3′dideoxycytidine[J]. Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1992, 11(10): 1695-1701.
[16]JEAN B K, JOHN J L, FREDERICK R L. A mechanistic study of the synthesis and spectral properties of mesotetraarylporphyrins[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1972, 94(11): 3986-3992.
[4]LAU R L C, JIANG J Z, DENNIS K P, et al. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance studies of lanthanide (III) porphyrinphthalocyanine heteroleptic sandwich complexes by using electrospray ionization[J]. Journal of American Society for Mass Spectrom, 1997, 8(2): 161-169.
[5]POLICARD A, LEULLER A. Etudesur les aspects offers par des tumeurs experimentales examineles a la luminere de woods[J]. Compte Rendus Soc biol, 1924, 91(1): 1423-1424.
[6]ADLER A D, LONGO F R, SHERGALIS W. Mechanistic investigations of porphyrin syntheses(I) preliminary studies on mstetraphenylporphin[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1964, 86(15): 3145-3149.
[7]ERIKSSON E S E,ERIKSSON L A P, NAKAGAWA K, et al. An optochemical HCl gas sensor using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3′,5′ditertbutyl,4′hydroxyphenyl)porphinethylcellulose composite films[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 52(1/2): 10-14.
[8]SESSLER J L,WEGHORN S J.Expanded,contracted & isomeric porphyrins[M].New York:Elsevier Scienced Ltd,1997:392 - 394.
[9]BRUNNER H,GRUBER N.Carboplatincontaining porphyrinplatinum complexes as cytotoxic and phototoxic antitumor agents[J].Inorganica Chimica Acta,2004,357(15):4423-4451.
[10]LI Donghong,LIU Jiancang,YU Kegui, et al.Study on the antitumor activity of anticancer drugs porphyrin modified[C]//The Fifth National Conference on Chemical Biology.2007:121.
[11]MAGDA D J, WEI W H, WANG Z, et al. Synthesis of texaphyrin conjugates[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2004, 76(2): 365-374.
[12]賈志云, 鄧侯富. 血卟啉類化合物在腫瘤診療應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥工業(yè)雜志, 2006, 37(6): 426-430.
[13]VENTURINI M. Rational development of capecitabine[J]. European Journal of Cancer, 2002, 38(2): 3-9.
[14]PAZDUR R, HOFF P M, MEDGYESY D, et al. The oral fluorouracil prodrugs[J]. Oncology (Huntingt), 1998, 10(7): 48-51.
[15]MARCUCCIO S M, ELMES B C, HOLAN G, et al.Modified nucleosides. II.1 economical synthesis of 2′,3′dideoxycytidine[J]. Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1992, 11(10): 1695-1701.
[16]JEAN B K, JOHN J L, FREDERICK R L. A mechanistic study of the synthesis and spectral properties of mesotetraarylporphyrins[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1972, 94(11): 3986-3992.