劉人杰
近年來,高考英語試卷中閱讀文章的篇幅有不斷增加的趨勢,導(dǎo)致很多考生在考試時要么來不及做題,要么因為見到篇幅長的文章而產(chǎn)生恐懼心理,進而影響發(fā)揮。那么,有沒有什么方法可以提高閱讀速度呢?
一、使用略讀的方法提高閱讀速度
如果試卷中出現(xiàn)很長的文章怎么辦?對待這類文章,考生需要學(xué)會略讀文章,在回答具體問題前能夠通過略讀獲取文章的大意、作者的寫作意圖和文中所體現(xiàn)的態(tài)度。略讀時,應(yīng)該重點關(guān)注重要信息和作者的寫作思路,而不要拘泥于細節(jié)內(nèi)容。
略讀時,只需要讀文章的第一段和最后一段,如有必要也讀一讀每一段的開頭一兩句?,F(xiàn)以2013年江蘇卷閱讀理解D篇為例,全文共有674詞。下面是這篇文章的開頭和結(jié)尾兩段,我們使用略讀的方法來讀,看看是否能掌握文章大意。
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
Was Twain a racist? Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
通過略讀,我們可以知道,文章討論了馬克·吐溫的小說中表現(xiàn)出的反奴隸制思想,文體是議論文。第一段是論點,最后一段是結(jié)論,指出:我們用現(xiàn)代的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評判過去是錯誤的。
我們再略讀一下文章中間部分段落的開頭。
I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War...
Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twains novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn...
But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery...
There is much more. Twains mystery novel Puddnhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day...
通過略讀,我們可以知道這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu),作者用了《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》(Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)和《傻瓜威爾遜》(Puddnhead Wilson)兩部小說來論證馬克·吐溫的反奴思想,并指出對他的攻擊是不正確的。
要想提高整體閱讀速度,考生要做大量的練習(xí)。如果方法得當(dāng),那么讀得越多,速度就會越快。正確的閱讀方法是以“意群”為單位閱讀,一次看幾個單詞、一個短語或整個句子,不要逐字閱讀,也不要邊讀邊翻譯。下面是上文中一個簡單句子的意群劃分:
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel.
對于這個句子,要想讀得快,閱讀時眼睛要能夠“提取”上面的三個語塊。通過閱讀信息語塊,閱讀速度至少能提高一倍。下面,看一個復(fù)雜的長句:
If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error.
這是一個含有條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句。練習(xí)通過意群進行略讀時,要跳過那些不重要的詞,如功能詞the,of,will等,只需抓住畫線部分。如果是一個主從復(fù)合句,要重點抓住句子主干,可以忽略一些次要的信息。
二、利用文體的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)提高閱讀速度
閱讀理解題有各種類型的文章,常見的文體類型有新聞報道、說明文、應(yīng)用文、議論文、人物傳記和記敘文。記敘文又可細分為小說、時文報道及軼聞趣事。這些文體的寫作特征、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)、寫作態(tài)度有明顯的區(qū)別,掌握這些文體的特點,對我們更快更準(zhǔn)地把握作者的寫作思路、理解作者的寫作意圖有極大的幫助。
英語中常見的文章結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)。議論文通常分為引言(introduction)、正文(body)、結(jié)論(conclusion)三部分。在引言中,作者會引出話題、闡明觀點;正文部分通過闡述理由、分析利弊、提出舉措、列舉實例等方法進行論證;結(jié)論部分重申觀點,有時作者會發(fā)出倡議。記敘文的開頭部分引入話題、點明主題,正文部分以時間推移和事件發(fā)展為主線敘述事情的經(jīng)過,結(jié)尾部分談作者自己的感悟和體會。
熟悉各種文體結(jié)構(gòu)不僅對快速閱讀有幫助,還能幫助解題。以2010年福建卷A篇為例:
59. The passage is probably followed by a concluding paragraph about_______.
A. Zeldas personal life
B. Zeldas illness and treatment
C. Fitzgeralds friendship with Graham
D. Fitzgeralds contributions to the literary world
人物傳記的第一段通常總體介紹人物(姓名、身份、地位、主要成就等);正文部分一般按時間先后順序介紹人物的成長經(jīng)歷、教育情況、興趣愛好、性格品質(zhì)、工作生涯、突出成績等,其中穿插他人的評論;最后一段總體指出人物的影響和給我們的啟示。
這篇文章是關(guān)于美國作家菲茲杰拉德的人物傳記,文章的第一句“F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while”就介紹了文章要寫的人物——菲茲杰拉德以及他的職業(yè)(美國小說家)。文章的第二、三、四段介紹了他的簡單生平和主要作品。從人物傳記的寫作文體看,文章還不完整,缺少對人物的評論,所以還應(yīng)該有結(jié)束段落——關(guān)于菲茲杰拉德的評論。第59題迎刃而解,答案應(yīng)該是“菲茲杰拉德對文學(xué)界的貢獻”。
三、利用句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系提高閱讀速度
語言是思維的工具,作者在寫作時如何組織安排句子、段落,反映了他的思維過程。如果考生在閱讀時能關(guān)注句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,就可以更準(zhǔn)確地了解作者想表達的意思。
英語中句子間的邏輯主要通過連接詞(transition word)來體現(xiàn),連接詞給出了句子間的邏輯信號。在一句話中,如果用and來連接,那么前后的語意是單向的,作者表達的內(nèi)容是并列、遞進、趨同的。because,since,so,therefore,thus,either ... or ...,not only ... but also ...等也是單向的連接詞。另一種邏輯關(guān)系是雙向的。例如“John prefers coffee with milk while Tony prefers black coffee”一句,連接詞but改變了句子的方向。這一類連接詞還有however,though,rather,instead,despite等。
了解這些表示句子間邏輯關(guān)系的信號詞,閱讀時就知道哪些句子需要重點看,哪些句子可以略看甚至不看,這樣就能“長句短讀”,閱讀速度自然就會大大提高。例如,碰到表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞but,however,yet 等,考生應(yīng)該有這樣的意識:句子的前一部分不是作者想要表達的重點,需要仔細讀的是連接詞后面的內(nèi)容。例如:In those days, IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it. However, a lot of IP, including songs, films, books and artwork, can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)在這里,作者要強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在許多知識產(chǎn)品,包括歌曲、電影、書籍和藝術(shù)品,通過使用因特網(wǎng)都可以免費下載??忌喿x時只需詳讀后半句,對于前半句只需簡單掃過。
再如,閱讀時讀到信號詞“for example”,這時所舉的例子就不需要詳讀,考生只需重點關(guān)注例子前面的理論或觀點,因為例子是用來說明的。以2012年全國卷IIC篇的第一段為例:
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture(文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion(困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians dont smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.
這里,考生讀完第一句后,看到“for example”,就可把后面的內(nèi)容先略去不看,答題時如果碰到與該部分內(nèi)容相關(guān)的題目,再詳細讀。這樣自然節(jié)省了閱讀時間。
四、學(xué)會處理生詞和陌生的專業(yè)術(shù)語
近年來高考英語閱讀理解的生詞比例較以前有所上升。以往的生詞比例為3%左右,現(xiàn)在的生詞比例可以達到4.5%??忌谂U大詞匯量的同時,要學(xué)會利用正確的方法來處理考試中碰到的陌生詞匯和短語,這樣生詞就不再是“攔路虎”了。
方法一:從上下文中尋找有關(guān)情景或線索。例如“The technology is great. Without it we wouldnt have been able to put a man on the moon, explore the oceans depths or eat microwave sausages”一句中的eat和microwave兩個詞,可以幫助我們推斷出sausage(香腸)是一種食物。
方法二:利用已知詞匯推測陌生詞匯的意思。比如,如果看到句子“The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems”,我們完全可以從已知詞匯computer推斷computation是“計算”的意思。
方法三:尋找上下文中的注釋以及隱藏在文章中的提示。例如句子“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear”(2013年四川卷E篇),根據(jù)后面的定語從句可知,通過mechanism,心臟和大腦可以相互“交流”,以改變我們的感覺和減少恐懼。因此,mechanism是指心臟與大腦交流的系統(tǒng)。
方法四:尋找段落中的重復(fù)信息,注意發(fā)現(xiàn)作者使用了哪些不同的詞來表示相同的事物。例如:
Whatever you do, if you want to become great at it, you need to work day in and day out, almost to the point of addiction, and over a long period of time. If youre not willing to put in the time and work, dont expect to receive any rewards. Consistent, hard work wont guarantee you the level of success you may want, but it will guarantee that you will become really good at whatever it is you put all that work into.
該段的第一句中,“work day in and day out”與 “consistent, hard work”是重復(fù)內(nèi)容,從而可以推斷consistent的意思是“堅持的、連貫的”。
方法五:忽略專業(yè)術(shù)語。在許多情況下,文章中出現(xiàn)的專業(yè)術(shù)語并不影響對文章的理解,這時考生不要糾纏于這些術(shù)語的意思,可以大膽忽略它們。
本文討論了四個提高英語閱讀速度的技巧。此外,多了解文化背景、有效預(yù)測下文等方法對提高閱讀速度也很有幫助??傊?,英語閱讀速度的快慢對閱讀理解題的成績影響巨大,只要考生能夠有意識地進行訓(xùn)練,在高考閱讀理解題拿高分自然不在話下。