唐佳佳+張黔
[摘要] 目的 給予脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的急性呼吸窘迫綜合征大鼠氨溴索(AMB)及地塞米松(DXM)干預(yù)后,觀察細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)及病理學(xué)變化,探討兩藥聯(lián)合對急性呼吸窘迫綜合征早期的肺保護(hù)作用及其可能的機(jī)制。 方法 SD大鼠42只,隨機(jī)分成6組,每組7只:空白對照組(C組),陰性對照組(N組),陽性對照組(L組),AMB干預(yù)組(A組),DXM干預(yù)組(D組)和AMB聯(lián)合DXM干預(yù)組(AD組)。C組無處理,N組自尾靜脈注入生理鹽水2 mL,余各組均注入脂多糖(LPS)5 mg/kg,各干預(yù)組分別給予AMB(100 mg/kg)、DXM(6 mg/kg)。各組于6 h后進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治?;測定肺組織濕重與干重比(W/D);制備肺勻漿,測定其中髓過氧化物酶(MPO)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)水平并觀察肺組織病理變化。 結(jié)果 與對照組比較,各干預(yù)組血?dú)夥治鲋笜?biāo)明顯改善[氧分壓(PO2):C組:(106.4±7.8)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),N組:(104.1±7.2)mm Hg,L組:(69.0±4.5)mm Hg,A組:(77.3±5.4)mm Hg,D組:(78.8±6.2)mm Hg,AD組:(86.8±5.6)mm Hg],而在W/D比[C組:(4.42±0.12),N組:(4.39±0.13),L組:(5.42±0.05),A組:(4.95±0.16),D組:(4.90±0.12),AD組:(4.73±0.10)、MPO[C組:(0.35±0.06)U/mg,N組:(0.33±0.04)U/mg,L組:(0.85±0.05)U/mg,A組:(0.55±0.04)U/mg,D組:(0.58±0.05)U/mg,AD組:(0.48±0.04)U/mg]及TNF-α[C組:(228.2±18.3)ng/L,N組:(234.6±19.3)ng/L,L組:(719.4±60.2)ng/L,A組:(479.1±29.2)ng/L,D組:(310.9±20.5)ng/L,AD組:(294.7±17.5)ng/L]、IL-1β[C組:(0.112±0.005)μg/L,N組:(0.116±0.002)μg/L,L組:(0.189±0.008)μg/L,A組:(0.144±0.009)μg/L,D組:(0.139±0.013)μg/L,AD組:(0.130±0.007)μg/L]各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)檢測均明顯降低;光鏡下觀察C組及N組肺組織學(xué)正常,L組出現(xiàn)彌漫性肺泡間隔增厚、滲出及水腫明顯、透明膜形成,同時(shí)可見大量炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,肺間質(zhì)彌漫性出血,而A、D及AD組光鏡下上述病理表現(xiàn)明顯減輕。上述結(jié)果在兩藥聯(lián)合干預(yù)組改善更為明顯。 結(jié)論 氨溴索與地塞米松合用對脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的急性呼吸窘迫綜合征大鼠具有協(xié)同肺保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制考慮為兩者的共同抗炎及促肺泡表面物質(zhì)生成作用所致。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;氨溴索;地塞米松;炎癥細(xì)胞因子
[中圖分類號] R826.51 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)02(c)-0007-05
Effects of Ambroxol combined with Dexamethasone on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats
TANG Jiajia1 ZHANG Qian2▲
1.Department of Anesthesia, Renji South Courtyard Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201112, China; 2.Department of Emergency, the People′s Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201200, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effects and possible mechanismsof Ambroxol (AMB)/Dexamethasone (DXM)-co-administration on the changes of inflammatory cytokines expression as well as the pathological variations of lung in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods 42 SD rats were divided randomly into 6 groups with 7 each: blank control group (group C), negative control group (group N), positive control group (group L), AMB intervention group (group A), DXM intervention group (group D), AMB and DXM combined intervention group (group AD). Group C was without treatment, group N was given 2 mL of 0.9% NS injection via tail vein; all the other four groups were given LPS of 5 mg/kg; the intervention groups were given AMB (100 mg/kg), DXM (6 mg/kg). All the rats were killed in 6 hours to analysis arterial blood gas and lung tissue wet/dry weight ratio, and then to observe the levels of myeloperxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1β), as well as the pathological changes in lung. Results Compared with group C, the blood gas analysisimproved significantly [PO2: group C: (106.4±7.8) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), group N: (104.1±7.2) mm Hg, group L: (69.0±4.5) mm Hg, group A: (77.3±5.4) mm Hg, group D: (78.8±6.2) mm Hg, group AD: (86.8±5.6) mm Hg], while the level of W/D ratio [group C: (4.42±0.12), group N: (4.39±0.13), group L: (5.42±0.05), group A: (4.95±0.16), group D: (4.90±0.12), group AD: (4.73±0.10)], MPO [group C: (0.35±0.06) U/mg, group N: (0.33±0.04) U/mg, group L: (0.85±0.05) U/mg, group A: (0.55±0.04) U/mg, group D: (0.58±0.05) U/mg, group AD: (0.48±0.04) U/mg], TNF-α [group C: (228.2±18.3) ng/L, group N: (234.6±19.3) ng/L, group L: (719.4±60.2) ng/L, group A: (479.1±29.2) ng/L, group D: (310.9±20.5) ng/L, group AD: (294.7±17.5) ng/L], and IL-1β [group C: (0.112±0.005) μg/L, group N: (0.116±0.002) μg/L, group L: (0.189±0.008) μg/L, group A: (0.144±0.009) μg/L, group D: (0.139±0.013) μg/L, group AD: (0.130±0.007) μg/L] decreased significantly in all the intervention groups. The group C and group N showed normal under optical microscope. Diffused alveolar septum thickening, exudation, edema, ARDS membrane, and the inflammatory granulocyte infiltrating and significant spotty hemorrhage were observed in group L. The histological changes of group A, D, and AD were better than group L. All the results were much more significantly changed in the group which two drugs were combined. Conclusion The combination use of AMB and DXM has cooperative protective effects on acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by LPS in rats. The mechanism may be associated with the common anti-inflammatory effects, the promotion effect of pulmonary surfactant, and also probably related to the common anti-fibrosis and antioxidant effect, leading to the reconstruction of the balance of oxidation and antioxidant system as well as the resluting lung protection.
[Key words] Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Ambroxol; Dexamethasone; Inflammatory cytokines
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)通常存在彌漫的肺泡炎癥、肺泡毛細(xì)血管壁損害、肺水腫,并導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的低氧血癥[1]。2012年柏林會議將ARDS分為輕、中、重度,其中輕度ARDS即以往所說的急性肺損傷[2]。ARDS發(fā)病率高而預(yù)后差,其診斷及治療擁有很大的挑戰(zhàn)性[3-4]。過去十余年中,隨著對ARDS的研究進(jìn)展以及肺保護(hù)性通氣策略的使用,很多患者的臨床癥狀得以改善,但其病死率仍高達(dá)30%~40%[5],且部分患者出現(xiàn)肺纖維化或遺留永久性的肺功能損傷。ARDS發(fā)病機(jī)制錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,但公認(rèn)的機(jī)制之一為ARDS是肺組織對各種致病因素打擊后產(chǎn)生的廣泛而過度的炎癥反應(yīng)[2,6]。糖皮質(zhì)激素(glucocorticoid,GC)具有強(qiáng)大的抗炎作用,它可以干擾由細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)的炎性通路[7],并阻礙肺纖維化的發(fā)展[5]。近年來大劑量氨溴索(AMB)在ARDS早期的治療中倍受關(guān)注,AMB可通過抑制腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)的合成和分泌,發(fā)揮抗炎作用[8]。此外,AMB還具有顯著的抗氧化及抗細(xì)胞凋亡的作用[9]。對于ARDS的治療,目前建議針對其不同機(jī)制聯(lián)合用藥,但當(dāng)目前為止,大劑量AMB聯(lián)合GC在ARDS的應(yīng)用報(bào)道尚少。本研究擬觀察在大鼠ARDS早期合用大劑量AMB與GC的效果,明確兩藥是否具有協(xié)同作用,并探討其可能的機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料及檢測試劑、儀器
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 脂多糖(LPS,血清型0111和B4,美國Sigma公司,均以5%葡萄糖溶液配制);注射用氨溴索(Ambroxol Hydrochloride for Injection,沈陽新馬藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:H20050242);地塞米松注射液(山東魯抗辰欣藥業(yè)有限公司,1 mL∶5mg,批號:H37021969);健康、雄性Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠42只,體重250~300 g。
1.1.2 檢測試劑、儀器 髓過氧化物酶(MPO)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、TNF-α ELISA試劑盒(美國Peprotech公司);血?dú)夥治鰞x(雅培,iSTAT型)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 動(dòng)物分組與準(zhǔn)備 清潔及健康、雄性SD大鼠42只,隨機(jī)分6組,分別為空白對照組(C組)、陰性對照組(N組)、陽性對照組(L組)、AMB干預(yù)組(A組)、DXM干預(yù)組(D組)和AMB聯(lián)合DXM干預(yù)組(AD組),每組7只。C組無處理,N組自尾靜脈注入生理鹽水2 mL,L組注入脂多糖(LPS)5 mg/kg[7],A組、D組分別注入相同劑量的LPS以及AMB 100 mg/kg[8]、DXM 6 mg/kg[7],AD組同時(shí)注入上述劑量的LPS、AMB及DXM。
1.2.2 標(biāo)本制作 各組于給藥后6 h以3.5%水合氯醛10 mL/kg腹腔內(nèi)注射麻醉成功后,固定大鼠,取腹正中縱行切口,分離腹主動(dòng)脈并穿刺采集動(dòng)脈血待檢;腹主動(dòng)脈放血處死大鼠,開胸,暴露心肺,肉眼觀察肺組織大體病理改變后剝離結(jié)締組織,并結(jié)扎右主支氣管后剪下右肺,剪下部分右肺上葉組織,稱重后放存凍存管中,標(biāo)簽標(biāo)注,置入液氮桶,備用于肺勻漿;取右肺中葉稱取濕重后置入80℃烤箱中烘干至恒重,再稱取干重;取右肺下葉,以4%體積分?jǐn)?shù)的甲醛溶液固定、石蠟包埋、切片、蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,待用觀察病理學(xué)改變。制備1%肺勻漿[9],于4℃、3000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液置于-70℃保存。
1.2.3 檢測指標(biāo) 觀察各組在給藥后6 h內(nèi)臨床表現(xiàn)。動(dòng)脈血做血?dú)夥治?;?jì)算肺組織濕重與干重比(W/D)比值;光鏡下觀察病理學(xué)改變,并根據(jù)肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)損傷、肺不張程度、透明膜形成、肺泡壁增厚程度、炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤程度進(jìn)行0~4分半定量分析,共分5級,0級為無該項(xiàng)病理改變,1級為病理變化輕且很局限,2級為病理變化中等且局限,3級為病變中等但廣泛或局部很顯著,4級為非常顯著的廣泛性病理改變;取肺組織勻漿,按試劑盒說明方法分別測定MPO及、TNF-α以及IL-1β水平。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較行單因素方差分析,多組間的兩兩比較方差齊性檢驗(yàn)采用LSD及SNK法,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 一般情況觀察
C組及N組大鼠無明顯臨床改變,L組注射LPS后表現(xiàn)出明顯的呼吸窘迫、氣促、發(fā)紺等癥狀,符合ARDS表現(xiàn);各干預(yù)治療組上述表現(xiàn)減輕,其中又以AD組改善更為明顯。
2.2 血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果
pH和PO2:N組和C組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);L組顯著低于C組和N組(P < 0.05);A組、D組及AD組在氧合方面均較L組有明顯改善,但仍低于C組,其中又以AD組改善更為明顯,且與A組及D組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),而A組與D組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);各組間PaCO2差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
表1 各組血?dú)夥治黾癢/D比值比較(x±s)
注:與C組比較,*P < 0.05;與N組比較,△P < 0.05;與L組比較,#P < 0.05;與A組比較,+P < 0.05;與D組比較,※P < 0.05;PO2:氧分壓;PCO2:二氧化碳分壓;W/D:濕干比;1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa
2.3 肺組織W/D比結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)
N組與C組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);L組明顯高于C組(P < 0.05);A組、D組及AD組W/D比值均明顯下降,與L組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),且均高于對照組;其中AD組下降較之A組及D組更為明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),而A組、D組間差異無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.4 炎癥指標(biāo)統(tǒng)計(jì)
肺組織勻漿中MPO活性、TNF-α及IL-1β水平在N組與C組間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),而L組均較C組顯著升高(P < 0.05);A組、D組及AD組均有明顯下降,與L組比較,但仍高于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);MPO活性在AD組的下降較之A組及D組更為明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);TNF-α在D組及AD組下降均較之A組更明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),且AD組與D組相比下降亦更為明顯(P > 0.05);IL-1β在D組及AD組下降較之A組更明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),D組亦較之A組下降更為明顯,差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
表2 肺組織勻漿中MPO、TNF-α、IL-1β比較(x±s)
注:與C組比較,*P < 0.05;與N組比較,△P < 0.05;與L組比較,#P < 0.05;與A組比較,+P < 0.05;與D組比較,※P < 0.05;MPO:髓過氧化物酶;TNF-α:腫瘤壞死因子-α;IL-1β:白介素-1β
2.5 病理學(xué)改變
大體及光鏡下觀察C組及N組肺組織無明顯異常;L組大體標(biāo)本可見肺組織充血明顯,并可見部分斑片狀壞死,A、D及AD組肺組織表面充血較L組減輕,斑片狀壞死減少,AD組更為明顯。光鏡下觀察L組結(jié)構(gòu)損傷明顯,大片肺泡腔萎陷伴不張,透明膜形成,肺泡壁間隔顯著增厚,大量紅細(xì)胞及白細(xì)胞滲出、聚集;A、D及AD組上述病理改變較對照組減輕,但A組及D組與L組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),AD組與L組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),但AD與A組、D組三組之間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表3。
表3 光鏡下病理評分比較(分)
3 討論
ARDS是在各種致病因素作用下導(dǎo)致的急性彌漫性肺損傷,其特點(diǎn)是炎性反應(yīng)使得肺毛細(xì)血管通透性增加,引起肺水腫、透明膜形成以及肺泡內(nèi)出血[2]。其發(fā)生機(jī)制錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜,因而也缺乏特定的治療方案,但采用低潮氣量通氣以及抗炎性反應(yīng)是目前認(rèn)為有效的治療方法之一。已有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床研究證實(shí),ARDS時(shí)肺組織內(nèi)的炎癥因子明顯增多,通過抑制炎癥因子可減輕肺損傷程度[10]。LPS誘導(dǎo)的大鼠模型是一個(gè)經(jīng)典的ARDS動(dòng)物模型,本組實(shí)驗(yàn)中,大鼠在被注射LPS后均出現(xiàn)了PO2下降,各項(xiàng)炎癥指標(biāo)顯著上升,病理學(xué)肺損傷改變明顯,提示模型建立成功。
AMB作為一種黏液調(diào)節(jié)劑被廣泛在臨床上應(yīng)用多年,近年有不少研究證實(shí)大劑量AMB存在抗氧化、減少炎癥介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞因子釋放、促進(jìn)肺泡表面活性物質(zhì)(pulmonary surfactant,PS)生成等作用[9-12],從而在ARDS中發(fā)揮肺保護(hù)作用。本組實(shí)驗(yàn)表明AMB干預(yù)組MPO、TNF-α和IL-1β水平下降,肺組織病理損傷減輕,存在肺保護(hù)作用。同時(shí)本實(shí)驗(yàn)也發(fā)現(xiàn),AMB干預(yù)組雖然在血?dú)夥治?、炎癥介質(zhì)水平及病理改變方面均有一定程度的改善,但其效果不如AD組明顯,考慮其原因可能在于ARDS時(shí),由于眾多的炎癥介質(zhì)釋放形成了級聯(lián)反應(yīng)或瀑布樣效應(yīng),而AMB只是抑制了部分炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,因而在ARDS的治療中需考慮到其復(fù)雜的致病機(jī)制,針對不同的環(huán)節(jié)聯(lián)合用藥方可取得較滿意的療效。
GC被用于ARDS的治療已有很長時(shí)間,但近年來對于GC在ARDS中的作用爭議不斷,反對者主要認(rèn)為長時(shí)間大劑量使用GC存在諸多副作用,如高血糖、骨質(zhì)疏松、感染加重等,但在ARDS的治療中,GC確實(shí)有其積極作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)可看出,即使給予小劑量GC,D組較之L組在血?dú)夥治?、炎癥指標(biāo)及組織病理學(xué)變化上仍有明顯的改善,在一定程度上證實(shí)了DXM對LPS誘導(dǎo)的ARDS具有肺保護(hù)作用。GC在ARDS治療中的作用機(jī)制體現(xiàn)在多方面。它可以直接或間接作用于炎癥細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞因子[7,13],降低MPO活性,減輕中性粒細(xì)胞(PMN)過度激活對組織的損傷[14];GC通過上調(diào)肺組織絲裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(MKP-1)表達(dá)[15],以及阻礙單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、中性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子(CINC)、P-選擇素和細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表達(dá)[16],起到減輕氣道和肺實(shí)質(zhì)炎性反應(yīng)的作用;GC可以在缺氧情況下保留部分鈉離子通道的活性,減輕肺水腫的發(fā)生[17];GC還可以部分逆轉(zhuǎn)肺泡表面活性物質(zhì)的紊亂[10]。本組實(shí)驗(yàn)雖然證實(shí)了GC在ARDS中所產(chǎn)生的積極的效果,觀察時(shí)間還不夠,考慮到GC治療可能帶來的相關(guān)副作用,GC在ARDS中后續(xù)治療的影響還有待進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
本組實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了AD組在給予了兩藥聯(lián)合治療的方案后,在氧合情況、W/D比以及肺組織勻漿中的炎性介質(zhì)水平上,AD組均在不同程度上較單藥使用組改善,部分具有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示AMB及DXM的聯(lián)合使用對ARDS具有一定的協(xié)同保護(hù)作用,而在病理學(xué)改變上AD組雖然較之單藥聯(lián)合使用組改善無顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但較之L組仍改善明顯,這一點(diǎn)考慮到可能與本組實(shí)驗(yàn)干預(yù)治療早、觀察時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)較短、ARDS處于早期階段、病變較輕、組織病理學(xué)改變可能未能完全呈現(xiàn)相關(guān),有待進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。由此得出如下結(jié)論:① AMB及DXM對LPS誘導(dǎo)的大鼠急性肺損傷在一定程度上有保護(hù)作用,可在一定程度上改善氧合,減輕炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放,減輕肺部損傷。②AMB與DXM對LPS誘導(dǎo)的大鼠急性肺損傷具有協(xié)同保護(hù)作用,在血?dú)夥治?、炎癥指標(biāo)及病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)上均優(yōu)于單藥使用,可有效改善氧和,減輕炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放,從而減輕全身炎性反應(yīng)在肺部的集中表現(xiàn)。
兩藥聯(lián)合使用的協(xié)同作用的機(jī)制考慮是基于兩種藥物對于炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放均有抑制作用,聯(lián)合使用可使這一作用進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化,從而減輕肺泡上皮細(xì)胞和肺間質(zhì)的損傷,改善血管通透性,減輕肺滲出及出血;此外兩藥均可促進(jìn)PS的合成,從而起到防止肺泡萎陷、減輕肺不張的作用。因而兩種藥物的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用在急性肺損傷的防治中具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Van S,Deroost K,Deckers J,et al. Pathogenesis of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Trends in Parasitology,2013,29(7):346-358.
[2] Thompson BT,Moss M. A new definition for the acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2013,34(4):441-447.
[3] Janz DR,Ware LB. Biomarkers of ALI/ARDS:pathogenesis,discovery,and relevance to clinical trials [J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2013,34(4):537-547.
[4] Matthay MA,Ware LB,Zimmerman GA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2012,122(8):2731-2740.
[5] Erickson SE,Martin GS,Davis JL,et al. Recent trends in acute lung injury mortARDSty:1996-2005[J]. Crit Care Med,2009,37:1574-1579.
[6] Mokra D,Drgova A,Kopincova J,et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment in dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in meconium-induced acute lung injury [J]. Advances in ExperiMental Medicine and Biology,2013,756:189-196.
[7] Kim HA,Park JH,Lee S,et al. Combined delivery of Dexamethasone and plasmid DNA in an animal model of LPS-induced acute lung injury[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2011,156(1):60-69.
[8] 戴新建,王萬鐵,鮑小歐,等.氨溴索對急性肺損傷兔E一選擇素和細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1的影響[J].海峽藥學(xué),2009, 21(1):68-70.
[9] Jiang K,Wang X,Mao X,et al. Ambroxol alleviates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by antioxidant and antiapoptotic pathways [J]. Transplantation Proceedings,2013,45(6):2439-2445.
[10] Mokra D,Drgova A,Kopincova J,et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment in dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in meconium-induced acute lung injury [J]. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,2013,756:189-196.
[11] Zhang ZQ,Wu QQ,Huang XM,et al. Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants by antenatal Ambroxol: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. American Journal of Perinatology,2013,30(7):529-536.
[12] 包龍,徐峰,丁禮,等.大劑量鹽酸氨溴索對亞低溫治療老年顱腦損傷患者的肺保護(hù)[J].中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013, 32(7):723-726.
[13] 黎靜,韓利梅,古麗鮮.油酸型急性呼吸窘迫綜合征血清細(xì)胞因子TNF-alpha、IL-8、IL-10變化及地塞米松干預(yù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,38(2):158-160.
[14] Sombra,Marcia A,da Silva C,et al. Acute pulmonary injury induced by experimental muscle trauma[J]. Acta cirurgica brasileira/Sociedade Brasileira para Desenvolvimento Pesquisa em Cirurgia,2011,26(1):43-46.
[15] 成勤,陳龍,劉蘇,等.地塞米松對內(nèi)毒素性急性肺損傷大鼠肺組織MKP-1表達(dá)的影響[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2012,32(2):214-217.
[16] Yubero S,Manso MA,Ramudo L,et al. Dexamethasone down-regulates the inflammatory mediators but fails to reduce the tissue injury in the lung of acute pancreatitis rat models [J]. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics,2012, 25(4):319-324.
[17] Urner M,Herrmann IK,Booy C,et al. Effect of hypoxia and Dexamethasone on inflammation and ion transporter function in pulmonary cells[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology,2012,169(2):119-128.
(收稿日期:2013-10-29 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Van S,Deroost K,Deckers J,et al. Pathogenesis of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Trends in Parasitology,2013,29(7):346-358.
[2] Thompson BT,Moss M. A new definition for the acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2013,34(4):441-447.
[3] Janz DR,Ware LB. Biomarkers of ALI/ARDS:pathogenesis,discovery,and relevance to clinical trials [J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2013,34(4):537-547.
[4] Matthay MA,Ware LB,Zimmerman GA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2012,122(8):2731-2740.
[5] Erickson SE,Martin GS,Davis JL,et al. Recent trends in acute lung injury mortARDSty:1996-2005[J]. Crit Care Med,2009,37:1574-1579.
[6] Mokra D,Drgova A,Kopincova J,et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment in dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in meconium-induced acute lung injury [J]. Advances in ExperiMental Medicine and Biology,2013,756:189-196.
[7] Kim HA,Park JH,Lee S,et al. Combined delivery of Dexamethasone and plasmid DNA in an animal model of LPS-induced acute lung injury[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2011,156(1):60-69.
[8] 戴新建,王萬鐵,鮑小歐,等.氨溴索對急性肺損傷兔E一選擇素和細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1的影響[J].海峽藥學(xué),2009, 21(1):68-70.
[9] Jiang K,Wang X,Mao X,et al. Ambroxol alleviates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by antioxidant and antiapoptotic pathways [J]. Transplantation Proceedings,2013,45(6):2439-2445.
[10] Mokra D,Drgova A,Kopincova J,et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment in dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in meconium-induced acute lung injury [J]. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,2013,756:189-196.
[11] Zhang ZQ,Wu QQ,Huang XM,et al. Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants by antenatal Ambroxol: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. American Journal of Perinatology,2013,30(7):529-536.
[12] 包龍,徐峰,丁禮,等.大劑量鹽酸氨溴索對亞低溫治療老年顱腦損傷患者的肺保護(hù)[J].中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013, 32(7):723-726.
[13] 黎靜,韓利梅,古麗鮮.油酸型急性呼吸窘迫綜合征血清細(xì)胞因子TNF-alpha、IL-8、IL-10變化及地塞米松干預(yù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,38(2):158-160.
[14] Sombra,Marcia A,da Silva C,et al. Acute pulmonary injury induced by experimental muscle trauma[J]. Acta cirurgica brasileira/Sociedade Brasileira para Desenvolvimento Pesquisa em Cirurgia,2011,26(1):43-46.
[15] 成勤,陳龍,劉蘇,等.地塞米松對內(nèi)毒素性急性肺損傷大鼠肺組織MKP-1表達(dá)的影響[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2012,32(2):214-217.
[16] Yubero S,Manso MA,Ramudo L,et al. Dexamethasone down-regulates the inflammatory mediators but fails to reduce the tissue injury in the lung of acute pancreatitis rat models [J]. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics,2012, 25(4):319-324.
[17] Urner M,Herrmann IK,Booy C,et al. Effect of hypoxia and Dexamethasone on inflammation and ion transporter function in pulmonary cells[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology,2012,169(2):119-128.
(收稿日期:2013-10-29 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Van S,Deroost K,Deckers J,et al. Pathogenesis of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Trends in Parasitology,2013,29(7):346-358.
[2] Thompson BT,Moss M. A new definition for the acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2013,34(4):441-447.
[3] Janz DR,Ware LB. Biomarkers of ALI/ARDS:pathogenesis,discovery,and relevance to clinical trials [J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2013,34(4):537-547.
[4] Matthay MA,Ware LB,Zimmerman GA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2012,122(8):2731-2740.
[5] Erickson SE,Martin GS,Davis JL,et al. Recent trends in acute lung injury mortARDSty:1996-2005[J]. Crit Care Med,2009,37:1574-1579.
[6] Mokra D,Drgova A,Kopincova J,et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment in dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in meconium-induced acute lung injury [J]. Advances in ExperiMental Medicine and Biology,2013,756:189-196.
[7] Kim HA,Park JH,Lee S,et al. Combined delivery of Dexamethasone and plasmid DNA in an animal model of LPS-induced acute lung injury[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2011,156(1):60-69.
[8] 戴新建,王萬鐵,鮑小歐,等.氨溴索對急性肺損傷兔E一選擇素和細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1的影響[J].海峽藥學(xué),2009, 21(1):68-70.
[9] Jiang K,Wang X,Mao X,et al. Ambroxol alleviates hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by antioxidant and antiapoptotic pathways [J]. Transplantation Proceedings,2013,45(6):2439-2445.
[10] Mokra D,Drgova A,Kopincova J,et al. Anti-inflammatory treatment in dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant in meconium-induced acute lung injury [J]. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,2013,756:189-196.
[11] Zhang ZQ,Wu QQ,Huang XM,et al. Prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants by antenatal Ambroxol: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. American Journal of Perinatology,2013,30(7):529-536.
[12] 包龍,徐峰,丁禮,等.大劑量鹽酸氨溴索對亞低溫治療老年顱腦損傷患者的肺保護(hù)[J].中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013, 32(7):723-726.
[13] 黎靜,韓利梅,古麗鮮.油酸型急性呼吸窘迫綜合征血清細(xì)胞因子TNF-alpha、IL-8、IL-10變化及地塞米松干預(yù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2013,38(2):158-160.
[14] Sombra,Marcia A,da Silva C,et al. Acute pulmonary injury induced by experimental muscle trauma[J]. Acta cirurgica brasileira/Sociedade Brasileira para Desenvolvimento Pesquisa em Cirurgia,2011,26(1):43-46.
[15] 成勤,陳龍,劉蘇,等.地塞米松對內(nèi)毒素性急性肺損傷大鼠肺組織MKP-1表達(dá)的影響[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2012,32(2):214-217.
[16] Yubero S,Manso MA,Ramudo L,et al. Dexamethasone down-regulates the inflammatory mediators but fails to reduce the tissue injury in the lung of acute pancreatitis rat models [J]. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics,2012, 25(4):319-324.
[17] Urner M,Herrmann IK,Booy C,et al. Effect of hypoxia and Dexamethasone on inflammation and ion transporter function in pulmonary cells[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology,2012,169(2):119-128.
(收稿日期:2013-10-29 本文編輯:衛(wèi) 軻)