李波+彭茜+鄭植+陳芄螈
[摘要] 目的 評估經(jīng)導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù)(RFCA)治療小兒陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過速(PVST)的臨床效果。 方法 回顧性分析2009年1月~2013年1月四川省人民醫(yī)院收治的97例PSVT患兒。其中男65例,女32例,手術(shù)時(shí)平均年齡(7.1±1.8)歲,平均體重(32.4±8.9)kg。射頻消融術(shù)后平均隨訪(27±21)個(gè)月。分析RFCA術(shù)的治療情況。 結(jié)果 本研究納入的97例患兒中,房室折返性心動(dòng)過速(AVRT)患兒66例(68.0%),其中左側(cè)旁道38例(57.6%),右側(cè)旁道28例(42.4%);房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過速(AVNRT)患兒31例(32.0%)。射頻消融即刻成功95例(97.9%),其中6例在隨訪過程中復(fù)發(fā)(6.2%)。復(fù)發(fā)患兒給予再次射RFCA治療,隨訪半年,未見復(fù)發(fā),術(shù)后隨訪所有患兒無消融手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。 結(jié)論 RFCA可安全有效治療小兒PSVT。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)導(dǎo)管射頻消融術(shù);陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過速;兒童
[中圖分類號] R752.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)02(c)-0047-03
Efficacy observation of the radiofrequency catheter ablation treating on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children
LI Bo PENG Qian ZHENG Zhi CHEN Wanyuan
Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in pediatric patients with paroxysmal supravetricular tachycardia (PSVT). Methods The clinical data of 97 pediatric patients with PSVT, who underwent RFCA in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2009 to January 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. 65 male and 32 female were found in 97 pediatric patients; the average of age and weight were (7.1±1.8) years and (32.4±8.9) kg respectively; and they were followed up for (27±21) months. RFCA surgery treatmen was analyzed. Results In this cohort, 66 cases (68.0%) were diagnosed with atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia(AVRT), which included 38 cases (57.6%) with left ventricular outflow and 28 cases (42.4%) with right ventricular outflow; and 31 cases (32.0%) with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The success of the RFCA was achieved in 95 patients (97.9%); while recurrence occurred in 6 patients (6.2%). However, after second ablation, all those 6 patients were not recurrence. In this cohort, no complication was found during follow-up. Conclusion RFCA is safely and effectively in treating pediatric patients with PSVT.
[Key words] Radiofrequency catheter ablation; Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; Children
陣發(fā)性室上性心動(dòng)過速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)是兒童較為常見的一類心律失常病,發(fā)病率為1/250~1/1000,可引起胸悶、心悸等,持續(xù)發(fā)作可導(dǎo)致心力衰竭和阿斯綜合征的發(fā)生[1]。房室折返性心動(dòng)過速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)或房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)是PVST為最常見的兩種發(fā)病機(jī)制。以往主要以應(yīng)用抗心律失常藥物治療為主,雖可控制癥狀,但無法根治,且存在副作用,具有一定局限性。自20世紀(jì)90年代以來,隨著經(jīng)導(dǎo)管射頻消融(radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA)的迅猛發(fā)展,及其具有療程短、創(chuàng)傷小、無痛苦、安全性高、療效確切等優(yōu)點(diǎn),而用于根治兒童及青少年P(guān)SVT[2]。但國內(nèi)關(guān)于RFCA治療兒童PSVT的研究尚少。本文回顧性分析了2009年1月~2013年1月四川省人民醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)收治的室上性心動(dòng)過速患兒接受RFCA治療的臨床資料,通過門診隨訪,評估兒童各種PSVT經(jīng)RFCA手術(shù)后的安全性和有效性,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
以我院收治的97例經(jīng)RFCA治療的PSVT患兒97例為研究對象。其中男65例,女32例;年齡3~15歲,平均(7.1±1.8)歲;平均體重(32.4±8.9)kg;所有患者均接受心內(nèi)電生理檢查及RFCA治療,射頻消融術(shù)后平均隨訪(27±11)個(gè)月。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①房室折返或房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過速呈反復(fù)性發(fā)作,發(fā)作時(shí)存在明顯血流動(dòng)力學(xué)障礙;②房速呈持續(xù)性無休止發(fā)作,伴心臟輕度擴(kuò)大,抗心律失常藥物治療無效。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①未行心內(nèi)電生理、心臟彩超和心電圖檢查;②心臟彩超提示各室腔大小、結(jié)構(gòu)及功能異常;③存在器質(zhì)性心臟病病史;④未取得患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人的書面同意。
1.2 研究方法
回顧性分析PSVT患兒的臨床資料,統(tǒng)計(jì)其性別年齡分布情況,觀察RFCA手術(shù)成功率,并發(fā)癥及復(fù)發(fā)率。所有患兒術(shù)前未曾服用抗心律失常藥或停藥至少5個(gè)半衰期以上,依據(jù)心內(nèi)電生理檢查,確定PVST發(fā)作類型及消融靶點(diǎn),手術(shù)方法參照RFCA治療快速心律失常指南[3],RFCA成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[4]。
2 結(jié)果
在97例患兒中,AVRT患者66例(68.0%),其中左側(cè)旁道38例(57.6%),右側(cè)旁道28例(42.4%);AVNRT患者31例(32.0%);射頻消融即刻成功率為95例(97.9%);6例在隨訪過程中復(fù)發(fā)(6.3%),復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間最短6 d,最長7個(gè)月,平均4.7個(gè)月。本組小兒RFCA治療效果詳見表1。
表1 小兒射頻消融術(shù)治療效果[n(%)]
注:AVRT:房室折返性心動(dòng)過速;AVNRT:房室結(jié)折返性心動(dòng)過速
在首次RFCA治療失敗的2個(gè)病例中,1例為AVRT患兒,因與HIS束距離較近放棄治療;另1例為AVNRT患兒,因在RFCA術(shù)中出現(xiàn)Ⅱ~Ⅲ度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯(AVB)而終止手術(shù)放棄治療。6例復(fù)發(fā)患者中AVNRT患兒占3例,復(fù)發(fā)率為9.7%;AVRT占3例,復(fù)發(fā)率為4.5%,其中右側(cè)旁道型AVRT患兒2例(66.7%),左側(cè)旁道型1例(23.3%)。6例復(fù)發(fā)患者給予再次射頻消融手術(shù)治療,隨訪6個(gè)月,未見復(fù)發(fā)。
患兒術(shù)后及隨訪過程中均未發(fā)生感染、肺損傷、瓣膜損傷、假性動(dòng)脈瘤、瓣膜反流等,無死亡及其他并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。1例AVNTR患兒術(shù)中出現(xiàn)Ⅲ度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯,術(shù)后經(jīng)對癥治療后好轉(zhuǎn)為Ⅰ度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯,目前一直服用抗心律失常藥物,病情控制良好。
3 討論
在兒科心律失常患兒中,以PVST最為常見,約占兒科心律失常的90%[5]。AVRT和AVNRT是PVST最常見的兩種形式,以AVRT為主,隨著年齡增長AVNRT呈增加趨勢[1]。持續(xù)或頻繁的心動(dòng)過速,可導(dǎo)致心臟擴(kuò)大,心功能減退,嚴(yán)重危害患兒身心健康,也給家庭帶來沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。以往主要以抗心律失常藥物治療為主,雖可控制癥狀,但無法根治。自1987年國外首次將RFCA應(yīng)用于臨床治療房室折返性心動(dòng)過速并取得成功,1991年我國首次將RFCA用于治療兒童預(yù)激綜合征以來,RFCA在我國取得迅猛發(fā)展并逐漸成為快速型心律失常病根治的首選方法。但由于兒童生長發(fā)育的特殊性,部分PVST患兒有自行緩解趨勢,且兒童心臟容積小,血管細(xì),房室結(jié)發(fā)育不成熟等,使兒童期患兒進(jìn)行RFCA治療有別于成人。
本研究中接受RFCA治療的66例AVRT患兒中,右側(cè)旁道28例,最小年齡為1歲,國內(nèi)有研究報(bào)道最小年齡僅4個(gè)月的患兒安全的接受了手術(shù)[6];左側(cè)旁道38例,最小年齡6歲,可見左側(cè)旁道型患兒明顯多于右側(cè)旁道型。右側(cè)旁道型患兒消融時(shí)導(dǎo)管經(jīng)下腔靜脈進(jìn)入右房,消融導(dǎo)管貼靠于右側(cè)房室溝處,因靜脈較粗,所以即使年幼兒,仍可完成消融操作,因此對于較年幼的右側(cè)旁道型AVRT患兒可試行RFCA治療以達(dá)到根治的目的。而左側(cè)旁道型消融時(shí),常采用心室側(cè)消融,而年幼兒動(dòng)脈較細(xì),消融導(dǎo)管頭端較難在動(dòng)脈內(nèi)打彎,因此左側(cè)旁道消融適用于較年長患兒。與左側(cè)旁道消融相比,右側(cè)旁道消融耗費(fèi)時(shí)間較長,復(fù)發(fā)率高,可能由于導(dǎo)管貼靠三尖瓣不牢所致,嚴(yán)重者還可損傷三尖瓣,造成三尖瓣反流和瘢痕形成[7-8]。
本研究中的PVST患兒射頻消融術(shù)即刻成功率為97.9%,優(yōu)于Hafez等[9]報(bào)道的88.3%的成功率。本研究中復(fù)發(fā)的6例患兒中,AVNRT和ANRT的復(fù)發(fā)率為9.7%和4.5%,可見AVNRT復(fù)發(fā)較AVRT多見,與以往研究相似[10]。AVNRT復(fù)發(fā)率較高的原因可能由于兒童慢旁通道距HIS希氏術(shù)較近,一般多采用較低消融能量、短時(shí)、多次消融的方法避免Ⅲ度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯的發(fā)生;另外AVNRT可存在多旁道,因此較難徹底消融。AVRT復(fù)發(fā)患兒則以右旁道多見,可能由于導(dǎo)管貼靠不牢、以致插入點(diǎn)距房室溝較遠(yuǎn)導(dǎo)致無法徹底消融。
Lee等[11]研究顯示,在PVST的長期隨訪中,其復(fù)發(fā)率是4.7%;Komura等[12]在長達(dá)4年的隨訪中PVST復(fù)發(fā)率是12.9%。在本研究中,對所有患兒進(jìn)行長期隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)PVST的復(fù)發(fā)率僅為6.2%??梢奟FCA療程短、創(chuàng)傷小、無痛苦、安全性高、療效確切,可安全、有效地用于兒童PVST的治療,完成根治心律失常的目標(biāo),避免長時(shí)間服用抗心律失常藥物的困擾和外科開胸手術(shù)的痛苦。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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[4] De Santis A,F(xiàn)azio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.
[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.
[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.
[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.
[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.
[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.
[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.
[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.
[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.
(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文編輯:李繼翔)
[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.
[4] De Santis A,F(xiàn)azio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.
[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.
[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.
[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.
[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.
[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.
[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.
[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.
[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.
(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文編輯:李繼翔)
[3] Friedman RA,Walsh EP,Silka MJ,et al. NASPE Expert Consensus Conference:radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with and without congenital heart disease. Report of the writing committee. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2002,25(6):1000-1017.
[4] De Santis A,F(xiàn)azio G,Silvetti MS,et al. Transcatheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias in pediatric patients [J]. Curr Pharm Des,2008,14(8):788-793.
[5] Joung B,Lee M,Sung JH,et al. Pediatric radiofrequency catheter ablation:sedation methods and success,complication and recurrence rates [J]. Circ J,2006,70(3):278-284.
[6] Kwashima T,Sakai E,Taguchi A,et al. Case of dilated cardiomyopathy with PVST treated by catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction [J]. Rinsho Kyobu Geka,1989,9(6):612-613.
[7] Udyavar AR,Benjamin S,Ravikumar M,et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation of slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia:single-center experience [J]. Indian Heart J,2006,58(2):131-137.
[8] Al-Ammouri I,Perry JC. Proximity of coronary arteries to the atrioventricular valve annulus in young patients and implications for ablation procedures [J]. Am J Cardiol,2006, 9(12):1752-1755.
[9] Hafez M,Abu-Elkheir M,Shokier M,et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in children with supraventricular tachycardias:intermediate term follow up results [J]. Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2012,6:7-16.
[10] Kirsh JA,Gross GJ,O'Connor S,et al. Transcatheter cryoablation of tachyarrhythmias in children:initial experience from an international registry [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005, 45(1):133-136.
[11] Lee PC,Hwang B,Chen SA,et al. The results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in children [J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007, 30(5):655-661.
[12] Komura M,Suzuki J,Adachi S,et al. Clinical course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the era of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and radiofrequency catheter ablation [J]. Int Heart J,2010,51(1):34-40.
(收稿日期:2013-10-17 本文編輯:李繼翔)