楊崇毛 陳貴和 李 治 黃 凱
南華大學(xué)附屬懷化醫(yī)院,湖南 懷化 418000
無(wú)癥狀重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄患者手術(shù)與非手術(shù)治療探討
楊崇毛 陳貴和 李 治 黃 凱
南華大學(xué)附屬懷化醫(yī)院,湖南 懷化 418000
目的 比較無(wú)癥狀重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄患者手術(shù)治療與非手術(shù)治療心源性死亡率的差別。方法 分析我院心臟外科2007年1月-2010年12月122名無(wú)癥狀重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄患者心源性死亡率,手術(shù)組65例,行主動(dòng)脈瓣置換手術(shù),非手術(shù)組57例選擇常規(guī)治療。結(jié)果 手術(shù)組心源性死亡率明顯低于非手術(shù)組。結(jié)論 對(duì)于無(wú)癥狀的重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄患者手術(shù)及非手術(shù)治療,仍存在爭(zhēng)議,但若存在高危因素,則需考慮行手術(shù)治療。
無(wú)癥狀重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄;手術(shù)治療;非手術(shù)治療
表1 手術(shù)組及非手術(shù)組患者心源性死亡率比較
主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄(aortic stenosis,AS)是心臟外科常見的瓣膜病,而隨著社會(huì)發(fā)展,人口老齡化等,主動(dòng)脈瓣鈣化越來(lái)越多發(fā),導(dǎo)致主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄病例不斷增多。主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)(aortic valve replacement,AVR)對(duì)于有典型癥狀的患者是最佳的治療措施[1];研究顯示,重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄(symptomatic severe aortic stenosis,SAS)患者約1/3以上由于左室代償而不出現(xiàn)明顯癥狀[2-4]。無(wú)癥狀的SAS患者在隨訪期間仍較大的猝死風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)于是否應(yīng)進(jìn)行AVR以及手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)仍存在爭(zhēng)議。我院心臟外科2007年1月~2010年12月對(duì)122名無(wú)癥狀的SAS患者進(jìn)行了手術(shù)與非手術(shù)治療,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 一般資料 患者122例,男性79例,女性43例,年齡42~73歲(61±2.3歲),病程3月~15年(5±1.2年),無(wú)明顯活動(dòng)后氣促、心悸、心絞痛、暈厥癥狀。超聲心動(dòng)圖均提示主動(dòng)脈瓣重度狹窄,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)均正常,主動(dòng)脈瓣口面積<0.75cm2,主動(dòng)脈瓣口峰值流速>4.5m/s,其中風(fēng)濕性病變45例,老年性退行性主動(dòng)脈瓣病變68例,二葉瓣畸形9例,冠狀動(dòng)脈造影提示冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄4例。非隨機(jī)分成手術(shù)組和非手術(shù)組,其中手術(shù)組65例,非手術(shù)組57例。隨訪36~84個(gè)月(58±3個(gè)月)。
1.2 觀察指標(biāo) 心源性死亡率:通過(guò)隨訪,對(duì)比手術(shù)組與非手術(shù)組因心臟原因致死概率。
1.3 治療方法 手術(shù)組:充分術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備后,全麻、低溫、體外循環(huán)下行主動(dòng)脈瓣置換術(shù)。主動(dòng)脈根部斜切口,切除瓣膜,仔細(xì)剔除鈣化組織,對(duì)瓣環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)破壞者部分重建瓣環(huán),然后置換主動(dòng)脈瓣,全部采用間斷縫合。同期行二尖瓣置換23例,行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植3例。非手術(shù)組:采用常規(guī)治療。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,應(yīng)用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。P<0.05表示差別具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
手術(shù)組一例行主動(dòng)脈瓣置換+冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)患者因術(shù)后低心排24小時(shí)內(nèi)死亡。其余隨訪36~84個(gè)月(58±3個(gè)月),心功能Ⅰ級(jí)41例,心功能Ⅱ級(jí)21例,心功能Ⅲ級(jí)3例。非手術(shù)組隨訪時(shí)間與手術(shù)組相當(dāng),發(fā)生心臟猝死者10例(瓣口面積<0.6cm者3例,主動(dòng)脈口峰值流速>5m/s2例,二者兼有者2例,廣泛瓣膜鈣化2例)。手術(shù)組死亡率為1.54%,非手術(shù)組死亡率為17.54%(P<0.01),可見手術(shù)組死亡率明顯低于非手術(shù)組。
研究顯示,年齡大于65歲的人群中25%~29%存在主動(dòng)脈瓣硬化、增厚[5,6],而其中約1/6主動(dòng)脈瓣硬化將發(fā)展成主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄(aortic stenosis,AS)[7],而半數(shù)輕一中度AS患者將會(huì)發(fā)展為血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常的重度主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄(symptomatic severe aortic stenosis,SAS)[8]。由于左室重建和代償,部分患者可無(wú)明顯臨床癥狀。在心臟外科界,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于無(wú)癥狀SAS患者的手術(shù)與非手術(shù)治療一直存在爭(zhēng)議。主張手術(shù)者認(rèn)為:①無(wú)癥狀SAS患者隨訪期間可能發(fā)生心臟猝死危險(xiǎn)。有典型癥狀的SAS患者如果未行AVR術(shù),每個(gè)月的自然死亡率為2%,3年死亡率約75%[9],唯一有效的治療方法,就是行AVR術(shù),既可減輕癥狀,又可提示生活質(zhì)量,延長(zhǎng)生存率。而無(wú)癥狀的SAS患者雖然醫(yī)囑定期隨訪(一般為6個(gè)月一次),但很多患者隨訪并不規(guī)范,甚至放棄隨訪,對(duì)其可能所致的生命危險(xiǎn)不引起足夠重視。一些患者隨訪期間出現(xiàn)典型癥狀,更多選擇藥物治療,從而發(fā)生心臟猝死幾率大大增加。②在未出現(xiàn)癥狀前,患者主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄及相應(yīng)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變惡化,其手術(shù)綜合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高。據(jù)報(bào)道,AS患者其瓣口面積以平均每年約0.1cm減小,跨瓣壓以平均每年約7mmHg增加[10]。若及時(shí)進(jìn)行AVR手術(shù),則可有效控制主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄惡化。一些資料表明[11,12],主動(dòng)脈峰值流速對(duì)是否行AVR有重要的指導(dǎo)意義,需要在2年內(nèi)行AVR者:峰值流速>4mm/s,需在1年內(nèi)AVR手術(shù)者:峰值流速>5m/s。其次,年齡越大,手術(shù)死亡率越高[13]。另外,嚴(yán)重左室向心性肥厚者手術(shù)死亡率和并發(fā)癥也成倍增高[14,15]。③.體力活動(dòng)可使一些無(wú)癥狀患者加速病情惡化,應(yīng)盡早行AVR。不主張手術(shù)者認(rèn)為:①不手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。大多數(shù)SAS患者可較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間無(wú)癥狀,而手術(shù)則不可避免伴隨較高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及相應(yīng)并發(fā)癥。尤其一些老年患者合并冠心病,如果同期行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù),其死亡率可達(dá)達(dá)5%~7%[16],行AVR后腦血管意外的發(fā)生率為1.4%~4.8%[17]。②缺乏大規(guī)模多中心臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)支持。歐美一些心臟中心的指南中,只是將無(wú)癥狀SAS作為AVR的IIb類適應(yīng)證[18]。③手術(shù)使無(wú)癥狀SAS患者醫(yī)療費(fèi)用大大增加。Gada等[19]通過(guò)模型分析得出結(jié)論,主動(dòng)脈瓣置換不僅增加了死亡率和相應(yīng)并發(fā)癥,還增加了患者醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。
對(duì)于無(wú)癥狀的SAS患者是否應(yīng)進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,目前國(guó)際上仍然無(wú)確切標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一些專家指出,無(wú)癥狀SAS患者以下情況應(yīng)視為高?;颊撸瑧?yīng)在癥狀出現(xiàn)前考慮手術(shù):①主動(dòng)脈瓣膜廣泛鈣化[20];②主動(dòng)脈瓣口面積<0.6cm;③主動(dòng)脈口峰值流速>(4.5~5) m/s[21];④跨瓣壓差和瓣口流速快速增加(>0.3m/ s.y);⑤左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)低于50%;⑥左心室質(zhì)量異常增加[22];⑦運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性[11]。
綜上所述,無(wú)癥狀SAS患者手術(shù)或者非手術(shù)治療,目前仍缺乏大規(guī)模多中心臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),我們主張,存在一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上高危因素的無(wú)癥狀SAS患者應(yīng)考慮癥狀出現(xiàn)前行AVR手術(shù)治療,可能會(huì)取得一個(gè)較滿意效果。
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Study on Treatment of Surgical or Non-surgical for Asymptomatic Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis
YANG Chong-mao, CHEN Gui-he, LI Zhi, HUANG Kai.Nanhua University Huaihua Hospital,Huaihua,Hunan,418000
Objective To compare the cardiac mortality of asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis treated by surgical or non-surgical.Methods To analyze 122 patients cardiac mortality which were asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis from January 2007 to December 2010 in the department of cardiac surgery.Among of them, 65 of the patients
aortic valve replacement,57 underwent conventional treatment.Results surgical group of cardiac mortality was significantly lower than the non-surgical group.Conclusions Surgical and non-surgical treatment for asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis is still controversial.But if there are risk factors, surgical treatment need to be considered.
Asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis; Surgery treatment; Non-surgical treatment
R542.52,R645.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-3257.2014.02.15
2014-03-28
短篇報(bào)告
Case Report
楊崇毛,男,心胸外科,主治醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,研究方向?yàn)橹匕Y心臟瓣膜病的診治
楊崇毛