章妙青+陳新忠
[摘要] 目的 探討不同劑量右美托咪定預(yù)給藥對(duì)瑞芬太尼致術(shù)后疼痛與痛覺過敏的影響。方法 隨機(jī)選擇全憑靜脈全麻下腹部開腹手術(shù)及腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者各80例,按右美托咪定使用劑量分為小劑量(0.2μg/kg)右美托咪定組(LDex組)、中劑量(0.6μg/kg)右美托咪定組(MDex組)和高劑量(1μg/kg)右美托咪定組(HDex組)及對(duì)照組各20例,對(duì)比各組瑞芬太尼用量、曲馬多用量、機(jī)械性痛閾、VAS疼痛程度和Ramsay評(píng)分。結(jié)果 開腹手術(shù)患者組的HDex組術(shù)后無需使用曲馬多鎮(zhèn)痛,腹腔鏡手術(shù)組的MDex組和HDex組術(shù)后無需使用曲馬多鎮(zhèn)痛。開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組機(jī)械性痛閾均與右美托咪定用量呈正相關(guān)(r=0.42、0.43,P<0.05),開腹手術(shù)高劑量(1μg/kg)右美托咪定拔管后24h基本恢復(fù)正常,腹腔鏡手術(shù)中劑量(0.6μg/kg)右美托咪定拔管后24h基本恢復(fù)正常。開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組疼痛程度評(píng)分均與右美托咪定用量呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.39、-0.41,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 右美托咪定在開腹或腹腔鏡手術(shù)時(shí)預(yù)給藥均能減輕瑞芬太尼致術(shù)后疼痛感覺和痛覺過敏,并存在劑量依賴效應(yīng),開腹手術(shù)所需給藥劑量高于腹腔鏡手術(shù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;瑞芬太尼;痛覺過敏;疼痛;腹部手術(shù)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2014)17-0004-04
The efficacy of dexmedetomidine administration of remifentanil given on postoperative pain and hyperalgesia
ZHANG Miaoqing1 CHEN Xinzhong2
1.Department of Anesthesiology, Huangyan Hospital of TCM in Zhejiang Province, Huangyan 318020, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Womens Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
[Abstract] Objective To study dexmedetomidine administration of remifentanil given post operative pain and hyperalgesia induced effects. Methods Total intravenous anesthesia randomly selected lower abdominal laparotomy and laparoscopic surgery of the 80 cases, press the right medetomidine dose were divided into small doses (0.2μg/kg) dexmedetomidine given group (LDex group ), medium dose (0.6μg/kg) dexmedetomidine given group (MDex group) and high dose (1μg/kg) dexmedetomidine given group (HDex group) and control group,each of 20 cases, compared the group remifentanil fentanyl dosage, tramadol dosage, mechanically pain threshold, VAS pain and Ramsay score. Results The patient group HDex open surgery without the use of postoperative analgesic tramadol, laparoscopic surgery group MDex group and HDex group were without the use of tramadol. Open surgery and laparoscopic surgery group group mechanical pain threshold were associated with the amount of dexmedetomidine had negative correlation(r = 0.42, 0.43, P <0.05), laparotomy high dose(1μg/kg) dexmedetomidine 24h after extubation care given microphone returned to normal, laparoscopy dose(0.6μg/kg) dexmedetomidine given 24h after extubation basically returned to normal. Open surgery and laparoscopic surgery group pain scores were associated with the amount of dexmedetomidine had negative correlation(r = -0.39, -0.41, P <0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine set at laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery can reduce pre-administration of remifentanil induced postoperative pain sensation and hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent effect, the dose required in open surgery is higher than in laparoscopic surgery.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Remifentanil; Hyperalgesia; Pain; Abdominal surgery
瑞芬太尼是一種新型超短效μ阿片受體激動(dòng)劑麻醉藥,由于具有起效快、鎮(zhèn)痛效果好、作用時(shí)間短、無蓄積的優(yōu)勢(shì),近年來被廣泛應(yīng)用于全憑靜脈或聯(lián)合吸入的全身麻醉,但長(zhǎng)時(shí)間大劑量輸注極易導(dǎo)致循環(huán)系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定以及術(shù)后痛覺過敏和術(shù)后疼痛恢復(fù)較快等不良反應(yīng)[1],制約了其臨床效果的發(fā)揮。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)是一種α2受體激動(dòng)劑,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用形成鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛和抗交感作用的疊加效應(yīng),改善鎮(zhèn)痛效果、減少鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜藥物用量及多種麻醉藥物聯(lián)合大量應(yīng)用的不良反應(yīng)[2],目前研究認(rèn)為其對(duì)瑞芬太尼術(shù)后痛覺過敏有緩解作用[3],但對(duì)不同劑量右美托咪定的影響作用研究少見。本研究對(duì)不同劑量右美托咪定在開腹和腹腔鏡手術(shù)中預(yù)給藥對(duì)瑞芬太尼致術(shù)后疼痛與痛覺過敏的影響進(jìn)行研究,為臨床提供依據(jù)。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
采用隨機(jī)法選擇2012年2月~2013年5月在黃巖中醫(yī)院行擇期全憑靜脈全麻下腹部開腹手術(shù)及腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者各80例,共160例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí);②年齡>18歲,<65歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并嚴(yán)重心血管疾病、肝腎功能異常;②惡性腫瘤;③慢性疼痛病史;④精神障礙病史;⑤酒精或藥物依賴病史;⑥α2受體激動(dòng)劑過敏病史;⑦近30 d內(nèi)有全麻史。腹部開腹手術(shù)患者年齡25~62歲,平均 (36.49±10.26)歲,男37例,女43例,腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者年齡23~62歲,平均 (37.55±10.57)歲,男45例,女35例。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1分組方法 按手術(shù)方式分開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組,作為不同手術(shù)方式觀察樣本。開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組分別再隨機(jī)分小劑量(0.2μg/kg)右美托咪定組(LDex組)、中劑量(0.6μg/kg)右美托咪定組(MDex組)和高劑量(1μg/kg)右美托咪定組(HDex組),并設(shè)未使用右美托咪定的對(duì)照組各20例。
1.2.2麻醉方法 術(shù)前禁食8h,進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后開通靜脈通道,連接生命體征監(jiān)護(hù)儀、麻醉機(jī)、腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)監(jiān)護(hù)儀,麻醉誘導(dǎo)前按分組劑量勻速靜脈輸注右美托咪定,10 min完成,對(duì)照組給予等量生理鹽水。麻醉誘導(dǎo)采用咪達(dá)唑侖0.05mg/kg、丙泊酚2mg/kg、瑞芬太尼2μg/kg、維庫(kù)溴銨0.12mg/kg,后行氣管插管,術(shù)中全憑靜脈,瑞芬太尼0.2μg/(kg·min)、丙泊酚(4~6)mg/(kg·min)、維庫(kù)溴銨0.06 mg/(kg·min),持續(xù)輸注維持,維持BIS在30~60范圍。手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)停藥,拔除氣管插管。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛采用曲馬多靜脈輸注。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)前1d、拔管后1h、拔管后8h、拔管后24h采用Von Frey纖毛法[4]在切口下5cm處進(jìn)行機(jī)械性痛閾定量測(cè)定;拔管后1h、拔管后8h、拔管后24h采用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)[5]制成疼痛主管評(píng)估表,無痛至劇痛在標(biāo)尺上分別標(biāo)記0~10分,由患者自評(píng)疼痛程度;拔管后1h、拔管后8h、拔管后24h采用Ramsay評(píng)分法[6]評(píng)估患者鎮(zhèn)靜程度,躁動(dòng)至不能喚醒,分別計(jì)為1~6分。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛曲馬多使用量。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間及不同時(shí)段比較采用方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)相關(guān)性采用Spearman等級(jí)相關(guān)分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1不同劑量右美托咪定組臨床資料比較
開腹手術(shù)患者組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組不同劑量右美托咪定組年齡、性別、手術(shù)時(shí)間和瑞芬太尼用量之間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但術(shù)后曲馬多用量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),開腹手術(shù)患者組的HDex組術(shù)后無需使用曲馬多鎮(zhèn)痛,腹腔鏡手術(shù)組的MDex組和HDex組術(shù)后無需使用曲馬多鎮(zhèn)痛,見表1、2。
表1 開腹手術(shù)組不同劑量右美托咪定組臨床資料比較(x±s,n=20)
表2 腹腔鏡手術(shù)組不同劑量右美托咪定組臨床資料比較(x±s,n=20)
2.2不同劑量右美托咪定組機(jī)械性痛閾比較
開腹手術(shù)組不同劑量右美托咪定組術(shù)后均機(jī)械性痛閾均顯著降低,并逐漸回升,其中HDex組降低幅度最小,拔管后24h基本恢復(fù)正常,開腹手術(shù)組機(jī)械性痛閾與右美托咪定用量呈正相關(guān)(r=0.42,P<0.05),見表3。腹腔鏡手術(shù)組除HDex組術(shù)后均機(jī)械性痛閾均顯著降低,并逐漸回升,MDex組拔管后24h基本恢復(fù)正常,腹腔鏡手術(shù)組機(jī)械性痛閾與右美托咪定用量呈正相關(guān)(r=0.43,P<0.05),見表4。
2.3不同劑量右美托咪定組VAS疼痛程度和Ramsay評(píng)分比較
開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組不同劑量右美托咪定組術(shù)后各時(shí)段疼痛程度評(píng)分比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),疼痛程度評(píng)分均與右美托咪定用量呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.39、-0.41,P<0.05),開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組不同劑量右美托咪定組術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表5、6。
3討論
研究認(rèn)為,術(shù)后傷害性刺激的發(fā)生率高,約40%的患者術(shù)后發(fā)生急性疼痛,50%以上胸外科及截肢患者術(shù)后發(fā)生慢性疼痛,術(shù)后機(jī)械性痛閾下降引起痛覺過敏與術(shù)后急性和慢性疼痛的發(fā)生有關(guān)[7,8]。瑞芬太尼引起受痛覺過敏的作用強(qiáng)于其他阿片類藥物,其機(jī)制可能與瑞芬太尼停藥后使μ受體神經(jīng)源性激活NMDA受體,通過一氧化氮合成酶合成大量一氧化氮產(chǎn)生毒性作用引起脊髓背角神經(jīng)元興奮性升高、出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)敏感化有關(guān)[9,10]。隨著手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),輸注的瑞芬太尼量增加,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)急性疼痛和痛覺過敏的可能性增加,則術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛處理需求隨之升高,而開腹和腹腔鏡手術(shù)的特點(diǎn)及時(shí)間存在明顯差異,因此,本研究分別對(duì)兩種方式的腹部手術(shù)進(jìn)行觀察。采用Von Frey纖毛法定量測(cè)定皮膚痛閾值,進(jìn)而客觀反映局部機(jī)械性痛閾的變化,而患者疼痛程度則由VAS法進(jìn)行主觀評(píng)價(jià),通過客觀和主觀評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)合有利于術(shù)后疼痛的判斷。
右美托咪定通過激動(dòng)α2腎上腺素能受體抑制交感神經(jīng)興奮,作用于腦干藍(lán)斑核產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜、催眠、抗焦慮、抗應(yīng)激反應(yīng)作用,并與阿片類藥物有協(xié)同作用增強(qiáng)麻醉效果,減少阿片類藥物用量和不良反應(yīng)[11,12]。本研究在右美托咪定負(fù)荷量范圍內(nèi)設(shè)定低、中、高劑量,在開腹和腹腔鏡腹部手術(shù)前預(yù)給藥,結(jié)果顯示,在患者一般情況和瑞芬太尼用量無顯著差異的基礎(chǔ)上,術(shù)后曲馬多鎮(zhèn)痛用量隨著右美托咪定劑量增加而明顯減少,在開腹手術(shù)組的HDex組術(shù)后無需鎮(zhèn)痛處理,而腹腔鏡手術(shù)組的MDex組和HDex組均無需鎮(zhèn)痛處理,從側(cè)面反映右美托咪定用量可能與術(shù)后疼痛程度有關(guān),且腹腔鏡手術(shù)較少的用藥量也可達(dá)到較好緩解術(shù)后疼痛效果。
Von Frey纖毛法主要在糖尿病組周圍神經(jīng)病變中應(yīng)用,可較準(zhǔn)確的反映皮膚機(jī)械性痛閾改變,并具有可重復(fù)性,為痛覺過敏提供較客觀的參考值[13]。開腹手術(shù)由于皮膚切口及皮下組織損傷范圍較腹腔鏡手術(shù)大,因此術(shù)后疼痛程度會(huì)較腹腔鏡手術(shù)大,本研究術(shù)前測(cè)定手術(shù)部位皮膚機(jī)械性痛閾可見,所有患者痛閾差異均無顯著性,但是拔管后1h大部分患者均出現(xiàn)了痛閾降低的現(xiàn)象,尤其是兩個(gè)對(duì)照組,在未使用右美托咪定的情況下,痛閾降低下降明顯,且恢復(fù)緩慢,拔管后24h仍顯著低于術(shù)前,均表明應(yīng)用瑞芬太尼進(jìn)行全憑靜脈麻醉開腹或腹腔鏡手術(shù)術(shù)后患者均出現(xiàn)了痛覺過敏[14],簡(jiǎn)單比較推測(cè)開腹手術(shù)痛覺過敏現(xiàn)象較腹腔鏡手術(shù)明顯,可能與手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、瑞芬太尼用量少有關(guān),可為臨床用藥提供參考。開腹手術(shù)組中拔管后1h各組均出現(xiàn)機(jī)械性痛閾顯著下降,但HDex組降幅最小,且回升速度最快,在拔管后24h已基本恢復(fù)術(shù)前水平,相關(guān)性分析顯示,機(jī)械性痛閾與右美托咪定用量呈正相關(guān);腹腔鏡手術(shù)組也得到相類似的結(jié)果。從患者主觀對(duì)疼痛程度的判斷分析,術(shù)后疼痛程度呈現(xiàn)升高后降低的趨勢(shì),而開腹手術(shù)組和腹腔鏡手術(shù)組的HDex組變化幅度最小,兩種手術(shù)方式的疼痛程度與右美托咪定用量均呈負(fù)相關(guān),結(jié)果與機(jī)械性痛閾結(jié)果相同,機(jī)械性痛閾越低則患者對(duì)應(yīng)感受到的疼痛程度越高,則主觀感受得到客觀值支持,表明痛覺過敏與患者術(shù)后疼痛發(fā)生有關(guān),而右美托咪定對(duì)痛覺過敏和術(shù)后疼痛均有明顯的緩解作用且存在劑量依賴關(guān)系[15]。有研究表明,右美托咪定對(duì)NMDA受體作用有濃度依賴的抑制效應(yīng),同時(shí)抑制腺苷酸環(huán)化酶對(duì)神經(jīng)元的興奮作用[16],故右美托咪定可對(duì)瑞芬太尼引起的中樞敏感化產(chǎn)生抑制,降低疼痛感覺神經(jīng)敏感性,抵抗機(jī)械性痛閾下降,緩解痛覺敏感;患者對(duì)手術(shù)損傷導(dǎo)致的傷害性刺激的反應(yīng)性降低,同時(shí)右美托咪定能有效地抑制圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[17],有助于穩(wěn)定患者情緒,提高機(jī)體對(duì)疼痛的耐受度[18]。各組Ramsay評(píng)分無明顯差異,表明瑞芬太尼和右美托咪定聯(lián)合術(shù)后麻醉清醒和抗煩躁的效果均較好。
綜上所述,右美托咪定在開腹或腹腔鏡手術(shù)時(shí)預(yù)給藥均能減輕瑞芬太尼致術(shù)后疼痛感覺和痛覺過敏,并存在劑量依賴效應(yīng),開腹手術(shù)推薦應(yīng)用較高劑量,而腹腔鏡手術(shù)則推薦中等劑量,可獲得較好協(xié)同作用并減少藥品用量,優(yōu)化麻醉方案,節(jié)省醫(yī)療資源。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 張興安,趙高峰,屠偉峰. 瑞芬太尼群體藥代、藥效學(xué)研究進(jìn)展[J]. 實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2007,23(2):291-294.
[2] 張瑤,孫茜,許倩,等. 右美托咪定預(yù)防大鼠創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的效果及其對(duì)海馬ERK活性及ARC表達(dá)的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(2):242-244.
[3] Woon-Seok Kang,Sung-Yun Kim,Jong-Chan Son,et al. The effect of dexmedetomidine on the adjuvant propofol requirement and intraoperative hemodynamics during remifentanil-based anesthesia[J]. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology,2012,62(2):113-118.
[4] Ellerkmann RK,Soehle M,Riese G,et al. The Entropy Module and Bispectral Index as guidance for propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in combination with regional anaesthesia compared with a standard clinical practice group[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2010,38(1):159-166.
[5] Shehabi Y,Nakae H,Hammond N,et al. The effect of dex medetomidine on agitation during weaning of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients[J]. Anaesthesia andIntensive Care,2010,38(1):82-90.
[6] Bethany R, Tellor Heather M, Arnold Scott T,et al. Occurrence and predictors of dexmedetomidine infusion intolerance and failure[J]. Hospital Practice,2012,40(1):186-192.
[7] 李家鐵,馮繼英,陳鶯. 大劑量瑞芬太尼增加上腹部術(shù)后慢性疼痛的發(fā)生[J]. 現(xiàn)代預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué),2011,38(20):4300-4303.
[8] Soo Jung Park,Yon-Hee Shim,Ji Hyun Yoo,et al. Low-dose remifentanil to modify hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation: comparison in normotensive and untreated/treated hypertensive Korean patients[J]. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology,2012,62(2):135-141.
[9] Dong YX,Meng LX,Wang Y,et al. The effect of remifentanil on the incidence of agitation on emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2010,38(4):718-722.
[10] Seyed-Mohamad Mireskandari,Navid Abulahrar,Mohamad-Esmaeil Darabi,et al. Comparison of the effect of fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil and remifentanil on cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation in children[J]. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics,2011,21(2):173-180.
[11] 彭勉,王焱林,王成夭,等. 右美托咪定預(yù)先給藥對(duì)脂多糖誘導(dǎo)乳鼠原代小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎性介質(zhì)釋放的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(3):296-298.
[12] 柴薪,張麗娜,汲元美,等. 不同劑量右美托咪定對(duì)丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼用于整形外科手術(shù)患者麻醉效果的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(3):306-310.
[13] Lambert GA,Mallos G,Zagami AS. Von Frey's hairs -a review of their technology and use-a novel automated von Frey device for improved testing for hyperalgesia[J]. Journal of Neuroscience Methods,2009,177(2):420-426.
[14] 王香,顧達(dá)民,張科,等. 右美托咪定對(duì)腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥,2013,8(1):69-71.
[15] N, Bharti. Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of severe postoperative functional stridor[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2012,40(2):354-355.
[16] Parent BA,Munoz R,Shiderly D,et al. Use of dexmedetomidine in sustained ventricular tachycardia[J]. Anaesthesia and IintensiveCare,2010,38(4):781.
[17] Elisabeth Dewhirst,Aymen,Naguib Joseph,et al. Dexmed etomidine as part of balanced anesthesia care in children with malignant hyperthermia risk and egg allergy[J]. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics,2011,16(2):113-117.
[18] 張彩玲,陳偉元. 布托啡諾預(yù)防瑞芬太尼麻醉后痛覺過敏的臨床研究[J]. 中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2013,20(14):108-109.
(收稿日期:2014-01-07)
[9] Dong YX,Meng LX,Wang Y,et al. The effect of remifentanil on the incidence of agitation on emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2010,38(4):718-722.
[10] Seyed-Mohamad Mireskandari,Navid Abulahrar,Mohamad-Esmaeil Darabi,et al. Comparison of the effect of fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil and remifentanil on cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation in children[J]. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics,2011,21(2):173-180.
[11] 彭勉,王焱林,王成夭,等. 右美托咪定預(yù)先給藥對(duì)脂多糖誘導(dǎo)乳鼠原代小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎性介質(zhì)釋放的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(3):296-298.
[12] 柴薪,張麗娜,汲元美,等. 不同劑量右美托咪定對(duì)丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼用于整形外科手術(shù)患者麻醉效果的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(3):306-310.
[13] Lambert GA,Mallos G,Zagami AS. Von Frey's hairs -a review of their technology and use-a novel automated von Frey device for improved testing for hyperalgesia[J]. Journal of Neuroscience Methods,2009,177(2):420-426.
[14] 王香,顧達(dá)民,張科,等. 右美托咪定對(duì)腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥,2013,8(1):69-71.
[15] N, Bharti. Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of severe postoperative functional stridor[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2012,40(2):354-355.
[16] Parent BA,Munoz R,Shiderly D,et al. Use of dexmedetomidine in sustained ventricular tachycardia[J]. Anaesthesia and IintensiveCare,2010,38(4):781.
[17] Elisabeth Dewhirst,Aymen,Naguib Joseph,et al. Dexmed etomidine as part of balanced anesthesia care in children with malignant hyperthermia risk and egg allergy[J]. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics,2011,16(2):113-117.
[18] 張彩玲,陳偉元. 布托啡諾預(yù)防瑞芬太尼麻醉后痛覺過敏的臨床研究[J]. 中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2013,20(14):108-109.
(收稿日期:2014-01-07)
[9] Dong YX,Meng LX,Wang Y,et al. The effect of remifentanil on the incidence of agitation on emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2010,38(4):718-722.
[10] Seyed-Mohamad Mireskandari,Navid Abulahrar,Mohamad-Esmaeil Darabi,et al. Comparison of the effect of fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil and remifentanil on cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation in children[J]. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics,2011,21(2):173-180.
[11] 彭勉,王焱林,王成夭,等. 右美托咪定預(yù)先給藥對(duì)脂多糖誘導(dǎo)乳鼠原代小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎性介質(zhì)釋放的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(3):296-298.
[12] 柴薪,張麗娜,汲元美,等. 不同劑量右美托咪定對(duì)丙泊酚復(fù)合瑞芬太尼用于整形外科手術(shù)患者麻醉效果的影響[J]. 中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(3):306-310.
[13] Lambert GA,Mallos G,Zagami AS. Von Frey's hairs -a review of their technology and use-a novel automated von Frey device for improved testing for hyperalgesia[J]. Journal of Neuroscience Methods,2009,177(2):420-426.
[14] 王香,顧達(dá)民,張科,等. 右美托咪定對(duì)腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥,2013,8(1):69-71.
[15] N, Bharti. Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of severe postoperative functional stridor[J]. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,2012,40(2):354-355.
[16] Parent BA,Munoz R,Shiderly D,et al. Use of dexmedetomidine in sustained ventricular tachycardia[J]. Anaesthesia and IintensiveCare,2010,38(4):781.
[17] Elisabeth Dewhirst,Aymen,Naguib Joseph,et al. Dexmed etomidine as part of balanced anesthesia care in children with malignant hyperthermia risk and egg allergy[J]. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics,2011,16(2):113-117.
[18] 張彩玲,陳偉元. 布托啡諾預(yù)防瑞芬太尼麻醉后痛覺過敏的臨床研究[J]. 中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2013,20(14):108-109.
(收稿日期:2014-01-07)