馬子量 郭志儀 馬丁丑
摘要 基于西部地區(qū)12個(gè)省域2000-2011年城市化相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),通過空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方法對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析??臻g相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,西部地區(qū)省域間城市化存在顯著的空間相關(guān)性,有著空間集聚的趨勢,利用傳統(tǒng)OLS模型進(jìn)行解釋會(huì)造成空間因素的遺漏,空間計(jì)量模型更為適用,進(jìn)一步利用空間杜賓模型對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化進(jìn)程中動(dòng)力因素的空間交互效應(yīng)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)其空間效應(yīng)進(jìn)行分解,結(jié)果顯示:西部地區(qū)省域產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)其城市化的正向直接效應(yīng)最強(qiáng),但是省域間存在較強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭,周邊省域產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變會(huì)對(duì)省域城市化產(chǎn)生明顯的負(fù)向間接效應(yīng);經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的提高對(duì)省域城市化的直接效應(yīng)顯著,同時(shí)由于西部地區(qū)省域間經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平差異不明顯,周邊省域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平對(duì)省域城市化的負(fù)向間接效應(yīng)并不顯著;城市用地規(guī)模擴(kuò)張對(duì)省域城市化的正向直接效應(yīng)僅次于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變,而且這種城市化推動(dòng)行為在省域間效仿度較高,導(dǎo)致其對(duì)省域城市化的正向間接效應(yīng)最強(qiáng);基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入對(duì)省域城市化也具有顯著的正向直接效應(yīng),省域間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入雖存在效仿行為,但是財(cái)政水平較低導(dǎo)致其對(duì)省域城市化的正向間接效應(yīng)并不顯著;由于區(qū)位劣勢,對(duì)外開放程度對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化的正向直接效應(yīng)不顯著,但是周邊省域?qū)ν忾_放程度的增強(qiáng)卻一定程度上導(dǎo)致省域自身經(jīng)濟(jì)要素外溢,對(duì)省域城市化產(chǎn)生了顯著的負(fù)向間接效應(yīng)。因此,在未來西部地區(qū)省域城市化進(jìn)程中不僅要關(guān)注省域自身城市化動(dòng)力因素,還應(yīng)注意省域間的城市化動(dòng)力因素的協(xié)調(diào)。
關(guān)鍵詞 空間效應(yīng);西部地區(qū);城市化;空間杜賓模型
中圖分類號(hào) F061.5 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)06-0009-07 doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201406002
城市化進(jìn)程是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然路徑,伴隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)步增長,城市化進(jìn)程的重要性不斷凸顯,城市化在提高資源效率、提升產(chǎn)業(yè)層次、增加就業(yè)容量等方面起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。在既往的研究中,學(xué)者們從不同角度對(duì)于城市化動(dòng)力進(jìn)行了考察[1-5],但是這些研究往往孤立地去分析樣本區(qū)域的城市化動(dòng)力因素,忽視了區(qū)域間的相互影響。城市化實(shí)質(zhì)是包括人口在內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)要素從鄉(xiāng)村向城市的空間流動(dòng)過程,而這種流動(dòng)不僅僅限于區(qū)域內(nèi),也存在著區(qū)域間的流動(dòng),周邊區(qū)域的城市化進(jìn)程和其他影響因素對(duì)于區(qū)域城市化有著重要的影響,所以僅從區(qū)域內(nèi)孤立地去研究其城市化是不合理的,還應(yīng)結(jié)合區(qū)域間的空間效應(yīng)對(duì)區(qū)域城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制進(jìn)行考察分析。
1 文獻(xiàn)綜述
一個(gè)區(qū)域的某種經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象與周邊區(qū)域是相關(guān)的,忽略空間效應(yīng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題進(jìn)行分析是存在遺漏的,而現(xiàn)代空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)為捕捉空間效應(yīng)提供了相應(yīng)的理論基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)方法,從Fisher [6]率先提出空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之后,大量的學(xué)者不斷地進(jìn)行深入研究,代表性的有Anselin [7]、Heikkila [8]、Lee [9]、 LeSage [10]和Elhorst [11]等,空間計(jì)量分析方法的不斷進(jìn)步使現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)于空間因素影響的把握越來越全面。隨著空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)引入國內(nèi),部分學(xué)者嘗試著將這種方法應(yīng)用到城市化研究方面。蔣偉利用2005年數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)我國31個(gè)省域的城市化影響因素進(jìn)行了空間計(jì)量分析,分析結(jié)果顯示省域間城市化存在空間依賴性,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)空間計(jì)量方法的解釋力強(qiáng)于一般計(jì)量方法[12];姜磊和季民河利用截面數(shù)據(jù)建立空間誤差模型對(duì)全國的城市化與創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在城市化過程中存在明顯的知識(shí)外溢現(xiàn)象[13];連飛以2008年東北地區(qū)34個(gè)城市為研究對(duì)象,通過建立全局和局部空間計(jì)量模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市間工業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率存在明顯的空間溢出[14];胡玉敏和杜綱通過近二十年的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)我國29個(gè)省區(qū)的城市增長進(jìn)行了分析,通過建立空間面板誤差模型發(fā)現(xiàn)城市增長具有空間外溢性,城市間增長具有空間示范效應(yīng)[15]。縱觀這些研究,大部分是通過截面數(shù)據(jù)去分析區(qū)域城市化,截面數(shù)據(jù)由于選取的時(shí)間點(diǎn)固定,所以無法反映城市化的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,同時(shí)采取的方法為空間滯后模型或空間誤差模型,前者只能反映城市化進(jìn)程的空間交互效應(yīng),忽略了城市化動(dòng)力因素的空間交互效應(yīng),而后者把空間交互效應(yīng)“黑箱化”處理,只能反映區(qū)域間存在空間效應(yīng),但是對(duì)空間效應(yīng)發(fā)生的途徑卻無法解釋,利用二者無法對(duì)區(qū)域間城市化空間效應(yīng)進(jìn)行全面捕捉。
全國城市化水平不斷提高的同時(shí),城市化進(jìn)程的區(qū)域差異也越發(fā)明顯,西部地區(qū)作為經(jīng)濟(jì)最為落后的區(qū)域,其城市化水平也低于全國水平,對(duì)于西部地區(qū)各省區(qū)來說,提高自身城市化水平對(duì)于提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率和促進(jìn)其經(jīng)濟(jì)增長有著重要的作用,所以對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化進(jìn)程中的動(dòng)力機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究有著重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本文以西部12個(gè)省區(qū)為研究區(qū)域,利用其2000-2011年城市化相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),在空間相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,利用空間杜賓模型對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平及其動(dòng)力因素進(jìn)行模型估計(jì),并對(duì)省域間城市化進(jìn)程及其動(dòng)力因素的空間效應(yīng)交互路徑進(jìn)行分析和整理,以期為推動(dòng)西部地區(qū)省域城市化進(jìn)程提供相應(yīng)的理論基礎(chǔ)。
2011年西部地區(qū)只有4個(gè)省區(qū)位于一、三象限,說明空間正相關(guān)性在逐步下降,同時(shí)8個(gè)省區(qū)存在空間負(fù)相關(guān),而在造成這一狀況的直接原因就是城市水平的集聚性不斷增強(qiáng),造成省域間的城市化水平差異不斷拉大。
3.2 非空間面板模型估計(jì)
首先采用一般面板模型對(duì)西部地區(qū)城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制模型進(jìn)行估計(jì),其目的是為了對(duì)模型估計(jì)殘差序列進(jìn)行空間相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn),以檢驗(yàn)是否有必要建立空間計(jì)量模型,同時(shí)可以通過檢驗(yàn)判斷哪種模型更為適用。對(duì)西部地區(qū)城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制模型進(jìn)行面板OLS模型估計(jì),結(jié)果如表2所示,總體上模型擬合良好,且通過顯著性檢驗(yàn),但是DW值為2.46,說明存在序列相關(guān)性,進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn)后發(fā)現(xiàn),殘差序列的Morans I在1%的水平下顯著,說明殘差序列存在空間自相關(guān)性,說明利用面板OLS模型進(jìn)行估計(jì)是存在不足的,應(yīng)當(dāng)建立空間計(jì)量模型。兩種拉格朗日乘子檢驗(yàn)LM test no spatial lag和LM test no spatial error均在1%的水平下顯著,說明空間滯后和空間誤差均存在,所以應(yīng)通過空間杜賓模型來進(jìn)行分析。
3.3 空間面板數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)量分析
由于模型存在空間滯后項(xiàng),所以O(shè)LS估計(jì)是有偏的,通過Matlab R2012b軟件和空間計(jì)量軟件包將式(8)的SDM模型進(jìn)行了ML估計(jì),其中依據(jù)面板模型固定效應(yīng)分為三種形式:空間固定效應(yīng)、時(shí)期固定效應(yīng)和空間時(shí)期雙向固定效應(yīng)。估計(jì)結(jié)果如表3所示,三種效應(yīng)下SDM模型的擬合度均比非空間面板模型高,極大似然值也高于非空間面板模型,同時(shí)三種效應(yīng)下的模型在瓦爾德檢驗(yàn)和似然比率檢驗(yàn)時(shí)均拒絕模型簡化為SLM或SEM,說明SDM模型是適用的。從三種效應(yīng)的模型估計(jì)來看,雙向固定模型的擬合度更優(yōu),極大似然值最高,各變量的顯著性也得到了明顯的增強(qiáng),同時(shí)利用似然比率檢驗(yàn)對(duì)固定效應(yīng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)時(shí),時(shí)期固定效應(yīng)和空間固定效應(yīng)均在1%的水平下顯著,所以依據(jù)雙向固定效應(yīng)的SDM模型進(jìn)行相應(yīng)分析。在雙向固定效應(yīng)的SDM模型下,ρ的系數(shù)為-0.13,且在1%的水平下顯著,說明西部地區(qū)省域城市化進(jìn)程中存在顯著的集聚效應(yīng),城市化水平的提高一定程度上依賴于周邊省區(qū)人口的流出,城市化進(jìn)程存在空間非均衡性,這與之前的空間相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果是吻合的。
3.4 空間效應(yīng)分解
在雙向固定效應(yīng)SDM模型估計(jì)基礎(chǔ)之上,通過偏微分的方式對(duì)各動(dòng)力因素對(duì)于城市化水平的影響進(jìn)行了空間分解。如表4所示,各動(dòng)力因素對(duì)城市化水平的整體影響用總體效應(yīng)表示,總體效應(yīng)包括直接效應(yīng)和間接效應(yīng),其中直接效應(yīng)表示省區(qū)自身動(dòng)力因素對(duì)其城市化水平的影響,間接效應(yīng)表示鄰接省區(qū)動(dòng)力因素的對(duì)本省區(qū)城市化水平的影響。從直接效應(yīng)來看,又可分為兩種影響路徑,一種是動(dòng)力因素對(duì)本省區(qū)自身城市化水平直接的影響,可以SDM模型中各動(dòng)力因素的系數(shù)進(jìn)行估計(jì),另一種是動(dòng)力因素對(duì)鄰接省區(qū)城市化水平造成影響,進(jìn)而又對(duì)本省區(qū)自身城市化水平產(chǎn)生的空間回饋效應(yīng)。間接效應(yīng)也可以分為兩種影響路徑,其一是鄰接省區(qū)動(dòng)力因素發(fā)生變化直接對(duì)樣本省區(qū)的城市化水平產(chǎn)生影響,另一種是鄰接省區(qū)動(dòng)力因素發(fā)生變化首先使鄰接省區(qū)自身的城市化水平產(chǎn)生變動(dòng),進(jìn)而對(duì)本省區(qū)的城市化水平產(chǎn)生影響。
產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平的直接效應(yīng)和間接效應(yīng)均顯著,且為最強(qiáng),但其直接效應(yīng)為正,間接效應(yīng)為負(fù)。直接效應(yīng)為正且較顯著,說明省域自身的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)演變是推動(dòng)其城市化水平的有效手段,伴隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級(jí),二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)吸納的就業(yè)日益增多,會(huì)導(dǎo)致人口向城市集聚,帶來城市化水平的提高。間接效應(yīng)為負(fù),說明省域間產(chǎn)業(yè)類型趨同,省域間產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展存在競爭性,鄰接省區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的升級(jí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致本省區(qū)包括人口在內(nèi)的要素外流,導(dǎo)致省域城市化進(jìn)程更加遲滯。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的非均衡性,會(huì)導(dǎo)致城市化水平發(fā)展速度存在差異的同時(shí)產(chǎn)生空間集聚,這是導(dǎo)致西部地區(qū)省域間城市化水平存在空間差異的主要原因。
經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平的直接效應(yīng)為正,間接效應(yīng)為負(fù)但不顯著。直接效應(yīng)為正,說明經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平對(duì)城市化水平有正向推動(dòng)作用,二者呈現(xiàn)正向變動(dòng)關(guān)系,伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的提高,生產(chǎn)能力不斷增強(qiáng),城市集聚能力不斷提升,將推動(dòng)其城市化進(jìn)程,這與一般經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律是相符的。間接效應(yīng)不顯著,說明西部地區(qū)省域間經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平差異相對(duì)較小,省域間經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展差距并不能導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)要素流動(dòng)進(jìn)而使城市化水平產(chǎn)生空間差異。
城市用地規(guī)模擴(kuò)張對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平的直接效應(yīng)和間接效應(yīng)均顯著,且都為正。直接效應(yīng)為正且其影響程度僅次于產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變,說明著城市用地規(guī)模的擴(kuò)張對(duì)于西部地區(qū)城市化水平的提高起到了很大的推動(dòng)作用,同時(shí)也從另外一個(gè)角度說明目前西部地區(qū)城市水平的提高很大程度上依賴于城市外延式的擴(kuò)張。其間接效應(yīng)為正且為最大值,說明城市用地規(guī)模擴(kuò)張這種主要依賴于政府的城市化行為在省域間具有較強(qiáng)示范效應(yīng),當(dāng)鄰接省區(qū)采用外延式的城市規(guī)模擴(kuò)張路徑時(shí),由于其速度較快,且效果明顯,樣本省區(qū)會(huì)效仿這種路徑。
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平的直接效應(yīng)和間接效應(yīng)均為正,但間接效應(yīng)不顯著。直接效應(yīng)為正,說明基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入可以提高西部地區(qū)城市的承載力,帶來城市化水平的提高,但其效應(yīng)較弱反映出目前西部地區(qū)城市的承載力還未制約其城市化進(jìn)程,所以基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入對(duì)城市化的推動(dòng)力較弱。其間接效應(yīng)為正但不顯著,說明基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入在西部地區(qū)省域間有示范效應(yīng),但政府財(cái)政能力的相對(duì)薄弱限制了這種效應(yīng)對(duì)城市化進(jìn)程的影響力度。
對(duì)外開放程度對(duì)西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平的直接效應(yīng)為正,間接效應(yīng)為負(fù),但直接效應(yīng)不顯著。直接效應(yīng)為正但不顯著,說明對(duì)外開放程度的加強(qiáng)有利于西部地區(qū)改善其資本和技術(shù)狀況,對(duì)其城市化有正面影響,但是西部地區(qū)開放程度較低,外來資本和技術(shù)投入未能對(duì)城市化產(chǎn)生有效的促進(jìn)。間接效應(yīng)為負(fù),說明西部地區(qū)省域間在引入外來資本時(shí)存在競爭效應(yīng),外來資本和技術(shù)注入鄰接省區(qū)導(dǎo)致其產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,引致本省區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)要素向周邊省區(qū)外溢,使其城市化進(jìn)程受阻。
4 結(jié)論及建議
西部地區(qū)省域城市化水平存在空間相關(guān)性,有著空間集聚趨勢,利用空間杜賓模型可以有效地對(duì)省域間城市化和城市化進(jìn)程的動(dòng)力因素進(jìn)行空間效應(yīng)分析,實(shí)證結(jié)果表明:①西部地區(qū)省域自身產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、城市用地?cái)U(kuò)張和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入對(duì)其城市化水平具有顯著的直接推動(dòng),其中產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)城市化水平的貢獻(xiàn)度最高,而對(duì)外開放程度的增強(qiáng)對(duì)城市化水平的促進(jìn)作用并不顯著。②通過擴(kuò)張城市用地規(guī)模提高城市化水平在省域間具有示范效應(yīng),某省區(qū)通過擴(kuò)張城市用地規(guī)模加速其城市化進(jìn)程時(shí),會(huì)使鄰接省區(qū)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)和效仿,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入雖也在省域間具有示范效應(yīng),但受制于西部地區(qū)省區(qū)薄弱的財(cái)政水平其效應(yīng)并不顯著。③通過產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變和增強(qiáng)對(duì)外開放程度提高城市化水平的行為在省域間競爭效應(yīng)明顯,某省區(qū)通過這兩種方式提高其城市水平,會(huì)使鄰接省區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)要素外溢,使其城市化進(jìn)程受阻,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平雖也在省域間城市化進(jìn)程中具有競爭效應(yīng),但是由于西部地區(qū)省域間經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展差異不大導(dǎo)致其效應(yīng)不顯著。
西部地區(qū)省域間城市化進(jìn)程中的空間交互效應(yīng)對(duì)各省區(qū)的城市化進(jìn)程產(chǎn)生了重要的影響,未來西部地區(qū)省域在加速城市化進(jìn)程中不僅要關(guān)注省域內(nèi)的動(dòng)力因素,同時(shí)也要注意省域間動(dòng)力因素間的交互效應(yīng)。在通過加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、合理擴(kuò)張城市用地規(guī)模和加大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入增強(qiáng)的途徑促進(jìn)各省區(qū)城市化水平的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)對(duì)省域間產(chǎn)業(yè)類型和外資投入進(jìn)行合理布局,規(guī)避產(chǎn)業(yè)趨同和外資投入引發(fā)的省域間城市化空間競爭效應(yīng),同時(shí)各省區(qū)應(yīng)在合理范圍內(nèi)加大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施財(cái)政投入力度和擴(kuò)張城市用地規(guī)模,增強(qiáng)城市化進(jìn)程中省域間的示范效應(yīng)。
(編輯:李 琪)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]陳明星,陸大道,張華. 中國城市化水平的綜合測度及其動(dòng)力因子分析[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2009,64(4):387-398.
[2]房國坤,王詠,姚士謀. 快速城市化時(shí)期城市形態(tài)及其動(dòng)力機(jī)制研究[J].人文地理,2009,160(2):40-43.
[3]汪段泳,朱農(nóng). 中國城市化發(fā)展決定因素的地區(qū)差異[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2007,17(1):66-71.
[4]王新娜. FDI在發(fā)展中國家城市化中的動(dòng)力作用:基于國外研究的綜述[J].云南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2010,(6):59-65.
[5]吳建峰,周偉林. 新時(shí)期我國城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制及政策選擇[J].城市發(fā)展研究,2011,18(5):21-26.
[6]Fisher W D. Econometric Estimation with Spatial Dependence[J]. Regional and Urban Economics,1971,(1): 19-40.
[7]Anselin L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models[M]. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1988.
[8]Heikkila E J, Kantiotou C. Calculating Fiscal Impacts Where Spatial Effects Are Present[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,(22): 475-490.
[9]Lee L F. Asymptotic Distributions of Quasi-maximum Likelihood Estimators for Spatial Autoregressive Models[J]. Econometrica,2004, 72 (6):1899-1925.
[10]LeSage J P. Spatial Econometrics [J]. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005,(3): 613-619.
[11]Elhorst J P. Applied Spatial Econometrics: Raising the Bar [J].Spatial Economic Analysis,2010, 5 (1), 9-28.
[12]蔣偉. 中國省域城市化水平影響因素的空間計(jì)量分析[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)地理,2009,29(4):613-616.
[13]姜磊,季民河. 城市化、區(qū)域創(chuàng)新集群與空間知識(shí)溢出:基于空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型的實(shí)證[J].軟科學(xué),2011,25(12):86-90.
[14]連飛. 工業(yè)集聚與勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)分析:來自我國東北34個(gè)城市的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[J].中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2011,(1):108-114.
[15]胡玉敏,杜綱. 中國城市增長的空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究[J].科學(xué)·經(jīng)濟(jì)·社會(huì),2012,30(1):50-56.
[16]Elhorst J P. Dynamic Spatial Panels: Models, Methods and Inferences [J]. Journal of Geographical Systems,2012,(1):5-28.
[17]LeSage J P, Pace R K. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics [M]. Boca Raton,US:CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2009: 20-44.
Abstract Based on the urbanization data of 12 provinces in the western region from 2000 to 2011, provincial urbanization dynamic factors in the western region are analyzed through spatial econometrics methods. According to the results of the spatial correlation test, there is a spatial correlation in the western region provincial urbanization,and there is a spatial agglomeration trend. Therefore, using the traditional OLS model will miss the space factors, and spatial econometric model is more suitable. Spatial interaction effect of provincial urbanization in the western region is verified by spatial durbin model; on the basis,the spatial effects are decomposed.The results show that the transformation of industrial structure in western provinces has the most positive direct effects to provincial urbanization,and due to the industrial competition between provinces,transformation of industrial structure in neighboring provinces has negative indirect effects to provincial urbanization; level of economic development in western provinces has significant positive direct effects to provincial urbanization,but due to the gap of economic development between western provinces is small, and the indirect effects of economic development in neighboring provinces to provincial urbanization is not significant;the positive direct effects of urban land scale expansion to provincial urbanization are the second only to transformation of industrial structure,and due to the imitation between western provinces,it is has the most positive indirect effects to provincial urbanization;infrastructure investment of western provinces has significant positive direct effects to provincial urbanization, but subject to the low level of provincial fiscal revenue,the indirect effects of infrastructure investment between western provinces are not significant;because of the disadvantage of location, the direct effects of openingup degree to provincial urbanization is not significant,but the enhancement of openingup degree in neighboring provinces will cause the provincial economic element spillover,it is has significant negative direct effects.Therefore, in the process of provincial urbanization in the western region, decision makers shouldnt only enhance provincial own motivation factors, should also coordinate the urbanization motivation factors between provinces.
Key words spatial effects; westerns region; urbanization; spatial Durbin model
(編輯:李 琪)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]陳明星,陸大道,張華. 中國城市化水平的綜合測度及其動(dòng)力因子分析[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2009,64(4):387-398.
[2]房國坤,王詠,姚士謀. 快速城市化時(shí)期城市形態(tài)及其動(dòng)力機(jī)制研究[J].人文地理,2009,160(2):40-43.
[3]汪段泳,朱農(nóng). 中國城市化發(fā)展決定因素的地區(qū)差異[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2007,17(1):66-71.
[4]王新娜. FDI在發(fā)展中國家城市化中的動(dòng)力作用:基于國外研究的綜述[J].云南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2010,(6):59-65.
[5]吳建峰,周偉林. 新時(shí)期我國城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制及政策選擇[J].城市發(fā)展研究,2011,18(5):21-26.
[6]Fisher W D. Econometric Estimation with Spatial Dependence[J]. Regional and Urban Economics,1971,(1): 19-40.
[7]Anselin L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models[M]. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1988.
[8]Heikkila E J, Kantiotou C. Calculating Fiscal Impacts Where Spatial Effects Are Present[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,(22): 475-490.
[9]Lee L F. Asymptotic Distributions of Quasi-maximum Likelihood Estimators for Spatial Autoregressive Models[J]. Econometrica,2004, 72 (6):1899-1925.
[10]LeSage J P. Spatial Econometrics [J]. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005,(3): 613-619.
[11]Elhorst J P. Applied Spatial Econometrics: Raising the Bar [J].Spatial Economic Analysis,2010, 5 (1), 9-28.
[12]蔣偉. 中國省域城市化水平影響因素的空間計(jì)量分析[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)地理,2009,29(4):613-616.
[13]姜磊,季民河. 城市化、區(qū)域創(chuàng)新集群與空間知識(shí)溢出:基于空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型的實(shí)證[J].軟科學(xué),2011,25(12):86-90.
[14]連飛. 工業(yè)集聚與勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)分析:來自我國東北34個(gè)城市的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[J].中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2011,(1):108-114.
[15]胡玉敏,杜綱. 中國城市增長的空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究[J].科學(xué)·經(jīng)濟(jì)·社會(huì),2012,30(1):50-56.
[16]Elhorst J P. Dynamic Spatial Panels: Models, Methods and Inferences [J]. Journal of Geographical Systems,2012,(1):5-28.
[17]LeSage J P, Pace R K. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics [M]. Boca Raton,US:CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2009: 20-44.
Abstract Based on the urbanization data of 12 provinces in the western region from 2000 to 2011, provincial urbanization dynamic factors in the western region are analyzed through spatial econometrics methods. According to the results of the spatial correlation test, there is a spatial correlation in the western region provincial urbanization,and there is a spatial agglomeration trend. Therefore, using the traditional OLS model will miss the space factors, and spatial econometric model is more suitable. Spatial interaction effect of provincial urbanization in the western region is verified by spatial durbin model; on the basis,the spatial effects are decomposed.The results show that the transformation of industrial structure in western provinces has the most positive direct effects to provincial urbanization,and due to the industrial competition between provinces,transformation of industrial structure in neighboring provinces has negative indirect effects to provincial urbanization; level of economic development in western provinces has significant positive direct effects to provincial urbanization,but due to the gap of economic development between western provinces is small, and the indirect effects of economic development in neighboring provinces to provincial urbanization is not significant;the positive direct effects of urban land scale expansion to provincial urbanization are the second only to transformation of industrial structure,and due to the imitation between western provinces,it is has the most positive indirect effects to provincial urbanization;infrastructure investment of western provinces has significant positive direct effects to provincial urbanization, but subject to the low level of provincial fiscal revenue,the indirect effects of infrastructure investment between western provinces are not significant;because of the disadvantage of location, the direct effects of openingup degree to provincial urbanization is not significant,but the enhancement of openingup degree in neighboring provinces will cause the provincial economic element spillover,it is has significant negative direct effects.Therefore, in the process of provincial urbanization in the western region, decision makers shouldnt only enhance provincial own motivation factors, should also coordinate the urbanization motivation factors between provinces.
Key words spatial effects; westerns region; urbanization; spatial Durbin model
(編輯:李 琪)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]陳明星,陸大道,張華. 中國城市化水平的綜合測度及其動(dòng)力因子分析[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2009,64(4):387-398.
[2]房國坤,王詠,姚士謀. 快速城市化時(shí)期城市形態(tài)及其動(dòng)力機(jī)制研究[J].人文地理,2009,160(2):40-43.
[3]汪段泳,朱農(nóng). 中國城市化發(fā)展決定因素的地區(qū)差異[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2007,17(1):66-71.
[4]王新娜. FDI在發(fā)展中國家城市化中的動(dòng)力作用:基于國外研究的綜述[J].云南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2010,(6):59-65.
[5]吳建峰,周偉林. 新時(shí)期我國城市化動(dòng)力機(jī)制及政策選擇[J].城市發(fā)展研究,2011,18(5):21-26.
[6]Fisher W D. Econometric Estimation with Spatial Dependence[J]. Regional and Urban Economics,1971,(1): 19-40.
[7]Anselin L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models[M]. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1988.
[8]Heikkila E J, Kantiotou C. Calculating Fiscal Impacts Where Spatial Effects Are Present[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1992,(22): 475-490.
[9]Lee L F. Asymptotic Distributions of Quasi-maximum Likelihood Estimators for Spatial Autoregressive Models[J]. Econometrica,2004, 72 (6):1899-1925.
[10]LeSage J P. Spatial Econometrics [J]. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005,(3): 613-619.
[11]Elhorst J P. Applied Spatial Econometrics: Raising the Bar [J].Spatial Economic Analysis,2010, 5 (1), 9-28.
[12]蔣偉. 中國省域城市化水平影響因素的空間計(jì)量分析[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)地理,2009,29(4):613-616.
[13]姜磊,季民河. 城市化、區(qū)域創(chuàng)新集群與空間知識(shí)溢出:基于空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型的實(shí)證[J].軟科學(xué),2011,25(12):86-90.
[14]連飛. 工業(yè)集聚與勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)分析:來自我國東北34個(gè)城市的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[J].中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2011,(1):108-114.
[15]胡玉敏,杜綱. 中國城市增長的空間計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究[J].科學(xué)·經(jīng)濟(jì)·社會(huì),2012,30(1):50-56.
[16]Elhorst J P. Dynamic Spatial Panels: Models, Methods and Inferences [J]. Journal of Geographical Systems,2012,(1):5-28.
[17]LeSage J P, Pace R K. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics [M]. Boca Raton,US:CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2009: 20-44.
Abstract Based on the urbanization data of 12 provinces in the western region from 2000 to 2011, provincial urbanization dynamic factors in the western region are analyzed through spatial econometrics methods. According to the results of the spatial correlation test, there is a spatial correlation in the western region provincial urbanization,and there is a spatial agglomeration trend. Therefore, using the traditional OLS model will miss the space factors, and spatial econometric model is more suitable. Spatial interaction effect of provincial urbanization in the western region is verified by spatial durbin model; on the basis,the spatial effects are decomposed.The results show that the transformation of industrial structure in western provinces has the most positive direct effects to provincial urbanization,and due to the industrial competition between provinces,transformation of industrial structure in neighboring provinces has negative indirect effects to provincial urbanization; level of economic development in western provinces has significant positive direct effects to provincial urbanization,but due to the gap of economic development between western provinces is small, and the indirect effects of economic development in neighboring provinces to provincial urbanization is not significant;the positive direct effects of urban land scale expansion to provincial urbanization are the second only to transformation of industrial structure,and due to the imitation between western provinces,it is has the most positive indirect effects to provincial urbanization;infrastructure investment of western provinces has significant positive direct effects to provincial urbanization, but subject to the low level of provincial fiscal revenue,the indirect effects of infrastructure investment between western provinces are not significant;because of the disadvantage of location, the direct effects of openingup degree to provincial urbanization is not significant,but the enhancement of openingup degree in neighboring provinces will cause the provincial economic element spillover,it is has significant negative direct effects.Therefore, in the process of provincial urbanization in the western region, decision makers shouldnt only enhance provincial own motivation factors, should also coordinate the urbanization motivation factors between provinces.
Key words spatial effects; westerns region; urbanization; spatial Durbin model