国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的農(nóng)戶宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)家庭福利變化研究

2014-10-17 12:11關(guān)江華黃朝禧胡銀根
中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:模糊評價福利

關(guān)江華+黃朝禧+胡銀根

摘要

在已有研究農(nóng)戶家庭生計資產(chǎn)和家庭福利理論的基礎上,采用農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化法和模糊綜合評價法,通過對武漢城市圈典型區(qū)域宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶家庭的實證研究,分析了宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶的家庭福利影響。運用生計資產(chǎn)量化分析法,研究了被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶的家庭生計資產(chǎn)配置,得出農(nóng)戶的家庭生計資產(chǎn)分值,將農(nóng)戶劃分為資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶和資產(chǎn)均衡性農(nóng)戶。在阿瑪?shù)賮啞ど目尚心芰凹彝ジ@u價框架下,運用模糊綜合評價法,研究宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的農(nóng)戶家庭福利影響,研究表明,從總體和資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭來看,宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)有助于被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶的家庭福利的改善和提高,其模糊指數(shù)分別為0.533和0.547,高于流轉(zhuǎn)前設定的模糊狀態(tài)0.5,而使資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶的家庭總體福利下降,模糊指數(shù)從0.5下降到0.464;從影響福利的因素來看,宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭的經(jīng)濟狀況、居住條件、社會保障及發(fā)展機會有所改善,對社區(qū)環(huán)境、心理福利有所下降,但對資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶家庭的經(jīng)濟狀況、社區(qū)環(huán)境、發(fā)展機會及心理福利有所降低,對社會保障和居住條件有所改善。基于農(nóng)戶家庭生計的可持續(xù)和福利改進,由此可得出相應的結(jié)論:在宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)中,要實施差異化的流轉(zhuǎn)保障、扶持政策,做到對被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶家庭的瞄準補償與支助;加強對新安置點的選址、規(guī)劃,新居民點要有利于農(nóng)戶的生活、就業(yè)與發(fā)展;注重農(nóng)戶參與與生存發(fā)展,提高農(nóng)戶自我認可與精神改變,確保宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,農(nóng)戶精神福利隨著物質(zhì)福利提高而逐步改善。

關(guān)鍵詞 農(nóng)村宅基地流轉(zhuǎn);生計資產(chǎn);農(nóng)戶類型;福利;模糊評價;武漢城市圈

中圖分類號 F301 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)10-0135-08

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.019

宅基地作為我國農(nóng)村社會保障制度安排的一種產(chǎn)物,農(nóng)戶獲得宅基地是無償?shù)?、無期限的,這種福利保障功能有利于農(nóng)村社會的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展。但是隨著城市化、工業(yè)化快速推進,農(nóng)村二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展和農(nóng)村非農(nóng)就業(yè)水平的提高,農(nóng)村人口大規(guī)模遷移,宅基地利用出現(xiàn)的規(guī)模大、面積超標、一戶多宅、閑置低效利用以及頻繁的隱形交易等現(xiàn)象成為優(yōu)化城鄉(xiāng)土地利用配置和統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的主要障礙,實施基于效率為價值取向的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)是農(nóng)村稀缺資源優(yōu)化利用和農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展必然要求,是實現(xiàn)宅基地資產(chǎn)屬性必要條件[1]。

然而,學術(shù)界和法學界的學者對宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)形成了截然不同的觀點,支持流轉(zhuǎn)派[2-4]認為

直接打破宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)的限制,能賦予農(nóng)民更多的宅基地權(quán)益,實現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶宅基地財產(chǎn)權(quán);反對

流轉(zhuǎn)派[5-7]認為在現(xiàn)有的制度安排下不應該放開宅基地流轉(zhuǎn),如果允許宅基地流轉(zhuǎn),農(nóng)民的

基本生存權(quán)就會受到威脅,不利于耕地的保護和農(nóng)村社會的穩(wěn)定??v觀兩派的觀點,發(fā)現(xiàn)這

些觀點雖有一定的合理性,但是缺乏從整體上,將宅基地的經(jīng)濟、社會以及生態(tài)與宅基地主

體權(quán)利相結(jié)合的研究。

針對上述問題,筆者認為探討農(nóng)村宅基地是否流轉(zhuǎn)的出發(fā)點應在于微觀角度,即“宅基地主體”與 “宅基地”,從農(nóng)戶具有的資源稟賦入手,研究理性的農(nóng)戶如何在現(xiàn)有外部條件限制下實現(xiàn)宅基地利用效用最大化,以實現(xiàn)家庭福利的改善,更具有研究的理論與實踐意義。

本文將以武漢城市圈內(nèi)潛江、仙桃兩市7個鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn)、辦事處)12個村(組)的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶為研究對象,通過問卷調(diào)查獲取相關(guān)的資料和數(shù)據(jù),以生計可持續(xù)理論為基礎,通過農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化法,評價農(nóng)戶家庭抗風險能力并以此為依據(jù)對農(nóng)戶家庭分類;以森的福利理論為基礎,拓展出農(nóng)戶家庭福利理論,運用模糊綜合評價法,對不同類型農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化進行評價,探究宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對不同抗風險能力的農(nóng)戶家庭福利的變化,為我國宅基地制度改革及各地實施農(nóng)村宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)政策的制定和實施、對農(nóng)戶家庭瞄準補償提供依據(jù)。

1 模型構(gòu)建與研究方法

1.1 農(nóng)戶家庭生計資產(chǎn)評價體系構(gòu)建、量化

農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化分析是基于農(nóng)戶脆弱性研究,從微觀個體甑別區(qū)域內(nèi)農(nóng)戶群體的個別差異,建立貧困農(nóng)戶瞄準機制,準確實施農(nóng)村最低生活保障以及國家扶貧政策的落實。許多學者[7-10]從農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)入手研究貧困問題,最常見的農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)可分為人力資產(chǎn)、自然資產(chǎn)、物質(zhì)資產(chǎn)、金融資產(chǎn)和社會資產(chǎn)5大類。李小云等[8]根據(jù)DID提出了可持續(xù)生計(SL)發(fā)展框架,建立了農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)評價指標體系及其量化,并對中國低收入農(nóng)戶的生計資產(chǎn)狀況進行了定性分析。謝東梅[9]利用相關(guān)調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù),驗證了農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化分析在扶貧目標瞄準的運用,認為利用農(nóng)戶資產(chǎn)生計量化分析法能排除人為因素和技術(shù)因素的影響,便于農(nóng)村最低生活保障目標家庭的瞄準和國家扶貧資金的準確、公平給付。

本研究把農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化評價運用到對農(nóng)戶家庭分類,并結(jié)合調(diào)查區(qū)域農(nóng)戶特點,建立農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化評價體系(見表1)。通過家庭生計資產(chǎn)量化分析,對農(nóng)戶家庭進行分類,更加直觀的了解各類農(nóng)戶家庭生計資產(chǎn)組合與配置,判斷農(nóng)戶家庭整體福利狀況,為政府宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)政策制定、實施流轉(zhuǎn)瞄準補償提供決策參考。

1.2 農(nóng)戶宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)家庭福利模糊評價構(gòu)建

1.2.1 理論模型構(gòu)建

森的可行能力理論是基于對個人福利的研究,但是在實際運用過程中,研究人員通常使用的是群體、地區(qū)或國家層面的數(shù)據(jù)[11]。農(nóng)村宅基是以“戶”為單位,農(nóng)戶憑借集體成員的身份從農(nóng)村集體無償獲得、無償使用的集體土地,這種宅基地對農(nóng)戶來說具有福利保障,同時隨著社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,宅基地的資產(chǎn)屬性也逐漸得到顯化,漸已成為農(nóng)戶家庭最大的資產(chǎn)。另一方面農(nóng)戶作為農(nóng)村基層社會最小的生計單位,不僅僅是家庭生產(chǎn)、生活的決策單位,同時也是維系家族、親情及社會關(guān)系基礎單元,和家庭成員身心發(fā)展的重要場所[12],因此在研究宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)過程中農(nóng)戶福利的變化,把研究對象確定為農(nóng)戶家庭更為準確合理。

家庭是家庭成員進行情感聯(lián)系與溝通的場所,這個場所能為家庭成員提供健康成長的環(huán)境條件,并能滿足家庭成員的物質(zhì)需求,促進家庭成員共同應對外部風險。因此

家庭福利影響個人福利,但是家庭福利的實現(xiàn)離不開家庭

Sen的可行能力理論從家庭經(jīng)濟、居住條件、社會保障、社區(qū)生活、環(huán)境以及心理6個方面來研究了農(nóng)地流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化的影響;賈燕等[13]從經(jīng)濟狀況、居住條件、社會保障、社區(qū)生活、環(huán)境功能、發(fā)展機遇以及心理7個方面建立評價體系研究農(nóng)地流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化;馬賢磊等[15]從經(jīng)濟狀況、社會保障、居住條件與環(huán)境、社會資本以及決策參與自由5個方面,14個評價指標研究不同經(jīng)濟發(fā)展區(qū)域的農(nóng)戶集中居住后農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化。

農(nóng)戶福利研究涉及內(nèi)容復雜,宅基地作為我國特有概念,現(xiàn)行的宅基地制度是基于公平角度,保障農(nóng)戶基本居住權(quán)得以實現(xiàn),福利保障是宅基地的基本功能。因此在評價宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化狀況,要根據(jù)我國現(xiàn)實具體情況,選擇針對被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶家庭的功能性活動,進行可比較的“突出的功能性活動”分析。宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)不僅僅是農(nóng)戶失去宅基地本身,而且也失去了相應的權(quán)利和財富。根據(jù)家庭可行能力福利評價體系,本研究將從家庭經(jīng)濟、社會保障、居住條件、社區(qū)環(huán)境、發(fā)展機遇和心理等6個方面進行研究不同類型農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化(見表2)。

1.2.3 福利評價方法:模糊綜合評價法

由于影響福利因素的復雜性以及反映福利指標的主觀性和模糊性,研究人員常采用模糊評價法測度主體福利的變化。目前許多研究人員運用此方法研究了農(nóng)地流轉(zhuǎn)或農(nóng)地城市化過程中農(nóng)戶福利變化,這些結(jié)論對研究農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化具有一定的參考價值,但是由于這些研究者都是以相同的評價指標體系、基于調(diào)查樣本整體性,進行前后變化的研究,存在許多不足,如農(nóng)戶福利變差是國家層面、還是農(nóng)戶自身能力等影響。本研究是基于不同類型農(nóng)戶家庭(資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶、資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶),把Sen的可行能力及家庭福利評價結(jié)合,構(gòu)建評價體系評價不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的農(nóng)戶家庭在宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)前后的福利變化。

由于存在數(shù)據(jù)的局限性,因而本研究是基于以下的假設:流轉(zhuǎn)后福利狀況以宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)前的福利作為參照點,即流轉(zhuǎn)前農(nóng)戶家庭福利設置為“不好也不壞”的模糊狀況,流轉(zhuǎn)后的福利與之相比較,福利變化狀況說明見表3。

(1)福利的模糊函數(shù)設定。模糊函數(shù)的選擇與設定依據(jù)評價因素的性質(zhì)和取得的數(shù)據(jù)。由于資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶與資產(chǎn)富裕型農(nóng)戶都屬于統(tǒng)一研究區(qū)域,調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)類型一致,因而將兩種類型的福利模糊函數(shù)設定為相同的函數(shù)模型。設農(nóng)戶福利狀況表示為模糊集X,宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶的福利變化W子集,則第n個農(nóng)戶的福利模糊函數(shù)為:W(n)={x,W(x)},其中x∈X,W(x)則是x對W的隸屬度,W(x)∈[0,1]。一般設定隸屬度為1時,福利狀況處于絕對好的狀態(tài);隸屬度等于0.5時,福利處于一般狀態(tài),不好也不壞;隸屬度等于0時,福利狀況絕對差,隸屬度值

2 實證分析

2.1 數(shù)據(jù)來源與處理

課題組于2013年9-11月分別在武漢城市圈潛江、仙桃兩地7個鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn)、辦事處)12個村進行了問卷調(diào)查。在調(diào)查過程中,根據(jù)問卷內(nèi)容要求,從不同區(qū)域、涵蓋不同年齡、性別、受教育程度以及身份屬性等確定被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶。本次調(diào)查涉及的調(diào)查區(qū)域都實施了農(nóng)戶集中居住或上樓或異地建房等宅基地流轉(zhuǎn),在兩市共發(fā)放問卷270份,問卷回收270份,其中有效問卷243份,占問卷的90%;潛江市發(fā)放問卷145份,有效問卷為133份,仙桃市發(fā)放問卷125份,有效問卷110份,超過模型所需的樣本數(shù)。在進行數(shù)據(jù)處理前運用SPSS17.0中的Cronbachs α系數(shù)對原始數(shù)據(jù)進行可行度檢測,檢測克朗巴斯系數(shù)達到0.756(>0.5),表明原始數(shù)據(jù)能反映主體特征的真實度。

2.2 不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶分類

根據(jù)家庭生計資產(chǎn)量化指標體系,筆者對調(diào)查區(qū)域被調(diào)查農(nóng)戶的家庭生計資產(chǎn)值進行測算,結(jié)果表明不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的農(nóng)戶家庭,其生計資產(chǎn)分值處于不同的得分區(qū)間(見表4)。根據(jù)農(nóng)戶的生計資產(chǎn)總值,結(jié)合研究區(qū)域農(nóng)戶非農(nóng)化程度高低將調(diào)查樣本農(nóng)戶劃分為:單一資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶為53戶,多元資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶為33戶,資產(chǎn)普通型農(nóng)戶為83戶,資產(chǎn)富裕型農(nóng)戶為74戶。為便于進一步研究宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化影響,在分析中我們將單一資產(chǎn)缺乏型與多元資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶并稱為資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶,把資產(chǎn)普通型和富裕型農(nóng)戶并稱為資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶。

2.3 不同類型農(nóng)戶宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后家庭福利變化分析

2.3.1 總樣本農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化模糊綜合評價分析

由表5顯示,在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,總樣本農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化模糊綜合值為0.533,略高于流轉(zhuǎn)前的模糊狀態(tài)(評價值為0.5)。這一結(jié)果值表明在政府主導實施的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)中,農(nóng)戶家庭福利在某些方面得到了一定的改善和提高,這與馬賢磊等研究結(jié)果不一致??赡艿脑蛟谟谶x擇的研究區(qū)域郊區(qū)農(nóng)村與偏遠農(nóng)村的在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)過程中存在的補償安置政策、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平、農(nóng)戶就業(yè)能力與機會等不同影響的。對總體樣本農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化進一步分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶家庭經(jīng)濟狀況、社會保障以及居住條件這三項功能福利水平在宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后均得到了不同程度的提高和改善,特別是家庭經(jīng)濟狀況(0.695)和居住條件(0.644)與設定的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)前家庭福利模糊狀態(tài)(0.5)差距明顯,綜合評價值比流轉(zhuǎn)前模糊狀態(tài)分別高出了0.195和0.144;另一方面流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶家庭福利得到改善與國家實施的“新農(nóng)合”以及相關(guān)的社會保障(0.536)政策分不開。因此在實施政府主導下的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)過程中,建立和完善包括農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險、醫(yī)療保險及最低生活保障等在內(nèi)的農(nóng)村社會保障體系將會有助于農(nóng)戶家庭福利的改善與提高,促進政府的流轉(zhuǎn)政策落實和實施。

Sen認為福利包括物質(zhì)福利和精神福利。實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)政策從總體樣本來看,農(nóng)戶家庭福利有所改善,但是變化幅度并不是很明顯;從得到改善的原因來看,農(nóng)戶家庭物質(zhì)福利稍有改善(家庭經(jīng)濟狀況、居住條件等),而在社區(qū)環(huán)境(0.414)、發(fā)展機遇(0.439)以及農(nóng)戶心理認識(0.473)等方面福利狀態(tài)沒有達到改善和提高,相反要低于設定的福利模糊狀態(tài)(0.5)。在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)很多農(nóng)戶都認為,家庭在短期內(nèi)經(jīng)濟狀況有所改善,但是這種改變是暫時的,都認為從長期來看宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,由于流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶家庭收入來源減少、家庭開支增加,農(nóng)戶家庭成員就業(yè)機會較少,家庭整體福利會降低甚至會惡化。因此在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)時,制定的政策不僅要有利于農(nóng)戶家庭經(jīng)濟福利的提高和改善,還要考慮農(nóng)戶家庭成員的長遠發(fā)展和生計的可持續(xù),要注重人與生存環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào),真正實現(xiàn)人的發(fā)展與生存環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展相和諧,使農(nóng)戶享受城里人的生活。

2.3.2 資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化模糊綜合評價分析

由表5表明,在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭福利模糊綜合值為0.547,略高于流轉(zhuǎn)前的設定模糊值0.5。這一結(jié)果值表明在政府主導實施的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)中,資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭福利水平有所提高和改善,可能的原因是由于資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭生計資產(chǎn)配置合理,宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后對家庭原來經(jīng)濟來源、就業(yè)等方面沒有產(chǎn)生很大的影響,同時由于家庭成員有較強的就業(yè)能力和創(chuàng)業(yè)能力,在宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,政府出臺的相關(guān)就業(yè)或創(chuàng)業(yè)政策以及農(nóng)戶獲得相應的貨幣補償更加有利于這部分農(nóng)戶就業(yè)與創(chuàng)業(yè)。對樣本農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化進一步分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶家庭經(jīng)濟狀況(0.611)、社會保障(0.678)、居住條件(0.751)以及發(fā)展機會(0.560)這4項功能福利水平在宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后均得到了不同程度的提高和改善,這4項功能福利模糊值均高于設定的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)前的設定模糊狀態(tài)(0.5),這與總體樣本農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化是相一致的;另一方面,實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭在社區(qū)環(huán)境(0.428)和心理福利(0.476)這2項功能福利沒得到改善和提高,比設定的福利模糊狀態(tài)(0.5)分別低0.072和0.024。

2.3.3 資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化模糊綜合評價分析

對于資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶家庭戶,由表5表明,在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶家庭福利模糊綜合值為0.464,低于流轉(zhuǎn)前的模糊狀態(tài)(設定值為0.5)。這一結(jié)果值表明在政府主導實施的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)中,資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶的家庭福利水平會降低或甚至有些惡化。對資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化進一步分析,造成流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶家庭福利水平下降的原因主要是農(nóng)戶家庭經(jīng)濟狀況(0.490)、社區(qū)環(huán)境(0.430)、

發(fā)展機遇(0.374)以及心理狀態(tài)(0.410)這4項功能的福利模糊綜合值與設定的模糊狀態(tài)差距明顯,均低于設定值0.5,特別是發(fā)展機遇(包括就業(yè)0.413和對發(fā)展機會的認識0.342)。

但是實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,農(nóng)戶的社會保障與居住條件這二項功能福利水平均得到了不同程度的提高和改善,特別是居住條件(0.690)與設定的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)前家庭福利模糊狀態(tài)(0.5)差距明顯,比流轉(zhuǎn)前模糊狀態(tài)高出了0.190;另一方面流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶家庭福利得到改善與國家實施的“新農(nóng)合”保障以及相關(guān)的社會保障(0.589)政策分不開,這與總樣本模型對宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后農(nóng)戶家庭福利有著相同影響。

3 研究結(jié)論與政策啟示

文章基于農(nóng)戶家庭生計資產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀,分析了宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的農(nóng)戶家庭福利產(chǎn)生的影響,并以武漢城市圈宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶為研究對象進行了實證分析。研究表明當前開展政府主導的宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對總體樣本和資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶的家庭福利有所提高和改善,模糊指數(shù)分別為0.533、0.547,而使資產(chǎn)缺乏性農(nóng)戶家庭福利會降低,模糊指數(shù)為0.464;進一步分析影響農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化的因素發(fā)現(xiàn),宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,

農(nóng)戶家庭的居住條件、社會保障得到了改善,但社區(qū)環(huán)境、心理福利有所下降,

同時宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)對不同類型農(nóng)戶的家庭福利指標作用方向不同。由此本文得出如下政策啟示:

(1)實施差別化宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)保障、扶持政策,實現(xiàn)對農(nóng)戶家庭瞄準補償與支助。

是否參與宅基地流轉(zhuǎn),農(nóng)戶認為是如何保障他們的生活、生產(chǎn)及生存與發(fā)展,特別是農(nóng)村那些鰥、寡、孤、獨等家庭。制定和實施差別化宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)保障、扶持政策就是針對不同生計資產(chǎn)配置的農(nóng)戶家現(xiàn)狀采取不同的政策和措施,實現(xiàn)對農(nóng)戶家庭精確補償和支助,給農(nóng)戶及其家庭成員生活、生產(chǎn)和就業(yè)發(fā)展創(chuàng)造環(huán)境,確保農(nóng)戶家庭在集中居住或上樓或異地建房后的福利水平不降低,促進農(nóng)戶家庭的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。由于農(nóng)戶家庭生計資產(chǎn)配置不盡相同,對于宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后各類家庭面臨的風險也不盡相同,

政府在制定宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)政策時,

要考慮設置政策措施的差別化,對生計資產(chǎn)均衡型農(nóng)戶家庭給予政策優(yōu)惠,支持其規(guī)模發(fā)展或自主創(chuàng)業(yè),并帶領(lǐng)其他鄉(xiāng)親共同發(fā)展;對生計資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶不僅要給予政策扶持和資金援助,還要為他們提供免費就業(yè)培訓,幫助他們轉(zhuǎn)變思想觀念,提高他們就業(yè)或創(chuàng)業(yè)能力,為他們提供更多的就業(yè)機會,使資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,生活改善、家庭福利提高,分享社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的成果。

(2)加強新居民點的選址與規(guī)劃,使居民點有利于被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶的生活、生產(chǎn)和就業(yè)。

生活、生產(chǎn)與就業(yè)是農(nóng)戶參與宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后能否生存與發(fā)展關(guān)鍵。在調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),許多農(nóng)戶傾心于基礎設施完善、交通方便、環(huán)境優(yōu)美的居住區(qū)。這些變化會提高農(nóng)戶的生活質(zhì)量,使農(nóng)戶看到宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后帶來實實在在的變化,能使農(nóng)戶就地就業(yè)或創(chuàng)造財富,提升農(nóng)戶對自我身份的認可。因此在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)過程中,應該加強對新居民點的選址和規(guī)劃管理,要因地制宜, 不能簡單地套用城市社區(qū)規(guī)劃,選址、規(guī)模、形態(tài)要符合農(nóng)民意愿及當?shù)氐膶嶋H情況;另一方面要加強對安置區(qū)的基礎設施、人文環(huán)境的建設,使安置區(qū)成為一個出行方便、空氣清新、環(huán)境優(yōu)雅、宜于居住的“新家園”,提高農(nóng)戶對新安置地、新環(huán)境、新生活的認同感。

(3)注重農(nóng)戶參與與生存發(fā)展,提高被流轉(zhuǎn)農(nóng)戶自我認可與精神的改變。

農(nóng)村宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)是一項系統(tǒng)工程,涉及決策主體包括政府、集體組織、宅基地農(nóng)戶以及土地使用者等,而作為宅基地主體農(nóng)戶的決策對實施這項工程起到關(guān)鍵性作用。森(2002)在研究個人可行能力時,認為個人政治自由可以擴展人的可行能力,能增進福利;農(nóng)戶參與宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)決策是森的政治自由功能的體現(xiàn),通過參與決策能實現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶基本權(quán)益和防止家庭福利受到損害,使宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)項目得到農(nóng)戶的認可和提升農(nóng)戶對未來實現(xiàn)自我充滿信心。但是就實施的現(xiàn)狀來看,如新安置點選址、規(guī)劃以及社區(qū)環(huán)境建設等,都是政府決定,農(nóng)戶的參與權(quán)被忽視,導致農(nóng)戶的參與度不高、對新居民點和新環(huán)境認同感較低;在對農(nóng)戶家庭福利變化分析可以看出宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)后,農(nóng)戶的心理和精神福利都受到不同程度下降,特別是資產(chǎn)缺乏型農(nóng)戶家庭的福利受到更大的影響。因此在實施宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)項目時,要注重農(nóng)戶的參與和生存發(fā)展,通過農(nóng)戶的參與,提高宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)項目實施的公平、公開及透明度,提升農(nóng)戶對新社區(qū)的認同感,促進農(nóng)戶及其家庭成員精神改變和實現(xiàn)自我價值。

參考文獻(References)

[1]關(guān)江華,黃朝禧,胡銀根.農(nóng)戶宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)意愿差異及其驅(qū)動力研究[J].資源科學,2013,35(11):2266-2272. [Guan Jianghua, Huang Chaoxi, Hu Yingen. Rural Residential Circulation, Driving Forces and Farmer Sustainable Livelihoods[J].RESOURCES SCIENCE,2013,35(11):2266-2272.]

[2]郭明瑞.關(guān)于宅基地使用權(quán)的立法建議[J].法學論壇,2007,(1):19-22. [Guo Mingrui. On the Suggestion of the Right of Applying Residence Land Legislation [J].Law Forum, 2007,(1):19-22.]

[3]李文謙,董祚繼.質(zhì)疑限制農(nóng)村宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)的正當性—兼活宅基地流轉(zhuǎn)試驗的初步構(gòu)想[J].中國土地科學,2009,23(3):55-60.[Li Wenqian,Dong Zuoji. Oppugn the Rationality of Limitation on Rural Residential Land Transference: Advancing a Preliminary Conception on Residential Land Transference Test [J]. China Land Science,2009,23(3):55-60.]

[4]孟祥仲,幸寶海.明細使用產(chǎn)權(quán):解決農(nóng)村宅基地荒廢問題的途徑選擇[J].農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟,2006,(10):13-16.[Meng Xiangzhong, Xing Baohai. Details of the Use of Property: Ways to Solve the Problem of Abandoned Rural Homestead [J]. Rural Economy, 2006,(10):13-16.]

[5]陳柏峰.農(nóng)村宅基地限制交易的正當性[J].中國土地科學,2007,21(8):45-50. [Chen Baifeng. Rationality of Limitations on Free Transaction of Rural Residential Land [J]. China Land Science,2007,21(8):45-50.]

[6]孟勤國.物權(quán)法開禁農(nóng)村宅基地交易之辯[J].法學評論,2008,(4):26-27. [Meng Qinguo. Contestation on Lifting a Ban of Rural Homestead Transactions about the Property Law [J]. Law Review, 2008,(4):26-27.]

[7]郭越.宅基地使用制度的完善與發(fā)展[J].長白學刊,2009,(2):32-39. [Guo Yue. Improvement and Development of the Residential Land Use System [J]. Changbai Journal, 2009,(2):32-39.]

[8]李小云,董強,饒小龍,等.農(nóng)戶脆弱性分析方法及本土化應用[J].中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟,2007,(4):32-39. [Li Xiaoyun, Dong Qiang, Rao Xiaolong, et al. Application of the Farmers Vulnerability Analysis Method in the Localization [J].Chinese Rural Economy,2007,(4):32-39.]

[9]謝東梅.農(nóng)戶生計資產(chǎn)量化分析方法的運用與驗證[J].技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2009,29(9):43-48. [Xie Dongmei. Application and Validation on Quantitative Analysis Method of Livelihood Assets of Rural Households [J]. Technology Economics,2009,29(9):43-48.]

[10]Sharp, Kay. Measuring Destitution: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the Analysis of Survey Data [M]. Michigan: Institute of Development Studies, 2003: 217.

[11]高進云,喬榮鋒,張安錄.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化的模糊評價[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng, Zhang Anlu. Fuzzy Evaluation of Farmers Wellbeing in Rural Urban Land Conversion Based on Sens Capability Approach [J].Management World, 2007,(6):45-55.]

[12]郭玲霞.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)對失地農(nóng)戶福利影響及征地補償研究[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2012. [Guo Lingxia. Impact of RuralUrban Land Conversion on the Landless Peasants Welfare and Land Requisition Compensation [D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]

[13]賈燕,李鋼,朱新華.農(nóng)民集中居住前后福利狀況變化研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題,2009,(2):30-36. [Jia Yan, Li Gang, Zhu Xinhua. A Research on the Farmers Welfare State in the PostConcentrated Residence Age[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009(2):30-36.]

[14]尹奇,馬璐璐,王慶日.基于森的功能和能力福利理論的失地農(nóng)民福利水平評價[J].中國土地科學,2010,24(7):42-45. [Yin Qi, Ma Lulu, Wang Qingri. Evaluation on the Welfare Level of Landlost Peasants Based on Sens Function and Capacity Welfare Theory [J]. China Land Science,2010,24(7):42-45.]

[15]馬賢磊,孫曉中.不同經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平下農(nóng)民集中居住前后的福利變化研究[J].南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學學報,2012,12(2):8-11. [Ma Xianlei, Sun Xiaozhong. A Survey on the Farmers Welfare State in the Postconcentrated Residence Age under Different Economic Levels[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,12(2):8-11.]

[16]高進云,喬榮鋒.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化差異分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2011,21(1):99-105. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng. Analysis on Variation in Farmers Welfare after Rural Urban Land Conversion [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(1):99-105.]

[17]阿瑪?shù)賮啞ど?以自由看待世界[M].任姬,于真,譯.北京:中國人民大學出版,2002:150.[Amartya Sen. Development as Freedom [M ]. Ren Ze, Yu Zhen, Translate, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:150.]Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers Family with Different Allocation

of Livelihood Assets in the Rural Residential Land Conversion

GUAN Jianghua1,2 HUANG Chaoxi1 HU Yingen1

(1.College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;

2.Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang Hubei 438000,China)

Abstract

Based on the existing studies of the Family Livelihood Assets and the Family Welfare Theory, this paper conducts an empirical research on the rural residential land conversion in typical areas of Wuhan Metropolitan and analyses the impacts of the conversion on the welfare of the farmer family, using the quantitative analysis upon famers livelihood assets and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Specifically, the quantitative analysis of the livelihood assets is conducted to examine the allocation of the household livelihood assets by farmers whose residential land has been circulated and obtained the values of farmers livelihood assets, through which the farmers are divided into two types: the famers whose assets are lacked and the farmers whose assets are balanced. With Sens Capability Theory and the framework for evaluating the family welfare, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to examine the influence of the residential land conversion to the family welfare of farmers under the allocation of different livelihood assets. The results show the rural residential land conversion improves the family welfare of farmers from the perspective of the total samples and the asset balanced families, and the fuzzy evaluation index are respectively 0.533 and 0.547, both of which are higher than 0.5 that is set before the residential land conversion, while the family welfare of farmers whose assets are lacked is getting declined after the rural residential land conversion and the fuzzy evaluation index is decreased from 0.5 to 0.464. In terms of factors that affect the family welfare, economic conditions, living conditions, social security and development opportunities are improved and community environment and psychological welfare are declined by rural residential land conversion among the asset balanced farmers; while economic conditions, the community environment, development opportunities and the psychological welfare are declined, living conditions and social security are improved by rural residential land conversion among the asset lacked farmers. Therefore, based on the sustainable livelihoods of farmers and welfare improvement, the corresponding conclusions can be drawn: in the rural residential land conversion, the differentiated policies for securing and supporting land conversion should be implemented in order to carry out the precise compensation for farmers family; the new settlements should be carefully selected and planned in order to facilitate farmers living, employment and development; the public participation and survival development of farmers should be emphasized to improve farmers selfrecognition and mental conditions and ensure that the spiritual welfare of farmers can be gradually improved as their material welfare is improved after the rural residential land conversion.

Key words rural residential land conversion; livelihood assets; types of farmers; welfare; fuzzy evaluation; Wuhan Metropolitan

[11]高進云,喬榮鋒,張安錄.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化的模糊評價[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng, Zhang Anlu. Fuzzy Evaluation of Farmers Wellbeing in Rural Urban Land Conversion Based on Sens Capability Approach [J].Management World, 2007,(6):45-55.]

[12]郭玲霞.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)對失地農(nóng)戶福利影響及征地補償研究[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2012. [Guo Lingxia. Impact of RuralUrban Land Conversion on the Landless Peasants Welfare and Land Requisition Compensation [D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]

[13]賈燕,李鋼,朱新華.農(nóng)民集中居住前后福利狀況變化研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題,2009,(2):30-36. [Jia Yan, Li Gang, Zhu Xinhua. A Research on the Farmers Welfare State in the PostConcentrated Residence Age[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009(2):30-36.]

[14]尹奇,馬璐璐,王慶日.基于森的功能和能力福利理論的失地農(nóng)民福利水平評價[J].中國土地科學,2010,24(7):42-45. [Yin Qi, Ma Lulu, Wang Qingri. Evaluation on the Welfare Level of Landlost Peasants Based on Sens Function and Capacity Welfare Theory [J]. China Land Science,2010,24(7):42-45.]

[15]馬賢磊,孫曉中.不同經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平下農(nóng)民集中居住前后的福利變化研究[J].南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學學報,2012,12(2):8-11. [Ma Xianlei, Sun Xiaozhong. A Survey on the Farmers Welfare State in the Postconcentrated Residence Age under Different Economic Levels[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,12(2):8-11.]

[16]高進云,喬榮鋒.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化差異分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2011,21(1):99-105. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng. Analysis on Variation in Farmers Welfare after Rural Urban Land Conversion [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(1):99-105.]

[17]阿瑪?shù)賮啞ど?以自由看待世界[M].任姬,于真,譯.北京:中國人民大學出版,2002:150.[Amartya Sen. Development as Freedom [M ]. Ren Ze, Yu Zhen, Translate, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:150.]Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers Family with Different Allocation

of Livelihood Assets in the Rural Residential Land Conversion

GUAN Jianghua1,2 HUANG Chaoxi1 HU Yingen1

(1.College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;

2.Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang Hubei 438000,China)

Abstract

Based on the existing studies of the Family Livelihood Assets and the Family Welfare Theory, this paper conducts an empirical research on the rural residential land conversion in typical areas of Wuhan Metropolitan and analyses the impacts of the conversion on the welfare of the farmer family, using the quantitative analysis upon famers livelihood assets and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Specifically, the quantitative analysis of the livelihood assets is conducted to examine the allocation of the household livelihood assets by farmers whose residential land has been circulated and obtained the values of farmers livelihood assets, through which the farmers are divided into two types: the famers whose assets are lacked and the farmers whose assets are balanced. With Sens Capability Theory and the framework for evaluating the family welfare, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to examine the influence of the residential land conversion to the family welfare of farmers under the allocation of different livelihood assets. The results show the rural residential land conversion improves the family welfare of farmers from the perspective of the total samples and the asset balanced families, and the fuzzy evaluation index are respectively 0.533 and 0.547, both of which are higher than 0.5 that is set before the residential land conversion, while the family welfare of farmers whose assets are lacked is getting declined after the rural residential land conversion and the fuzzy evaluation index is decreased from 0.5 to 0.464. In terms of factors that affect the family welfare, economic conditions, living conditions, social security and development opportunities are improved and community environment and psychological welfare are declined by rural residential land conversion among the asset balanced farmers; while economic conditions, the community environment, development opportunities and the psychological welfare are declined, living conditions and social security are improved by rural residential land conversion among the asset lacked farmers. Therefore, based on the sustainable livelihoods of farmers and welfare improvement, the corresponding conclusions can be drawn: in the rural residential land conversion, the differentiated policies for securing and supporting land conversion should be implemented in order to carry out the precise compensation for farmers family; the new settlements should be carefully selected and planned in order to facilitate farmers living, employment and development; the public participation and survival development of farmers should be emphasized to improve farmers selfrecognition and mental conditions and ensure that the spiritual welfare of farmers can be gradually improved as their material welfare is improved after the rural residential land conversion.

Key words rural residential land conversion; livelihood assets; types of farmers; welfare; fuzzy evaluation; Wuhan Metropolitan

[11]高進云,喬榮鋒,張安錄.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化的模糊評價[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng, Zhang Anlu. Fuzzy Evaluation of Farmers Wellbeing in Rural Urban Land Conversion Based on Sens Capability Approach [J].Management World, 2007,(6):45-55.]

[12]郭玲霞.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)對失地農(nóng)戶福利影響及征地補償研究[D].武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2012. [Guo Lingxia. Impact of RuralUrban Land Conversion on the Landless Peasants Welfare and Land Requisition Compensation [D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]

[13]賈燕,李鋼,朱新華.農(nóng)民集中居住前后福利狀況變化研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題,2009,(2):30-36. [Jia Yan, Li Gang, Zhu Xinhua. A Research on the Farmers Welfare State in the PostConcentrated Residence Age[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009(2):30-36.]

[14]尹奇,馬璐璐,王慶日.基于森的功能和能力福利理論的失地農(nóng)民福利水平評價[J].中國土地科學,2010,24(7):42-45. [Yin Qi, Ma Lulu, Wang Qingri. Evaluation on the Welfare Level of Landlost Peasants Based on Sens Function and Capacity Welfare Theory [J]. China Land Science,2010,24(7):42-45.]

[15]馬賢磊,孫曉中.不同經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平下農(nóng)民集中居住前后的福利變化研究[J].南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學學報,2012,12(2):8-11. [Ma Xianlei, Sun Xiaozhong. A Survey on the Farmers Welfare State in the Postconcentrated Residence Age under Different Economic Levels[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,12(2):8-11.]

[16]高進云,喬榮鋒.農(nóng)地城市流轉(zhuǎn)前后農(nóng)戶福利變化差異分析[J].中國人口·資源與環(huán)境,2011,21(1):99-105. [Gao Jinyun, Qiao Rongfeng. Analysis on Variation in Farmers Welfare after Rural Urban Land Conversion [J].China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(1):99-105.]

[17]阿瑪?shù)賮啞ど?以自由看待世界[M].任姬,于真,譯.北京:中國人民大學出版,2002:150.[Amartya Sen. Development as Freedom [M ]. Ren Ze, Yu Zhen, Translate, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2002:150.]Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers Family with Different Allocation

of Livelihood Assets in the Rural Residential Land Conversion

GUAN Jianghua1,2 HUANG Chaoxi1 HU Yingen1

(1.College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;

2.Huanggang Normal College, Huanggang Hubei 438000,China)

Abstract

Based on the existing studies of the Family Livelihood Assets and the Family Welfare Theory, this paper conducts an empirical research on the rural residential land conversion in typical areas of Wuhan Metropolitan and analyses the impacts of the conversion on the welfare of the farmer family, using the quantitative analysis upon famers livelihood assets and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Specifically, the quantitative analysis of the livelihood assets is conducted to examine the allocation of the household livelihood assets by farmers whose residential land has been circulated and obtained the values of farmers livelihood assets, through which the farmers are divided into two types: the famers whose assets are lacked and the farmers whose assets are balanced. With Sens Capability Theory and the framework for evaluating the family welfare, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is employed to examine the influence of the residential land conversion to the family welfare of farmers under the allocation of different livelihood assets. The results show the rural residential land conversion improves the family welfare of farmers from the perspective of the total samples and the asset balanced families, and the fuzzy evaluation index are respectively 0.533 and 0.547, both of which are higher than 0.5 that is set before the residential land conversion, while the family welfare of farmers whose assets are lacked is getting declined after the rural residential land conversion and the fuzzy evaluation index is decreased from 0.5 to 0.464. In terms of factors that affect the family welfare, economic conditions, living conditions, social security and development opportunities are improved and community environment and psychological welfare are declined by rural residential land conversion among the asset balanced farmers; while economic conditions, the community environment, development opportunities and the psychological welfare are declined, living conditions and social security are improved by rural residential land conversion among the asset lacked farmers. Therefore, based on the sustainable livelihoods of farmers and welfare improvement, the corresponding conclusions can be drawn: in the rural residential land conversion, the differentiated policies for securing and supporting land conversion should be implemented in order to carry out the precise compensation for farmers family; the new settlements should be carefully selected and planned in order to facilitate farmers living, employment and development; the public participation and survival development of farmers should be emphasized to improve farmers selfrecognition and mental conditions and ensure that the spiritual welfare of farmers can be gradually improved as their material welfare is improved after the rural residential land conversion.

Key words rural residential land conversion; livelihood assets; types of farmers; welfare; fuzzy evaluation; Wuhan Metropolitan

猜你喜歡
模糊評價福利
“旅友視界”征稿啦!福利多多
玉米福利
你會因為公司福利跳槽嗎?
明哲,快給我買下這群才華橫溢的小編!
基于模糊AHP考慮專家權(quán)重的戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)評價與選擇
基于模糊評價模型的南水北調(diào)中線冰害風險空間分布
智能電網(wǎng)風險評價研究
體育服務業(yè)質(zhì)量模糊評價機制及預警體系設計
核電項目供貨商綜合評價方法研究
Take Away Pizza ?