黃聿舟 李隨成
摘要:戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)已成為企業(yè)獲取持續(xù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的關(guān)鍵。本文從供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)視角出發(fā),對(duì)戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)類型進(jìn)行區(qū)分,探索不同戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向?qū)μ嵘髽I(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的影響。通過(guò)對(duì)238家制造企業(yè)樣本實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),成本導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)直接作用于制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效的改進(jìn),整合機(jī)制起到部分中介作用;創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)則是通過(guò)整合機(jī)制作用于制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的改進(jìn),整合機(jī)制起到完全中介作用。實(shí)證結(jié)果表明戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向通過(guò)整合機(jī)制對(duì)兩種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力產(chǎn)生不同影響。
關(guān)鍵詞:戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向;供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò);整合機(jī)制
中圖分類號(hào):F274 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):10035192(2014)06002005doi:10.11847/fj.33.6.20
An Empirical Study on Impact of Strategic Purchasing Orientation on Manufacturing Enterprise Competitive Capability: The Supplier Network Perspective
HUANG Yuzhou, LI Suicheng
(School of Economics and Management, Xian University of Technology, Xian 710054, China)
Abstract:Strategic purchasing is the key to obtain sustainable competitive advantage of enterprise. In this paper, we discriminate between lowcostoriented strategic purchasing and innovationoriented strategic purchasing, and analyze the effective mechanism of two different strategic purchasing on enterprise competitive capability enhancement from supplier network perspective. The conceptual model is empirically tested using data gathered from 238 Chinese manufacturers. The results indicate that lowcostoriented strategic purchasing has directly influence on the cost performance improvement, integration mechanism plays partial mediating role. However, innovationoriented strategic purchasing has no directly influence on the innovation performance improvement, integration mechanism plays an fully mediating role. It shows that strategic purchasing orientation have different effects on the competitive capability under integration mechanism.
Key words:strategic purchasing orientation; supplier network; integration mechanism
1引言
在全球化、復(fù)雜化的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中,單個(gè)企業(yè)很難具備產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各方面的技術(shù)能力,許多企業(yè)紛紛將精力和資源集中于自身的核心專長(zhǎng)并把非核心業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行外包,供應(yīng)商作為重要的外部資源已成為制造企業(yè)獲取和增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的重要途徑[1,2]。這一轉(zhuǎn)變使得戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)被視為制造企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)價(jià)值創(chuàng)新的有力武器[3]。Choi和Hong的案例研究[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)日本企業(yè)豐田、本田、尼桑等大型的制造企業(yè)通過(guò)戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)實(shí)踐行為,與戰(zhàn)略供應(yīng)商組建聯(lián)系密切的“聯(lián)盟體系”(Keiretsu),大幅提升企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。如今,日本、美國(guó)和歐洲制造企業(yè)均將戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)作為一項(xiàng)基本的采購(gòu)理念和方法來(lái)貫徹[5,6]。隨著我國(guó)制造企業(yè)更大程度參與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),我國(guó)制造企業(yè)也越來(lái)越重視戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)。
盡管現(xiàn)有研究證實(shí)戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)會(huì)給企業(yè)帶來(lái)利益[7,8],然而我國(guó)企業(yè)實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)的實(shí)踐效果并不總是顯著的,在具體的實(shí)施過(guò)程中還存在很大的盲目性和極高的運(yùn)作成本。戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)并不像相關(guān)理論所預(yù)計(jì)得那樣能夠順利轉(zhuǎn)化為企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。隨著研究的深入,學(xué)者們[9,10]發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)需要根據(jù)自身競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略更加有目的性實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu),戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向開始受到關(guān)注。在戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)實(shí)施過(guò)程中,由于不同的供應(yīng)商能力各有所長(zhǎng),制造企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)行為更加強(qiáng)調(diào)其匹配性,其核心問(wèn)題在于如何有效選擇和利用供應(yīng)商來(lái)提升企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向通過(guò)對(duì)潛在供應(yīng)商能力進(jìn)行評(píng)估進(jìn)而選擇與企業(yè)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)相匹配的供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò),可以減少交易成本,共同解決關(guān)鍵技術(shù)難題,最終提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)效力。制造企業(yè)希望通過(guò)制定不同側(cè)重點(diǎn)的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),然而不同戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向所組建的供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)和形態(tài)存在不同,供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)中企業(yè)間知識(shí)流動(dòng)的類型和方式也有差異[11],因此戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向如何影響制造企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力仍是亟待解決的理論問(wèn)題。
基于以上分析,本研究結(jié)合我國(guó)制造企業(yè)的實(shí)際情況,構(gòu)建不同戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向與制造企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的關(guān)系模型,并通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析加以驗(yàn)證,以期探明實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)和供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)建立與管理的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),從而有利于制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)的有效實(shí)施和供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)的管理。
黃聿舟,等:戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向?qū)χ圃炱髽I(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的影響研究:供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)視角
Vol.33, No.6預(yù) 測(cè)2014年第6期
2理論框架與假設(shè)
2.1理論框架
制造企業(yè)如何通過(guò)戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向從供應(yīng)商處獲取相對(duì)應(yīng)的知識(shí)來(lái)提升其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力是本文研究的重點(diǎn)。整合機(jī)制是制造企業(yè)通過(guò)創(chuàng)造和維持與供應(yīng)商之間的緊密的合作伙伴關(guān)系,促進(jìn)供應(yīng)商能力對(duì)其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力轉(zhuǎn)化和提升[12]。從知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)觀角度來(lái)看,制造企業(yè)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)是跨組織的知識(shí)集成,獲取與產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過(guò)程相匹配的供應(yīng)商能力可以有效彌補(bǔ)制造企業(yè)的知識(shí)短板。供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)為制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商之間提供了一個(gè)知識(shí)共享和知識(shí)互補(bǔ)的平臺(tái),這種異質(zhì)又互補(bǔ)的資源促進(jìn)企業(yè)間的知識(shí)流動(dòng)和知識(shí)創(chuàng)造[13]。然而知識(shí)是嵌入在供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)中不易被獲取,必須建立在信任和相互依賴的長(zhǎng)期導(dǎo)向關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)上,知識(shí)流動(dòng)必須在特定背景下交流和學(xué)習(xí),整合機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)制造企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商更為緊密長(zhǎng)期的關(guān)系。整合機(jī)制的有效作用使得供應(yīng)商不僅僅把制造企業(yè)當(dāng)成它其中一個(gè)普通買家,從而供應(yīng)商有意愿去支持產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和過(guò)程改進(jìn)[14]。
根據(jù)上面的文獻(xiàn)分析,本研究運(yùn)用制造企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)、供應(yīng)商開發(fā)這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵整合機(jī)制作為中介變量來(lái)驗(yàn)證戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向影響制造企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力之間的作用關(guān)系,研究框架如圖1所示。
圖1研究框架
2.2戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向?qū)Ω?jìng)爭(zhēng)能力提升的影響
戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向是“設(shè)計(jì)和管理供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)營(yíng)與組織目標(biāo)的過(guò)程”[15,16]。創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向關(guān)注于從具有創(chuàng)新能力的供應(yīng)商那里直接獲取創(chuàng)新。成本導(dǎo)向則更多關(guān)注于成本節(jié)約,通過(guò)供應(yīng)商的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和供應(yīng)商更低的制造成本。戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向通過(guò)對(duì)潛在供應(yīng)商能力進(jìn)行評(píng)估進(jìn)而選擇與企業(yè)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)相匹配的供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò),可以減少交易成本,共同解決關(guān)鍵技術(shù)難題,進(jìn)而提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)效力,促進(jìn)制造企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的提升。
創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)提升制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新能力的路徑主要從兩個(gè)方面。第一,企業(yè)通過(guò)對(duì)創(chuàng)新型供應(yīng)商的選擇讓其參與產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新中的生產(chǎn)和過(guò)程創(chuàng)新。具有創(chuàng)新能力的供應(yīng)商是設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者對(duì)于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的重大改進(jìn)的重要組成部分,有效整合這類供應(yīng)商進(jìn)入新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)是制造企業(yè)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的重要來(lái)源。鑒于供應(yīng)商對(duì)于產(chǎn)品開發(fā)流程和知識(shí)的了解,可有效利用供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)方面的專業(yè)知識(shí),增加技術(shù)工藝的有效互動(dòng),縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期,提高產(chǎn)品開發(fā)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效[17]。第二,企業(yè)通過(guò)創(chuàng)新型供應(yīng)商的選擇讓其參與產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的模糊前端開發(fā)階段創(chuàng)新。產(chǎn)品的模糊前端開發(fā)階段需要大量隱性知識(shí)和技術(shù),企業(yè)很難擁有全部技術(shù),而僅僅依靠自身進(jìn)行開發(fā)產(chǎn)品的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、費(fèi)用和時(shí)間又太高。具有創(chuàng)新能力的供應(yīng)商參與新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)可以盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在問(wèn)題,減少設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中變化的次數(shù),減少產(chǎn)品概念形成時(shí)間。因此組建創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)是制造企業(yè)提升創(chuàng)新能力的關(guān)鍵途徑。
成本導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)包含一系列活動(dòng)去評(píng)估潛在具有低成本能力和長(zhǎng)期競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的供應(yīng)商。當(dāng)制造企業(yè)越來(lái)越依賴供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品開發(fā),供應(yīng)商成本控制是制造企業(yè)提升競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的關(guān)鍵。供應(yīng)商低成本能力并不是指供應(yīng)商在提供產(chǎn)品報(bào)價(jià)上的最低,而是制造企業(yè)有能力確定和選中供應(yīng)商取得現(xiàn)在低的成本價(jià)格,同時(shí)有能力使得供應(yīng)商在未來(lái)合作中持續(xù)降低成本,并且愿意和制造企業(yè)分享[10]??紤]到供應(yīng)商成本能力,全球化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使得企業(yè)必須實(shí)現(xiàn)成本領(lǐng)先,采購(gòu)零部件和原材料從外部購(gòu)買的比重大大增加,從供應(yīng)商那里獲取成本改進(jìn)是重要途徑,期望供應(yīng)商成本降低使得制造企業(yè)能夠有效分散供應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此組建成本導(dǎo)向戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)是制造企業(yè)建立成本領(lǐng)先能力的關(guān)鍵。由此提出假設(shè):
2.3制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)的中介作用
產(chǎn)品開發(fā)是跨組織的知識(shí)集成,獲取與產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過(guò)程相匹配的供應(yīng)商能力可以有效彌補(bǔ)制造企業(yè)的知識(shí)短板。但是隨著不同供應(yīng)商參與產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的深入,各個(gè)供應(yīng)商在技術(shù)路線和文化、地域等因素的不同,增加了產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的復(fù)雜性和管理協(xié)調(diào)的難度。如果制造企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)商能力以及相互之間的兼容性等缺乏充分了解的情況下,這將大大增大對(duì)供應(yīng)商能力直接獲取的難度,進(jìn)而影響其產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的效率。
制造企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)會(huì)形成高度信任、承諾和相互之間開放式溝通的長(zhǎng)期導(dǎo)向關(guān)系[18]。制造企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)能有效減輕供應(yīng)商對(duì)制造企業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)主義行為,降低供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)成員關(guān)系中的模糊性和不確定性,能激勵(lì)供應(yīng)商承諾,有利于制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商之間建立更為緊密的戰(zhàn)略合作關(guān)系,獲取互補(bǔ)性的知識(shí),從而不斷提高制造企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。
通過(guò)制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng),使得供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品更符合制造商的要求,制造企業(yè)通過(guò)專業(yè)知識(shí)培訓(xùn)和資源分享等行為,可以有效地獲取供應(yīng)商提供的創(chuàng)新能力和成本能力。制造企業(yè)花大量人力、物力、財(cái)力去選擇戰(zhàn)略供應(yīng)商,制造企業(yè)也就更可能進(jìn)行制造企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)。制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)程度越高,制造企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力提升越好。由此提出假設(shè):
H2a制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)在創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向與制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效之間起到中介作用。
H2b制造企業(yè)和供應(yīng)商關(guān)系互動(dòng)在成本導(dǎo)向與制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效之間起到中介作用。
2.4供應(yīng)商開發(fā)的中介作用
制造企業(yè)直接利用供應(yīng)商能力是有難度的,制造企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商其組織間的知識(shí)流動(dòng)和知識(shí)獲取,以及知識(shí)獲取轉(zhuǎn)化需要在組織間形成一個(gè)知識(shí)共享的平臺(tái),組織間能通過(guò)互相都理解的編碼去溝通和交流。供應(yīng)商開發(fā)提供這一平臺(tái)的基礎(chǔ),使得供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的成員能分享有價(jià)值的信息,促進(jìn)信息集成,改善問(wèn)題解決效率,促進(jìn)隱性知識(shí)在制造企業(yè)供應(yīng)商之間的流動(dòng),并且使得信息能有效被吸收和運(yùn)用。由于橋連接的優(yōu)勢(shì),制造企業(yè)可以使用該信息的優(yōu)勢(shì),通過(guò)聯(lián)合解決問(wèn)題,制造企業(yè)和戰(zhàn)略供應(yīng)商能夠在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過(guò)程中早期識(shí)別和處理潛在問(wèn)題[19]。
供應(yīng)商開發(fā)是指制造企業(yè)通過(guò)提高供應(yīng)商的績(jī)效和能力來(lái)滿足其短期或長(zhǎng)期的供應(yīng)需求[20]。它是制造企業(yè)進(jìn)行供應(yīng)商整合最為重要的手段,供應(yīng)商開發(fā)中的人員派遣、培訓(xùn)等方式,可以有效解決組織間知識(shí)流動(dòng)過(guò)程中所遇到的隱性知識(shí)難以編碼、溝通交流的問(wèn)題,促進(jìn)隱性知識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)移[21]。供應(yīng)商開發(fā)可以有效促進(jìn)制造企業(yè)利用供應(yīng)商創(chuàng)新能力。同樣供應(yīng)商開發(fā)可以有效促進(jìn)制造企業(yè)利用供應(yīng)商成本能力,縮減制造企業(yè)產(chǎn)品成本,改進(jìn)供應(yīng)商交貨績(jī)效,最終促進(jìn)制造企業(yè)的成本績(jī)效改進(jìn)。由此提出假設(shè):
H3a供應(yīng)商開發(fā)在創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向與制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效之間起到中介作用。
H3b供應(yīng)商開發(fā)在成本導(dǎo)向與制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效之間起到中介作用。
3數(shù)據(jù)收集與研究方法
3.1問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì)
為了保證問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì)的有效性,問(wèn)卷的構(gòu)念主要是借鑒與本文相關(guān)的研究文獻(xiàn)或已有的研究成果,在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)相關(guān)測(cè)量題項(xiàng)進(jìn)行翻譯,并根據(jù)我國(guó)制造企業(yè)具體情況對(duì)量表題項(xiàng)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)修改形成初始問(wèn)卷。為保證問(wèn)卷的質(zhì)量,在陜西省8家具有代表性的裝備制造企業(yè)對(duì)初始問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行小規(guī)模預(yù)測(cè)試,根據(jù)試問(wèn)卷反饋結(jié)果對(duì)容易產(chǎn)生歧義或意思表達(dá)不明確的問(wèn)卷題項(xiàng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整和修訂,并征求5名供應(yīng)鏈研究領(lǐng)域?qū)<乙庖姡罱K形成用于大樣本調(diào)查的正式問(wèn)卷。這個(gè)過(guò)程保證本問(wèn)卷所測(cè)量題項(xiàng)具有很好的內(nèi)容效度。問(wèn)卷采用Likert 5點(diǎn)積分的方法來(lái)測(cè)量這些題項(xiàng)。問(wèn)卷通過(guò)“1~5”數(shù)字來(lái)衡量題項(xiàng)與實(shí)際情況的吻合度,1表示完全不同意,5表示完全同意。
創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向是指關(guān)注于從創(chuàng)新型供應(yīng)商獲取創(chuàng)新的傾向程度,借鑒Schiele[9]和Bengtsson等[10]的研究,量表采用4個(gè)題項(xiàng)來(lái)測(cè)量,分別是:協(xié)助新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)及時(shí)識(shí)別設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的問(wèn)題;能高效應(yīng)用所在行業(yè)的新技術(shù);在研發(fā)方面的投資及研發(fā)實(shí)力;能針對(duì)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題快速整理出對(duì)策。
成本導(dǎo)向是選擇具有低成本能力的供應(yīng)商來(lái)降低成本的傾向程度,在Bengtsson等[10]的研究基礎(chǔ)上,本文采用3個(gè)題項(xiàng)來(lái)測(cè)量,分別是:能與企業(yè)共享產(chǎn)品成本信息;能與企業(yè)很好地合作協(xié)調(diào)新產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程;對(duì)持續(xù)改善的主動(dòng)性及持續(xù)改善的行為。
關(guān)系互動(dòng)參考李隨成和姜銀浩[22]的研究,量表采用3個(gè)題項(xiàng)來(lái)測(cè)量,分別是:企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商溝通的頻率很高;供應(yīng)商能夠?qū)⒂袃r(jià)值的技術(shù)和市場(chǎng)信息資源分享;雙方在業(yè)務(wù)流程、目標(biāo)、文化和信念等方面的沖突能夠有效處理。
供應(yīng)商開發(fā)是指制造企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)商的直接投入情況,測(cè)量借鑒Krause等[23]和Cristobal[24]的研究,本文采用4個(gè)題項(xiàng)來(lái)測(cè)量,分別是:企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行技術(shù)支持;企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)商提供培訓(xùn);企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行直接投資;企業(yè)與供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行人員交換。
創(chuàng)新績(jī)效改進(jìn)在Koufteros等[25]的研究基礎(chǔ)上,本文采用4個(gè)題項(xiàng)來(lái)測(cè)量,分別是:使得新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)項(xiàng)目關(guān)鍵路徑所需要的時(shí)間縮短;比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手更快地推出同類新產(chǎn)品;增加產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的數(shù)量;提高產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的成功率。
成本績(jī)效改進(jìn)測(cè)量來(lái)自于Krause等[23]的研究,量表采用4個(gè)題項(xiàng)來(lái)測(cè)量,分別是:企業(yè)進(jìn)行新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)成本的降低;提高滿足質(zhì)量要求的訂單比率;使得企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品制造成本降低;企業(yè)提供的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格低于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
3.2樣本和數(shù)據(jù)收集
本文選取制造企業(yè)為研究對(duì)象,從2011年7月至2011年12月,課題組在陜西、北京、山東、吉林、河南、福建、遼寧、山西、浙江、甘肅、湖北11省市選擇336家代表性的制造企業(yè),調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的發(fā)放主要采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)填寫、郵寄和電子郵件三種方式,為了保證調(diào)查問(wèn)卷回收質(zhì)量,課題研究組通過(guò)2輪的問(wèn)卷發(fā)放和多次溝通聯(lián)系,發(fā)放336份問(wèn)卷,收回287份問(wèn)卷,剔除無(wú)效樣本49份,有效問(wèn)卷回收 238 份,有效率為70.8%。調(diào)查企業(yè)樣本基本情況如下,企業(yè)規(guī)模為:400人以下占26.05%,400~2000人占36.55%,2000人以上占37.39%;在調(diào)查樣本中企業(yè)性質(zhì)包括國(guó)有控股占41.18%,民營(yíng)企業(yè)占20.59%,中外合資占38.24%;所調(diào)查的行業(yè)包括汽車制造占20.59%,電子及通訊設(shè)備制造占20.17%,電器設(shè)備制造占17.23%,冶金設(shè)備制造占10.92%,儀器儀表制造占11.76%,航天制造占9.66%,其他行業(yè)占9.66%。
3.3量表信效度分析
本論文采用SPSS 18.0和AMOS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行信效度分析。創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向、成本導(dǎo)向、關(guān)系互動(dòng)、供應(yīng)商開發(fā)、創(chuàng)新績(jī)效改進(jìn)、成本績(jī)效改進(jìn)的Cronbachs α值分別為0.823、0.837、0.753、0.896、0.849、0.803,說(shuō)明本研究的各個(gè)變量具有很高的信度。每個(gè)變量的平均變異抽取值(AVE)都在0.5以上,組合信度(CR)都在0.8以上,說(shuō)明所有變量具有很好的收斂效度,結(jié)果顯示研究模型的各個(gè)構(gòu)念具有很好的信度和效度。
3.4假設(shè)模型檢驗(yàn)
本研究通過(guò)AMOS 18.0構(gòu)建結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型來(lái)驗(yàn)證假設(shè)模型。其中CMIN/DF=1.952;GFI=0.877;AGFI=0.842;IFI=0.927;CFI=0.926;RMSEA=0.063;NNFI=0.913。各項(xiàng)常用擬合指標(biāo)均達(dá)到理想數(shù)值要求,表明該擬合結(jié)果良好,整體結(jié)構(gòu)模型的擬合度比較理想。因此該測(cè)量模型可以接受,結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型路徑系數(shù)如表1所示。
本文采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行變量間關(guān)系說(shuō)明,對(duì)于結(jié)果分析如下:
戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向?qū)χ圃炱髽I(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的直接效應(yīng)。創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)對(duì)制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效改進(jìn)沒有影響(系數(shù)值為0.064,p=0.414),假設(shè)H1a不成立;成本導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)對(duì)制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效改進(jìn)影響的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)為0.52,且路徑系數(shù)在0.001水平上顯著,這表明影響效果顯著,假設(shè)H1b成立。
整合機(jī)制的中介效應(yīng)。整合機(jī)制在創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)對(duì)制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效改進(jìn)之間的中介效應(yīng)為0.169(0.23×0.171+0.28×0.462),且路徑系數(shù)在0.05水平上顯著,這表明整合機(jī)制在二者之間起到完全中介作用,假設(shè)H2a和假設(shè)H3a成立;關(guān)系互動(dòng)對(duì)成本績(jī)效改進(jìn)沒有影響(系數(shù)值為0.12,p=0.206),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化路徑系數(shù)在0.1水平上不顯著,統(tǒng)計(jì)上屬于低效果,假設(shè)H2b不成立;供應(yīng)商開發(fā)在成本導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)對(duì)制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效改進(jìn)之間的中介效應(yīng)為0.062(0.209×0.294),假設(shè)H3b成立。因此,整合機(jī)制在成本導(dǎo)向與制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效之間起到部分中介作用。
4結(jié)論與啟示
本文區(qū)分兩種不同戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向,探討整合機(jī)制在這兩種導(dǎo)向?qū)Ω?jìng)爭(zhēng)能力提升關(guān)系中的不同作用,采用238家制造企業(yè)問(wèn)卷對(duì)研究假設(shè)進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。實(shí)證結(jié)果證實(shí),對(duì)于基于成本導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)直接作用于制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效的改進(jìn),整合機(jī)制起到部分中介作用;對(duì)于基于創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)則是通過(guò)整合機(jī)制作用于制造企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的改進(jìn),整合機(jī)制起到完全中介作用。本文的研究結(jié)果表明,制造企業(yè)為了獲取成本的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),供應(yīng)商選擇是關(guān)鍵,選擇具有成本領(lǐng)先能力的供應(yīng)商直接作用于制造企業(yè)成本績(jī)效的改進(jìn)。
本文的研究有助于中國(guó)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)的有效實(shí)施和供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)的管理。我國(guó)許多制造企業(yè)也開始從傳統(tǒng)的采購(gòu)實(shí)踐向與供應(yīng)商建立緊密合作關(guān)系、協(xié)作生產(chǎn)的供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。通過(guò)本文的理論研究,給中國(guó)制造企業(yè)進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)實(shí)踐的管理啟示是,制造企業(yè)在組建供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)形態(tài)上的差異是如何產(chǎn)生的。戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu)導(dǎo)向不同,制造企業(yè)所組建的供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)形態(tài)及其治理上存在著很大的差異。基于成本導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu),制造企業(yè)傾向于選擇數(shù)量較多的供應(yīng)商,通過(guò)供應(yīng)商之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來(lái)提高供應(yīng)效率;而基于創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略采購(gòu),制造企業(yè)更強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)供應(yīng)商提供穩(wěn)定的需求和緊密的協(xié)作,建立一個(gè)供應(yīng)商數(shù)量較少、穩(wěn)定的供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)。成本導(dǎo)向的制造企業(yè)主要利用直接一級(jí)供應(yīng)商,而創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的制造企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)絡(luò)的利用則延伸到二級(jí)、三級(jí)供應(yīng)商,且重視供應(yīng)商之間的關(guān)系,集成供應(yīng)商參與新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新。創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向的制造企業(yè)比成本導(dǎo)向的制造企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)領(lǐng)域具有更高的效率,并且在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中更加廣泛地利用供應(yīng)商的技術(shù)能力,而成本導(dǎo)向的制造企業(yè)更加關(guān)注于直接利用供應(yīng)商獲得成本的節(jié)約。然而本文的研究結(jié)論只是基于制造企業(yè)為樣本的調(diào)研分析,而這一研究結(jié)論對(duì)于其他行業(yè)是否使用,仍需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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[24]Cristobal S R. Effect of strategic purchasing on supplier development and performance: a structural model[J]. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2009, 24(3/4): 161172.
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[12]Azadegan A, Dooley K J. Supplier innovativeness, organizational learning styles and manufacturer performance: an empirical assessment[J]. Journal of Operations Management, 2010, 28(6): 488505.
[13]Wagner S M, Bode C. Supplier relationshipspecific investments and the role of safeguards for supplier innovation sharing[J]. Journal of Operations Management, 2014, 32(3): 6578.
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[16]Kim D Y. Understanding supplier structural embeddedness: a social network perspective[J]. Journal of Operations Management, 2014, 32(5): 219231.
[17]Azadegan A. Benefiting from supplier operational innovativeness: the influence of supplier evaluations and absorptive capacity[J]. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2011, 47(2): 4964.
[18]Mesquita L F, Brush T H. Untangling safeguard and production coordination effects in longterm buyersupplier relationships[J]. The Academy of Management Journal, 2008, 51(4): 785807.
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[24]Cristobal S R. Effect of strategic purchasing on supplier development and performance: a structural model[J]. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2009, 24(3/4): 161172.
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