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疣孢漆斑菌發(fā)酵液的化學(xué)成分及其農(nóng)藥活性的研究

2015-01-11 04:39郭大樂丁立生顧玉誠
天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā) 2015年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:核磁菌素除草

康 敏,郭大樂,胡 佳,萬 波,周 燕,丁立生,顧玉誠,鄧 赟*

1 成都中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院 中藥材標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川省中藥資源系統(tǒng)研究與開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室—省部共建國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地,成都 611137;2 中國科學(xué)院成都生物研究所 山地生態(tài)恢復(fù)與生物資源利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,成都 610041;3Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre,Berkshire RG42 6EY,UK

疣孢漆斑菌(Myrothecium verrucaria)為半知菌亞門絲抱綱瘤座抱目瘤座抱科漆斑菌屬真菌。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),疣孢漆斑菌對幾種重要的雜草物種(如野葛)具有較高的毒性[1],且可直接作用于雜草或害蟲目標(biāo),而不引起繼發(fā)感染,實(shí)現(xiàn)對病蟲害的有效控制,因此其在生物防治方面具有潛在的開發(fā)價值。疣孢漆斑菌的主要代謝產(chǎn)物為單端孢霉烯族化合物(Trichothecenes)[2],這類化合物屬于倍半萜環(huán)氧化合物,其C-12 和C-13 位之間形成的氧橋是一個活性基團(tuán)。當(dāng)C-4 和C-15 成酯后活性則增強(qiáng)。單端孢霉烯是疣孢漆斑菌的主要活性成分可與核糖體的S60 亞基結(jié)合,從而抑制蛋白的合成。這種抑制真核細(xì)胞蛋白質(zhì)合成的特性,顯示出廣泛的生物活性,包括抗真菌[3]、抗微生物[4]、抗白血?。?]、抗腫瘤活性[6]以及用于農(nóng)藥防治的生物除草劑和殺蟲劑[7]。

本文從羌活中得到一株內(nèi)生菌,對其發(fā)酵液乙酸乙酯部位進(jìn)行初步活性測試,結(jié)果表現(xiàn)出良好的殺蟲和除草活性。該菌經(jīng)鑒定為疣孢漆斑菌,對其進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大培養(yǎng),發(fā)酵,提取,分離,鑒定,得到得到一類共計(jì)14 個單端孢霉烯族化合物(Trichothecenes),經(jīng)MS 及NMR 波譜解析技術(shù)分別鑒定了它們的結(jié)構(gòu),最后對每個化合物做了除草及殺蟲的活性測試,旨在研究出疣孢漆斑菌除草殺蟲作用的化學(xué)成分基礎(chǔ),對利用單端孢霉烯開發(fā)成為生物除草劑和殺蟲劑具有指導(dǎo)意義。

1 材料與儀器

1.1 菌種

由羌活體內(nèi)分離得到一株真菌(編號QH025),通過形態(tài)鑒定和18S rDNA 比對分析,經(jīng)成都生物研究所萬波副研究員鑒定為疣孢漆斑菌Myrothecium verrucaria,樣品目前存放于中國科學(xué)院成都生物所。

1.2 儀器與試劑

Micromass Xevo Triple-quadrupole 型質(zhì)譜儀(Waters 公司);Bruker Ascend 400 型核磁共振儀,TMS 為內(nèi)標(biāo);制備型HPLC 為Waters 2545 HPLC、Waters 2489 檢測器;色譜柱:kromasil RP-C18(19×250 mm,5 μm)、kromasil RP-C18(10×250 mm,5 μm);薄層色譜GF254和柱色譜硅膠(300~400 目)(青島海洋化工廠);實(shí)驗(yàn)所用試劑(分析純,成都科龍化工廠)。

1.3 培養(yǎng)基

馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂培養(yǎng)基(PDA);發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基:按可溶性淀粉0.8%,蛋白胨0.5%,NaCl 0.2%,CaCO30.2%,MgSO4·7 H2O 0.05%,K2HPO40.05%配制。

2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

2.1 真菌發(fā)酵

將疣孢漆斑菌Myrothecium verrucaria QH025 斜面菌種接種于30 瓶錐形瓶中(200 mL PDA 培養(yǎng)基/500 mL 錐形瓶),培養(yǎng)3 d 得種子液,再接入200 瓶發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基(400 mL/1 L 錐形瓶),在28 ℃、250 rpm 振搖培養(yǎng)14 d 得到發(fā)酵液。

2.2 發(fā)酵液的提取與分離

取發(fā)酵結(jié)束后的發(fā)酵液(80 L),過濾,除去菌絲體,合并濾液,用等體積乙酸乙酯萃取,重復(fù)三次,合并萃取液,減壓蒸干濃縮得到乙酸乙酯部分浸膏25 g。

將乙酸乙酯部分浸膏25 g 經(jīng)正相硅膠柱層析,以石油醚:丙酮(10∶0→9.5∶0.5→9∶1→……→1∶1,v/v)梯度洗脫,收集洗脫液,TLC 指引合并,得到組份A(1.2 g)、B(0.7 g)、C(2.6 g)、D(2.3 g)、E(1.8 g)、F(0.4 g)、G(0.9 g)、H(1.5 g)。組份B經(jīng)反復(fù)制備HPLC,以甲醇-水洗脫,得到化合物1(23 mg)、2(17 mg)。組份C 繼續(xù)用硅膠柱色譜純化,石油醚:丙酮(30∶1~10∶1)梯度洗脫,得到3 個亞組份C1、C2、C3,3 個亞組份經(jīng)反復(fù)制備HPLC 純化,從C1 中得到化合物3(11 mg)、4(13 mg),C2 中得到化合物5(12 mg),C3 中得到化合物6(10 mg)。組份D 經(jīng)硅膠柱層析,石油醚:丙酮(20∶1~10∶1)梯度洗脫,得到5 個亞組份D1、D2、D3、D4、D5。經(jīng)制備HPLC 純化,從D1 中得到化合物7(9 mg)、8(16 mg),從D3 中得到化合物9(14 mg),從D4 中得到化合物10(12 mg)。組份E 經(jīng)硅膠柱層析,石油醚:丙酮(20∶1~10∶1)梯度洗脫,得到化合物3個亞組份E1、E2、E3,再經(jīng)反復(fù)制備HPLC 純化,從E2 中得到化合物11(10 mg),E3 中得到化合物12(18 mg)、13(11 mg)。組份F 經(jīng)反復(fù)制備HPLC 純化,得到化合物14(19 mg)。

2.3 分離成分農(nóng)藥活性測定

2.3.1 除草活性測試

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[8]中的方法,對14 個化合物樣品進(jìn)行除草活性測試。分別用10 ppm、32 ppm 測試樣品對雜草植物擬南芥、早熟禾的除草作用,測試板在特定條件下保存7 d。每個樣品平行做兩次,取其平均值。

2.3.2 殺蟲活性測試

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[8]中的方法,對14 個化合物樣品做了殺蟲活性測試。采用小葉塊測試法,用1000 ppm 對綠棉鈴蟲進(jìn)行測試。每個樣品平行做三次,取其平均值。

3 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

3.1 化合物結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定

化合物1 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:501([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.91(1H,dd,J=15.8,11.4 Hz,H-8'),6.65(1H,t,J=11.3 Hz,H-9'),6.19(1H,d,J=11.2 Hz,H-7'),6.08(1H,d,J=15.8 Hz,H-10'),5.86(1H,dd,J=8.6 Hz,4.2 Hz,H-4),5.45(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-10),4.52(1H,d,J=12.4 Hz,H-15β),4.29-4.43(3H,m,H-15α,5'),3.87(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-2),3.61(1H,d,J=5.3 Hz,H-11),3.41(1H,s,H-2'),3.16(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.85(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.50(1H,dd,J=13.2 Hz,8.3 Hz,H-3β),2.33(1H,td,J=15.5,6.0,2.7 Hz,H-4'β),2.22(1H,m,H-4'α),1.76(3H,s,H-16),1.72(1H,m,H-3α),1.70~2.20(4H,m,H-7,8),1.60(3H,s,H-12'),0.90(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:167.3(C-1'),166.0(C-11'),165.0(C-6'),140.4(C-9),138.3(C-8'),138.3(C-9'),127.5(C-10'),125.5(C-7'),117.9(C-10),78.9(C-2),75.5(C-4),67.1(C-11),64.8(C-12),63.8(C-15),61.3(C-3'),60.5(C-5'),58.2(C-2'),49.2(C-5),47.6(C-13),43.8(C-6),37.0(C-4'),35.0(C-3),27.5(C-8),23.0(C-16),20.0(C-7),15.9(C-12'),7.2(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[9,10]報(bào)道的疣孢菌素B(verrucarin B)的碳譜核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為疣孢菌素B(verrucarin B)。

化合物2 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:571([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.66(1H,m,H-8'),6.58(1H,t,J=11.4 Hz,H-9'),5.97(1H,dd,J=15.3,2.2 Hz,H-7'),5.92(1H,dd,J=8.3,4.4 Hz,H-4),5.81(1H,d,J=11.1 Hz,H-10'),5.73(1H,d,J=5.3 Hz,H-10),5.65(1H,s,H-2'),5.54(1H,dd,J=8.6,3.4 Hz,H-5'),5.20(1H,d,J=5.4 Hz,H-8),4.42(1H,d,J=12.2 Hz,H-15β),4.37(1H,d,J=12.2 Hz,H-15α),4.08(1H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-6'),3.85(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-2),3.77(1H,d,J=5.5 Hz,H-11),3.68(1H,dq,J=12.1,5.9 Hz,H-13'),3.12(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.85(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13α),2.67(1H,dd,J=12.3 Hz,H-4'β),2.50(1H,dd,J=15.4 Hz,8.3 Hz,H-3β),2.29(3H,s,H-12'),2.10~2.27(4H,m,H-3α,7,4'α),1.94(3H,s,H-18),1.77(3H,s,H-16),1.36(3H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-14'),0.85(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:170.9(C-17),166.2(C-11'),165.8(C-1'),155.2(C-3'),143.2(C-9'),136.4(C-9),134.9(C-7'),126.0(C-8'),123.9(C-10),118.6(C-2'),118.4(C-10'),100.6(C-5'),81.9(C-6'),79.1(C-2),76.6(C-13'),73.4(C-4),68.7(C-8),67.2(C-11),65.4(C-12),64.5(C-15),49.0(C-5),47.9(C-13),47.7(C-4'),42.0(C-6),34.6(C-3),26.2(C-7),20.9(C-18),20.5(C-16),18.2(C-12'),16.4(C-14'),7.2(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]報(bào)道的8-乙?;岚呔豀(8-acetoxyroridin H)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為8-乙酰基漆斑菌素(8-acetoxyroridin H)。

化合物3 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:501([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.99(1H,dd,J=15.7,11.7 Hz,H-8'),6.65(1H,t,J=11.7 Hz,H-9'),6.18(1H,d,J=11.7 Hz,H-10'),6.03(1H,d,J=15.7 Hz,H-7'),5.84(1H,s,H-2'),5.76(1H,d,J=3.2 Hz,H-4),5.58(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-10),4.46(1H,m,H-3),4.42(1H,d,J=12.7 Hz,H-15β),4.40~4.50(1H,m,H-5'β),4.22(1H,d,J=5.5 Hz,H-11),4.13~4.40(1H,m,H-3),4.04(1H,d,J=12.7 Hz,H-15α),3.72(1H,d,J=4.9 Hz,H-2),3.11(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.82(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.40-2.60(2H,m,H-8β,4'β),2.28(3H,s,H-12'),2.00~2.10(3H,m,H-7β,8α,4'α),1.75(3H,s,H-16),1.72(1H,m,H-7α),0.83(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.5(C-6'),166.2(C-1'),165.6(C-11'),157.1(C-3'),140.3(C-9),139.5(C-9'),139.1(C-8'),127.7(C-7'),125.6(C-10'),118.9(C-2'),118.3(C-10),84.0(C-4),79.3(C-2),77.1(C-3),68.3(C-11),64.7(C-12),63.6(C-15),60.7(C-5'),49.1(C-5),47.5(C-13),43.9(C-6),40.4(C-4'),27.8(C-8),23.5(C-16),21.2(C-7),17.5(C-12'),7.1(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]報(bào)道的疣孢菌素M(verrucarin M)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為疣孢菌素M(verrucarin M)。

化合物4 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:485([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:8.06(1H,dd,J=15.2,11.5 Hz,H-8'),6.62(1H,dd,J=11.5,11.5 Hz,H-9'),6.18(1H,d,J=11.5 Hz,H-10'),6.11(1H,d,J=15.2 Hz,H-7'),6.10(1H,m,H-4),5.82(1H,dd,J=8.2,4.3 Hz,H-4),5.45(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-10),4.82(1H,d,J=12.2 Hz,H-15β),4.52(1H,m,H-5'β),4.23(1H,d,J=12.2 Hz,H-15α),4.16(1H,s,H-2'),4.00(1H,m,H-5'α),3.88(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-2),3.59(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-11),3.14(1H,d,J=4.1 Hz,H-13β),2.82(1H,d,J=4.1 Hz,H-13α),2.48~2.60(3H,m,H-3β,4'),2.18(1H,m,H-3α),1.80~

2.10 (4H,m,H-7,8),1.73(3H,s,H-16),0.90(3H,s,H-12'),0.83(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.1(C-6'),165.8(C-1'),165.5(C-11'),156.6(C-3'),140.5(C-9),139.5(C-9'),139.1(C-8'),127.4(C-7'),125.5(C-10'),118.6(C-2'),118.1(C-10),79.0(C-2),75.3(C-4),67.3(C-11),65.5(C-12),63.3(C-15),60.4(C-5'),48.8(C-5),48.2(C-13),43.0(C-6),40.2(C-4'),35.1(C-3),27.6(C-8),23.3(C-16),20.7(C-7),17.2(C-12'),7.0(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[13]報(bào)道的疣孢菌素J(verrucarin J)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為疣孢菌素J(verrucarin J)。

化合物5 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:531([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.54(1H,dd,J=15.4,11.2 Hz,H-8'),6.62(1H,t,J=11.2 Hz,H-9'),5.98(1H,dd,J=15.7,3.0 Hz,H-7'),5.85(1H,m,H-4),5.81(1H,m,H-10'),5.45(1H,d,J=4.5 Hz,H-10),4.39(1H,d,J=12.4 Hz,H-15β),4.28(1H,d,J=12.4 Hz,H-15α),3.87(1H,d,J=6.2 Hz,H-2),3.81(1H,m,H-6'),3.60-3.70(3H,m,H-11,5'),3.50(1H,s,H-2'),3.33(1H,m,H-13'),3.14(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.83(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.43~2.54(1H,m,H-3β),2.00-2.24(2H,m,H-4'),1.79~1.98(5H,m,H-3α,7,8),1.75(3H,s,H-16),1.63(3H,s,H-12'),1.22(3H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-14'),0.85(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:167.89(C-1'),166.34(C-11'),143.10(C-9'),140.06(C-9),138.17(C-7'),126.28(C-8'),118.44(C-10),118.11(C-10'),85.71(C-6'),79.01(C-2),74.42(C-4),70.91(C-13'),67.40(C-5'),66.96(C-11),65.33(C-12),64.54(C-15),63.22(C-3'),58.19(C-2'),49.19(C-5),47.77(C-13),43.23(C-6),39.62(C-4'),35.11(C-3),27.55(C-8),23.27(C-16),20.53(C-7),18.20(C-14'),17.41(C-12'),6.99(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[9]報(bào)道的漆斑菌素D(roridin D)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為漆斑菌素D(roridin D)。

化合物6 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:543([M+H]+),565([M+Na]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:8.02(1H,dd,J=15.9,11.2 Hz,H-8'),6.64(1H,t,J=11.2 Hz,H-9'),6.09(1H,d,J=11.2 Hz,H-7'),6.03(1H,d,J=15.9 Hz,H-10'),5.94(1H,dd,J=8.2,4.3 Hz,H-4),5.78(1H,s,H-2'),5.72(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-10),5.21(1H,m,H-8),4.57(1H,d,J=12.5 Hz,H-15β),4.52(1H,td,J=11.2,4.0 Hz,H-5'β),4.23(1H,d,J=12.5 Hz,H-15α),4.13(1H,m,H-5'α),3.86(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-11),3.81(1H,d,J=5.6 Hz,H-2),3.13(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.87(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.40~2.60(3H,m,H-3α,4'),2.30(3H,s,H-12'),2.10~2.30(3H,m,H-3β,7),1.97(3H,s,H-18),1.78(3H,s,H-16),0.83(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:170.9(C-13'),165.8(C-11'),165.6(C-6'),165.5(C-1'),157.0(C-3'),140.0(C-8'),138.7(C-9'),136.4(C-9),127.8(C-7'),125.1(C-10'),123.8(C-10),117.7(C-2'),78.9(C-2),74.7(C-4),68.8(C-8),66.9(C-11),65.3(C-12),64.4(C-15),60.4(C-5'),48.9(C-5),47.9(C-13),42.1(C-6),40.1(C-4'),34.8(C-3),26.3(C-7),21.8(C-16),20.5(C-14'),17.1(C-12'),7.0(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[14]報(bào)道的乙?;噫呔豅(verrucarin L acetate)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為乙?;噫呔豅(verrucarin L acetate)。

化合物7 白色晶體;ESI-MS m/z:515([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.60(1H,dd,J=15.8,11.0 Hz,H-8'),6.63(1H,t,J=11.0 Hz,H-9'),6.39(1H,dd,J=8.0,4.1 Hz,H-4),5.88(1H,s,H-2'),5.85(1H,d,J=4.6 Hz,H-10'),5.73(1H,dd,J=15.8,6.3 Hz,H-7'),5.53(1H,d,J=5.18 Hz,H-10),4.05~4.20(3H,m,H-11,15),3.87(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-2),3.85(1H,m,H-6'),3.70-3.80(2H,m,H-5'α,13'),3.47-3.55(1H,m,H-5'β),3.20(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.85(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.55~2.65(3H,m,H-3β,4'),2.25(3H,s,H-12'),1.98~2.57(5H,m,H-3α,7,8),1.75(3H,s,H-16),1.19(3H,d,J=5.8 Hz,H-14'),0.82(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.3(C-1'),166.3(C-11'),158.0(C-3'),142.0(C-9'),140.2(C-9),135.1(C-7'),131.1(C-8'),119.5(C-2'),118.8(C-10),117.0(C-10'),83.1(C-6'),79.2(C-2),75.3(C-4),69.7(C-13'),67.0(C-5'),66.7(C-11),65.7(C-12),64.5(C-15),48.5(C-5),47.6(C-13),42.5(C-6),39.8(C-4'),36.6(C-3),27.6(C-8),23.2(C-16),22.6(C-7),19.8(C-12'),18.5(C-14'),6.4(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[15]報(bào)道的異漆斑菌素E(isororidin E)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為異漆斑菌素E(isororidin E)。

化合物8 針狀白色晶體;ESI-MS m/z:515([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.50(1H,dd,J=15.8,11.4 Hz,H-8'),6.56(1H,t,J=11.3 Hz,H-9'),6.18(1H,dd,J=8.0,3.9 Hz,H-4),5.93(1H,s,H-2'),5.89(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-10'),5.72(1H,dd,J=11.3,4.7 Hz,H-7'),5.46(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-10),4.30(1H,d,J=12.54 Hz,H-15α),3.91(1H,d,J=12.54 Hz,H-15β),3.88(1H,d,J=12.54 Hz,H-2),3.82(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-11),3.60~3.69(2H,m,H-5'α,13'),3.51-3.58(1H,m,H-5'β),3.12(1H,d,J=4.2 Hz,H-13β),2.80(1H,d,J=4.2 Hz,H-13α),2.45~2.55(3H,m,H-3β,4'),2.25(3H,s,H-12'),1.95-2.60(5H,m,H-3α,7,8),1.69(3H,s,H-16),1.17(3H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-14'),0.77(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.4(C-1'),165.8(C-11'),159.2(C-3'),143.7(C-9'),140.2(C-9),138.2(C-7'),126.5(C-8'),118.8(C-10),117.6(C-10'),117.1(C-2'),83.7(C-6'),79.2(C-2),74.1(C-4),70.4(C-13'),69.7(C-5'),67.2(C-11),65.5(C-12),63.7(C-15),48.4(C-5),48.1(C-13),42.7(C-6),41.2(C-4'),35.7(C-3),27.7(C-8),23.2(C-16),21.5(C-7),20.2(C-12'),18.2(C-14'),6.7(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[16]報(bào)道的漆斑菌素E(Roridin E)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)相吻合,故確定該化合物為漆斑菌素E(Roridin E)。

化合物9 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:513([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.71(1H,m,H-8'),6.58(1H,t,J=11.3 Hz,H-9'),5.97(1H,dd,J=13.2,0.8 Hz,H-7'),5.94(1H,m,H-4),5.83(1H,d,J=11.2 Hz,H-10'),5.70(1H,s,H-2'),5.56(1H,dd,J=8.4,3.2 Hz,H-5'),5.46(1H,J=0.8 Hz,H-10),4.35(1H,d,J=12.4 Hz,H-15β),4.03~4.11(2H,m,H-15α,H-6'),3.87(1H,d,J=4.9 Hz,H-2),3.69(2H,m,H-11,13'),3.15(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13β),2.85(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.67(1H,d,J=12.7 Hz,H-4'β),2.50(1H,dd,J=15.2,8.3 Hz,H-3β),2.30(3H,s,H-12'),2.15-2.27(2H,m,H-3α,4'α),1.86~2.09(4H,m,H-7,8),1.73(3H,s,H-16),1.36(3H,d,J=6.1 Hz,H-14'),0.88(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.2(C-1'),166.2(C-11'),154.7(C-3'),142.7(C-9'),140.3(C-9),134.8(C-7'),126.2(C-8'),119.0(C-2'),118.8(C-10'),118.7(C-10),100.8(C-5'),81.9(C-6'),79.0(C-2),77.0(C-13'),74.0(C-4),67.7(C-11),65.5(C-12),63.2(C-15),49.0(C-5),47.8(C-4'),47.5(C-13),43.2(C-6),34.8(C-3),27.6(C-8),23.2(C-16),20.5(C-7),18.3(C-12'),16.5(C-14'),7.2(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[17]報(bào)道的漆斑菌素H(Roridin H)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)相吻合,故確定該化合物為漆斑菌素H(Roridin H)。

化合物10 片狀晶體;ESI-MS m/z:533([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.67(1H,dd,J=15.4,11.7 Hz,H-8'),6.66(1H,dd,J=11.3,11.3 Hz,H-9'),6.01(1H,dd,J=15.5,3.1 Hz,H-7'),5.82(1H,m,H-10'),5.79(1H,t,J=4.7 Hz,H-4),5.44(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-10),4.44(2H,s,H-15),4.11(1H,s,H-2'),3.86(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-2),3.50~3.70(5H,m,H-11,5',6',13'),3.12(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13β),2.81(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13α),2.64(1H,s,H-13'),2.46(1H,m,H-3β),2.22(1H,m,H-3α),1.80~2.10(7H,m,H-7,8,3',4'β),1.75(3H,s,H-16),1.58~1.69(1H,m,H-4'α),1.21(3H,d,J=7.0 Hz,H-14'),1.10(3H,d,J=6.1 Hz,H-12'),0.82(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:174.9(C-1'),166.5(C-11'),143.9(C-9'),141.0(C-9),139.2(C-7'),126.1(C-8'),118.2(C-10),117.5(C-10'),84.0(C-6'),79.1(C-2),75.6(C-2'),74.3(C-4),70.8(C-13'),69.9(C-5'),67.2(C-11),65.3(C-12),64.6(C-15),49.4(C-5),47.8(C-13),43.8(C-6),37.1(C-3'),34.8(C-3),33.0(C-4'),27.7(C-8),23.3(C-16),20.3(C-7),18.2(C-14'),14.7(C-12'),7.5(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[18]報(bào)道的漆斑菌素A(Roridin A)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)相吻合,故確定該化合物為漆斑菌素A(Roridin A)。

化合物11 白色無定型粉末;ESI-MS m/z:557([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.48(1H,dd,J=15.4,11.3 Hz,H-8'),6.59(1H,t,J=11.2 Hz,H-9'),6.27(1H,dd,J=8.1,4.1 Hz,H-4),5.88(1H,s,H-2'),5.81~5.87(2H,m,H-7',10'),5.51(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-10),5.09(1H,m,H-13'),4.28(1H,d,J=12.5 Hz,H-15β),3.98~4.05(3H,m,H-11,15α,6'),3.87(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-2),3.65~3.82(2H,m,H-5'),3.17(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13β),2.85(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13α),2.47-2.60(2H,m,H-4'),2.35~2.43(1H,m,H-3β),2.26(3H,s,H-12'),2.08(3H,s,H-16'),2.00-2.10(4H,m,H-3α,7β,8),1.73(3H,s,H-16),1.62(1H,m,H-7α),1.19(3H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-14'),0.82(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:170.5(C-15'),166.4(C-11'),166.3(C-1'),159.2(C-3'),143.2(C-9'),140.3(C-9),137.6(C-7'),127.7(C-8'),119.1(C-10),117.7(C-10'),117.4(C-2'),79.5(C-2),79.2(C-6'),74.3(C-4),70.5(C-13'),69.1(C-11),67.6(C-5'),65.6(C-12),63.8(C-15),48.4(C-5),48.1(C-13),42.7(C-6),41.5(C-4'),35.7(C-3),27.7(C-8),23.3(C-16),21.5(C-7),21.3(C-16'),19.5(C-12'),14.8(C-14'),6.7(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[19]報(bào)道的乙?;岚呔谽(roridin E acetate)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)相吻合,故確定該化合物為乙?;岚呔谽(roridin E acetate)。

化合物12 黃色膠質(zhì)狀;ESI-MS m/z:533([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.58(1H,t,J=12.8 Hz,H-4'),6.63(1H,t,J=11.6 Hz,H-3'),6.24(1H,dd,J=15.5,7.6 Hz,H-4),6.11(1H,dd,J=15.5,4.7 Hz,H-5'),5.89(1H,d,J=1.0 Hz,H-2''),5.72(1H,d,J=11.5 Hz,H-2'),5.50(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-10),4.07(1H,m,H-6'),4.03(1H,d,J=5.0 Hz,H-11),3.88(1H,d,J=5.1 Hz,H-2),3.82(1H,d,J=12.3 Hz,H-15β),3.60~3.92(3H,m,H-7',5''),3.65(1H,d,J=12.3 Hz,H-15α),3.19(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13β),2.87(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13α),2.60(2H,m,H-3),2.45(2H,m,H-4''),2.22(3H,d,J=1.0 Hz,H-6''),1.56~2.08(4H,m,H-7,8),1.74(3H,s,H-16),1.19(3H,d,J=6.3 Hz,H-8'),0.83(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.0(C-1'),165.9(C-1''),157.1(C-3''),143.8(C-3'),142.2(C-5'),140.5(C-9),127.0(C-4'),118.5(C-10),118.1(C-4'),116.9(C-2''),79.1(C-2),76.1(C-6'),75.0(C-4),70.6(C-7'),66.6(C-11),65.8(C-12),63.4(C-15),59.6(C-5''),48.6(C-5),48.2(C-13),43.9(C-4''),43.6(C-6),36.9(C-3),27.9(C-8),23.2(C-16),21.8(C-7),19.1(C-6''),18.9(C-8'),6.7(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[20]報(bào)道的Isotrichoverrin A 的核磁數(shù)據(jù)相吻合,故確定該化合物為Isotrichoverrin A。

化合物13 黃色膠質(zhì)狀;ESI-MS m/z:533([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:7.56(1H,dd,J=15.5,11.3 Hz,H-4'),6.63(1H,dd,J=11.4,11.3 Hz,H-3'),6.11-6.21(1H,m,H-5'),6.10(1H,m,H-4),5.85(1H,d,J=1.0 Hz,H-2''),5.70(1H,d,J=11.3 Hz,H-2'),5.49(1H,d,J=5.4 Hz,H-10),4.25(1H,m,H-6'),3.98(1H,d,J=5.4 Hz,H-11),3.93(1H,m,H-7'),3.85(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-2),3.81(1H,d,J=12.3 Hz,H-15β),3.75-3.80(2H,m,H-5''),3.64(1H,d,J=12.3 Hz,H-15α),3.17(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13β),2.86(1H,d,J=4.0 Hz,H-13α),2.58(1H,dd,J=7.8,15.4 Hz,H-3β),2.42(2H,t,J=6.0 Hz,H-4''),2.19(3H,d,J=1.1 Hz,H-6''),2.18(1H,m,H-3α),1.91~2.16(3H,m,H-7β,8),1.72(3H,s,H-16),1.59(1H,m,H-7α),1.14(3H,d,J=6.5 Hz,H-8'),0.81(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:166.1(C-1'),166.0(C-1''),157.2(C-3''),144.1(C-3'),141.4(C-5'),140.5(C-9),127.5(C-4'),118.5(C-10),117.8(C-2'),116.8(C-2''),79.1(C-2),75.4(C-6'),75.1(C-4),70.2(C-7'),66.6(C-11),65.8(C-12),63.4(C-15),59.5(C-5''),48.5(C-5),48.2(C-13),43.6(C-4''),42.8(C-6),36.9(C-3),27.8(C-8),23.2(C-16),21.9(C-7),19.2(C-6''),17.9(C-8'),6.7(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[20]報(bào)道的Isotrichoverrin B 的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為Isotrichoverrin B。

化合物14 無色塊狀晶體;ESI-MS m/z:503([M+H]+);1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:8.06(1H,dd,J=15.5,11.7 Hz,H-8'),6.69(1H,dd,J=11.3,11.3 Hz,H-9'),6.18(1H,d,J=11.05 Hz,H-10'),6.07(1H,d,J=15.6 Hz,H-7'),5.82(1H,dd,J=8.1,4.1 Hz,H-4),5.45(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-10),4.82(1H,d,J=12.1 Hz,H-15β),4.52(1H,dq,J=11.45,2.33 Hz,H-5'β),4.23(1H,d,J=12.1 Hz,H-15α),4.16(1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-2'),4.00(1H,td,J=11.9,3.3 Hz,H-5'α),3.88(1H,d,J=5.08 Hz,H-2),3.59(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-11),3.14(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13β),2.82(1H,d,J=3.9 Hz,H-13α),2.50(1H,m,H-3β),2.20~2.40(4H,m,H-3α,2',3'),1.90~2.00(4H,m,H-7β,8,4'β),1.75(3H,s,H-16),1.70-1.80(2H,m,H-7α,4'α),0.90(3H,d,J=6.75,H-12'),0.87(3H,s,H-14);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:174.7(C-1'),166.1(C-11'),165.4(C-6'),141.1(C-9),138.9(C-9'),138.8(C-8'),127.5(C-7'),125.8(C-10'),117.9(C-10),78.9(C-4),75.5(C-2),74.2(C-2'),66.9(C-11),65.2(C-12),63.5(C-15),61.1(C-5'),49.5(C-5),47.8(C-13),44.2(C-6),34.9(C-3),33.2(C-3'),32.2(C-4'),27.5(C-8),23.3(C-16),20.0(C-7),10.0(C-12'),7.3(C-14)。以上核磁數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[18]報(bào)道的疣孢菌素A(verrucarin A)的核磁數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故確定該化合物為疣孢菌素A(verrucarin A)。

圖1 化合物1~14 的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Chemical structures of compounds 1-14

3.2 農(nóng)藥活性

3.2.1 除草活性測試

測試了14 個化合物樣品的除草活性。測試結(jié)果以測試值99 或0 表示,其中,99 表示測試樣品能完全抑制雜草的生長,具有顯著的除草活性,0 表示該樣品沒有除草活性。測試結(jié)果見表1。試驗(yàn)表明,除化合物11 外,其余化合物以10 ppm 的濃度對擬南芥都有顯著的生長抑制作用;大多數(shù)化合物以32 ppm 的濃度對早熟禾有生長抑制作用。

3.2.2 殺蟲活性測試

測試了14 個化合物樣品的殺蟲活性。相對于對照組,樣品的測試結(jié)果以死亡率評估,采用99 或0 來表示,其中99 表明樣品對害蟲的死亡率超過70%,0 表明死亡率不顯著或沒有死亡,測試結(jié)果見表1。試驗(yàn)表明,除化合物12 外,其余化合物在1000 ppm 的濃度下,對綠棉鈴蟲致死率大于70%。

表1 化合物1~14 的除草殺蟲活性測試結(jié)果Table 1 Herbcidal and pesticidal activities of compounds 1 to 14

4 結(jié)果與討論

一直以來,植物草害和蟲害都是導(dǎo)致農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)的主要影響因素。而如今由于化學(xué)除草劑和殺蟲劑的廣泛使用,對環(huán)境造成了重大的災(zāi)害;近年來,為了取代化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,開啟農(nóng)業(yè)綠色革命,生物防治已成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。生物除草劑或殺蟲劑相對于化學(xué)農(nóng)藥,不僅具有良好的防治效果,而且還具有不污染環(huán)境,不影響人類的健康等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。特別是針對一些特定生物或外侵生物(如水葫蘆[21])入侵時,化學(xué)防治或人工機(jī)械拔出費(fèi)用太高而達(dá)不到有效控制時,采取合適的生物防治能得到有效治理。

本文從羌活內(nèi)生菌疣孢漆斑菌發(fā)酵液的乙酸乙酯部位分離得到14 個單端孢霉烯類化合物,其中化合物2、6、7 為首次從該種真菌中分離得到。我們通過對化合物做了農(nóng)藥活性測試試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),10 ppm 的化合物對擬南芥有顯著的生長抑制作用,32 ppm 對早熟禾有生長抑制作用,1000 ppm 對綠棉鈴蟲的致死率大于70%。這些次生代謝產(chǎn)物具有除草,殺蟲的作用,尤其對雜草擬南芥和綠棉鈴蟲的作用效果甚好。為單端孢霉烯的利用提供科學(xué)依據(jù),對于將單端孢霉烯類化合物開發(fā)為生物除草劑和在棉花的種植中用于殺滅綠棉鈴蟲都有很好的開發(fā)利用前景。

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