范媛媛,鄭博,王新剛,張斌,陳明,霍勇
· 論著 ·
冠狀動脈造影及介入術后止血方法對血管并發(fā)癥的影響
范媛媛,鄭博,王新剛,張斌,陳明,霍勇
目的評價用于冠狀動脈造影或經皮冠狀動脈介入術(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的3種血管止血器(angioseal,perclose,橈動脈止血器)及傳統(tǒng)人工按壓方法的安全性。方法入選2007年1月至2013年1月于北京大學第一臨床醫(yī)院心血管內科心臟導管中心行冠脈造影或冠脈介入術(包括擇期及急診PCI)的患者4717例,男性3018例(64.1%),女性1699例(35.9%),平均年齡(60.6±10.3)歲。根據(jù)血管止血方法分為4組,AngioSeal組(1011例),Perclose組(1000例),人工按壓組(1677例),橈動脈止血器組(1029例)。比較4組主要及次要血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,分析血管并發(fā)癥的危險因素。結果研究人群中共出現(xiàn)10例主要血管并發(fā)癥,均發(fā)生于人工按壓組。與人工按壓組比較,Angioseal組和Perclose組血腫及出血、迷走神經反射及血管痙攣發(fā)生率減少,血栓形成及血管閉塞發(fā)生率增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P均<0.05)。與人工按壓組比較,Perclose組假性動脈瘤發(fā)生率增加,Angioseal組動脈夾層及動靜脈瘺發(fā)生率下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。以人工按壓組為對照,橈動脈止血器(OR=0.35,95%CI:0.25~0.49)和Angioseal(OR=0.26,95%CI:0.25~0.49)發(fā)生次要血管并發(fā)癥的風險明顯降低(P均<0.001),Perclose次之(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.54~0.93,P=0.013)。采用橈動脈途徑的患者(OR=0.49,95%CI:0.36~0.69)次要血管并發(fā)癥風險低于經股動脈途徑。年齡(OR=1.06,95%CI:1.01~1.04)、女性(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.58~2.64)、高血壓(OR=1.81,95%CI:1.23~2.23)、肌酐清除率下降(OR=0.94,95%CI:0.95~0.97)是冠狀動脈造影及介入術后次要血管并發(fā)癥的危險因素。結論血管止血器相對于人工按壓顯著減少血管并發(fā)癥。經橈動脈穿刺途徑較股動脈途徑具有更高的安全性。
血管止血器; 血管并發(fā)癥;經皮冠狀動脈介入術;冠脈造影
隨著冠狀動脈性心臟病的發(fā)病率升高,行冠狀動脈(冠脈)造影或經皮冠狀動脈介入術(PCI)的人數(shù)增多。美國超過75%的冠脈血運重建依賴PCI完成[1]。一項Meta分析(共納入3662例)結果顯示:3.1%~11.4%的行冠脈造影及PCI術的患者出現(xiàn)手術相關的血管并發(fā)癥[1]。出現(xiàn)手術血管并發(fā)癥的患者1年死亡率(7.5%)明顯高于無血管并發(fā)癥者(1.1%)[2]。近些年,設計了不同的止血器及穿刺入路途徑(經橈動脈、股動脈、肱動脈)以減少血管相關并發(fā)癥。目前血管止血器如Angioseal,Perclose,Mynx,StarClose,橈動脈止血器等逐漸取代人工按壓,但止血器置入或止血失敗后仍給予補救性人工按壓止血。血管止血器可明顯縮短冠脈介入術后患者臥床時間,提高患者舒適度,減少血管并發(fā)癥。尤其橈動脈止血器因其良好的舒適度、較少血管并發(fā)癥成為止血的首選。然而,國內外仍有很多研究質疑:血管止血器的安全性是否顯著優(yōu)于人工按壓法。本研究利用2007年1月至2013年1月于北京大學第一臨床醫(yī)院心導管中心行冠脈造影或者冠脈介入術(包括擇期及急診PCI)的患者,探究三種常見止血器(AngioSeal,Perclose及橈動脈止血器)和人工按壓法發(fā)生血管并發(fā)癥的風險,評價使用血管止血器的安全性。
1.1 研究對象和分組選取2007年1月至2013年1月于北京大學第一臨床醫(yī)院心血管內科心臟導管中心行冠脈造影或冠脈介入術(包括擇期及急診PCI)的患者4717例,男性3018例(64.1%),女性1699例(35.9%),平均年齡(60.6±10.3)歲。納入標準:①診斷為穩(wěn)定型心絞痛/不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛/急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死/急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死;②經股動脈或橈動脈行冠狀動脈造影或者冠脈介入術;③病史資料完整。排除標準:①廣泛的股動脈鈣化及嚴重斑塊形成,無法穿刺;②穿刺部位明顯疤痕;③穿刺超過3次;④心源性休克或術中給予主動脈內球囊反搏(IABP)支持;⑤出血傾向:凝血功能異常或嚴重的血小板減少癥;⑥肌酐清除率<30 ml/min;⑦非死亡患者手術當天出院;⑧術中應用比伐盧定抗凝。所有患者分4組,AngioSeal組(1011例),Perclose組(1000例),人工按壓組(1677例),橈動脈止血器組(1029例)。急性冠脈綜合癥(包括不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死、急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死)2593例,行冠脈造影1262例,行PCI術3455例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 止血方法AngioSeal組使用AngioSeal(1453#,圣猶達)止血器,Perclose組使用Perclose(919#,雅培)止血器,橈動脈止血器組使用(RDP700/800,日本瑞翁)止血器,人工按壓組采用傳統(tǒng)人工按壓方法。
1.2.2 圍手術期操作所有患者術前予抗血小板治療。冠脈造影前及術中普通肝素抗凝。動脈穿刺部位、止血器及動脈鞘管直徑,穿刺后抗凝劑的使用(普通肝素、低分子肝素及糖蛋白IIb/IIIa拮抗劑)均由術者決定。是否應用血管縫合器依照患者意愿,并簽署知情同意單。Allen試驗陽性不能行橈動脈穿刺。冠脈造影、PCI術及止血器置入均由經驗豐富的醫(yī)師,依照規(guī)范操作程序完成。人工按壓的患者,術后監(jiān)測凝血時間(PT)到達目標值200~300 s,方拔出股動脈鞘管。拔出鞘管后人工按壓30 min。人工按壓組需于止血成功后制動24 h,使用Angioseal及Perclose的患者常規(guī)制動12 h,橈動脈止血器組穿刺上肢常規(guī)制動6 h。PCI術后患者推薦使用阿司匹林100 mg/d和氯吡格雷75 mg/d聯(lián)合抗血小板治療至少12月,若無禁忌,阿司匹林需長期服用。對于行PCI術的患者根據(jù)冠脈病變情況給予低分子肝素皮下注射1~7 d。住院期間血管止血器的置入及并發(fā)癥情況由導管室人員及臨床醫(yī)師詳細記錄。穿刺側動脈搏動由臨床醫(yī)師嚴密觀察。
1.3 血管并發(fā)癥的定義主要出血并發(fā)癥:①致死性的出血事件。②需輸注2個或以上的紅細胞或者等量的全血。③嚴重低血壓,需要正性肌力藥物糾正。④假性動脈瘤、動靜脈瘺、腹膜后血腫,局部穿刺部位出血導致嚴重低血壓,或者需要輸注至少2單位血紅蛋白,且需外科手術干預。⑤引起嚴重的致殘后遺癥。⑥顱內或者眼內出血導致嚴重的視力喪失。⑦血紅蛋白下降至少50 g/L。主要出血事件定義參照急性缺血綜合癥評估策略組織(OASIS)對于冠脈造影或者PCI術后主要出血事件的定義。次要血管并發(fā)癥:①未達到主要出血事件標準或者需要輸注1單位全血,或者需要調整藥物方案(比如停用抗血小板或者抗栓治療)。②局部出血及穿刺部位的血腫形成(股動脈穿刺>5 cm的血腫,橈動脈穿刺>2 cm的血腫),同側假性動脈瘤,動脈夾層(股動脈、橈動脈或者鎖骨下動脈)、動靜脈瘺、血栓形成及血管閉塞(股動脈及橈動脈)、腹膜后血腫,無需手術干預。上述并發(fā)癥需血管超聲協(xié)助診斷。③局部血管痙攣及血管迷走性反射。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學分析所有的數(shù)據(jù)由統(tǒng)計學軟件SPSS 18進行。計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(±s)表示,兩組間均數(shù)的比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)(構成比)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。Logistic回歸分析確定影響血管并發(fā)癥的因素。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 基線資料比較四組患者性別、血壓、合并高血壓、冠脈搭橋比例差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P均>0.05)。與人工按壓組比較,Angioseal組、Perclose組、橈動脈止血器組糖尿病、冠脈綜合癥、PCI比例下降,肌酐清除率上升,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P均<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 四組患者血管并發(fā)癥情況共出現(xiàn)10例主要血管并發(fā)癥,其中1例腹膜后血腫,出現(xiàn)失血性休克;1例股動靜脈瘺和1例股動脈假性動脈瘤,需要手術修補,2例嚴重股動脈血腫,出現(xiàn)嚴重低血壓。5例患者出現(xiàn)消化道出血,血紅蛋白明顯下降,經輸血支持好轉出院。10例均發(fā)生于人工按壓組。局部血腫和出血是最常見的次要血管并發(fā)癥,與人工按壓組比較,Angioseal組和Perclose組血腫及出血、迷走神經反射及血管痙攣發(fā)生率減少,血栓形成及血管閉塞發(fā)生率增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P均<0.05)。與人工按壓組比較,Perclose組假性動脈瘤發(fā)生率增加,Angioseal組動脈夾層及動靜脈瘺發(fā)生率下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P均<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 不同止血方法比較以人工按壓組為對照,橈動脈止血器(OR=0.35,95%CI:0.25~0.49)和Angioseal(OR=0.26,95%CI:0.25~0.49)發(fā)生次要血管并發(fā)癥的風險明顯降低(P均<0.001),Perclose次之(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.54~0.93,P=0.013)(見表3)。采用橈動脈途徑的患者(OR=0.49,95%CI:0.36~0.69)次要血管并發(fā)癥風險低于經股動脈途徑。
2.4 回歸分析結果高齡、女性、高血壓及糖尿病與次要血管并發(fā)癥呈顯著正相關,正常體質指數(shù)及肌酐清除率增加對于減少次要血管并發(fā)癥有一定保護作用。多因素分析結果顯示,年齡(OR=1.06,95%CI:1.01~1.04)、女性(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.58~2.64)、高血壓(OR=1.81,95%CI:1.23~2.23)、肌酐清除率下降(OR=0.94,95%CI:0.95~0.97)是冠狀動脈造影及介入術后次要血管并發(fā)癥的危險因素。見表4。
冠脈造影及PCI術后的血管并發(fā)癥已經成為血管止血器研究的焦點,然而,對于各種血管縫合器及封堵器的安全性評價并不一致。很多研究指出應用于臨床的血管止血器的安全性及有效性優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的人工按壓法[4-6]。Tavris等[7]指出Angioseal和perclose較人工按壓明顯減少了出血及其他血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。一項Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),一些血管止血器甚至增加血腫及假性動脈瘤的風險[8]。還有一些研究指出,血管止血器增加肢體缺血及腹股溝區(qū)感染的風險[9,10]。Nikolsky E等[11]比較了PCI術后血管止血器及人工按壓的血管并發(fā)癥情況,止血器導致血腫發(fā)生率增加(9.3% vs. 5.1%,P<0.001),血紅蛋白下降增加(5.2% vs. 2.5%,P<0.001)。一項Meta分析指出Angioseal封堵器與人工按壓相比,降低血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,而Perclose縫合器增加血腫及出血風險[2,11,12]。
對于股動脈穿刺處的止血,器械止血由于人工按壓。但Perclose組的假性動脈瘤發(fā)生率高于其他組。Perclose止血器學習曲線長,容易出現(xiàn)不完全的縫合可能是導致動靜脈瘺、動脈夾層等的主要原因,尤其在明顯動脈鈣化的情況下。Angioseal封堵器因血腫、動脈夾層等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率低、容易掌握而較廣泛應用。使用Angioseal封堵器后穿刺部位局部血栓形成,因此一些病例報道對Angioseal封堵器長期安全性提出質疑[13,14]。
表1 各組患者基線資料比較
因對股動脈穿刺處壓迫不當或不充分、穿刺位置判斷失誤均可繼發(fā)血管并發(fā)癥。但橈動脈較股動脈細小淺表,易于定位和按壓,無復雜的毗鄰結構及重要器官,發(fā)生嚴重血管并發(fā)癥的幾率相對小。然而橈動脈的管徑小,在前臂的血管分布及走行往往存在解剖變異(比如存在橈動脈環(huán)),穿刺時有發(fā)生橈動脈或鎖骨下動脈夾層、血管穿孔或痙攣的風險。橈動脈穿刺學習曲線較長,當手術緊急、復雜,多次穿刺失敗、橈動脈嚴重鈣化時轉為股動脈穿刺途徑。
表2 不同止血方法的次要血管并發(fā)癥
表3 不同止血方法比較
表4 影響次要血管并發(fā)癥的單因素及多因素的預測因子
本研究中主要血管并發(fā)癥均發(fā)生于經股動脈入路組,次要血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率于橈動脈入路組明顯降低。多個研究均提示經橈動脈入路在單純冠脈造影及PCI術中較安全[15-17]。一項Meta分析指出與經股動脈入路相比,經橈動脈入路降低出血風險[18]。同時與經股動脈途徑相比,經橈動脈途徑顯著減少主要出血事件[19,20]、卒中、心肌梗死及死亡[21]的發(fā)生率。一項隨機平行多中心研究發(fā)現(xiàn):經橈動脈穿刺和股動脈穿刺的血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯無差異(分別為3.7%和4.0%)[22]。Chodor P等得出類似結論:冠脈介入術后主要心血管不良事件及出血并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率于橈動脈穿刺途徑組分別為2.1%和8.2%,股動脈穿刺途徑組分別為1.7%和10.2%[23]。經股動脈穿刺,尤其是人工按壓,使患者臥床及制動時間增加,容易出現(xiàn)背痛、尿潴留等不適。經橈動脈途徑因其減少疼痛、改善生活質量、縮短住院時間而更易被患者接受。以往醫(yī)師因經股動脈穿刺可縮短血管開通時間,但隨著醫(yī)師經驗的積累和針對異常血管解剖結構的導管及導絲的出現(xiàn),經橈動脈入路已成為優(yōu)先選擇[24-26]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高齡、女性、高血壓及糖尿病病史與次要血管并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相關。Ayhan等[27]在研究中指出女性及高齡(>75歲)股動脈假性動脈瘤發(fā)生率高。Duvernoy等[28]也發(fā)現(xiàn)女性術后出現(xiàn)卒中、嚴重出血事件及死亡的風險增加。與Nipun Arora等[29]的研究結果一致。腎功能不全患者的血管并發(fā)癥多見于出血。除上述因素外,介入者操作血管止血器的“學習曲線”,可能是影響血管并發(fā)癥的潛在因素。
其次,根據(jù)患者及術者意愿選擇止血途徑可能會造成偏倚,影響最終研究結果。同時常規(guī)超聲檢查可輔助診斷可能的并發(fā)癥(動靜脈瘺、局部動脈血栓形成等),因此術后未常規(guī)行血管超聲檢查,可能導致無臨床癥狀的血管并發(fā)癥未被發(fā)現(xiàn)。晚期血管并發(fā)癥如穿刺動脈或深靜脈血栓形成,可能在數(shù)周或者數(shù)月后出現(xiàn),超出我們的研究時限。綜上所述,對于冠脈造影或者PCI術后的患者,器械止血方法(Angioseal和Perclose)較傳統(tǒng)人工按壓法減少了股動脈穿刺后的血管并發(fā)癥。而橈動脈穿刺途徑較股動脈穿刺途徑明顯降低血管并發(fā)癥的風險,值得臨床廣泛使用。
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Influences of hemostatic methods on vascular complications after coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention
FAN Yuan-yuan*, ZHENG Bo, WANG Xin-gang, ZHANG Bin, CHEN Ming, HUO Yong.*Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
ObjectiveTo review the safety of 3 kinds of vascular hemostats (angioseal, perclose and radial hemostat) and traditional manual compression (MC) applied during coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsThe patients undergone CAG or PCI [n=4717, male 3018 (64.1%), female 1699 (35.9%) and average age: 60.6±10.3] were chosen from Jan. 1, 2007 to Jan. 1, 2013, and then divided into 4 groups including angioseal group (n=1011), perclose group (n=1000), MC group (n=1677) and radial hemostat group (n=1029). The incidence rates of major or secondary vascular complications were compared, and risk factors of vascular complications were analyzed.ResultsThere were totally 10 cases with major vascular complications and all of them in MC group. Compared with MC group, the incidence rates of hematoma, bleeding, vagal reflex and vasospasm decreased, and those of thrombosis and vascular occlusion increased in angioseal group and perclose group (all P<0.05). Compared with MC group, the incidence rate of pweudo aneurysm increased in perclose group, and incidence rates of arterial dissection and arterovenous fistula decreased in angioseal group. Taken MC group as control, radial hemostat (OR=0.35,95%CI:0.25~0.49) and angioseal (OR=0.26, 95%CI: 0.25~0.49) had significantly lower risk of secondary vascular complications (all P<0.001), and perclose (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.54~0.93, P=0.013) had low risk. The risk of secondary vascular complications was lower in the patients with transradial hemostat (OR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.36~0.69) than that in those with transfemoral hemostat. Age (OR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.01~1.04), female (OR=2.33, 95%CI: 1.58~2.64), hypertension (OR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.23-2.23 and decrease of creatinine clearance rate (OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.95~0.97) were risk factors of secondary vascular complications after CAG or PCI.ConclusionVascular hemostats, compared with MC, can significantly reduce incidence of vascular complications, and transradial hemostat has higher safety compared with transfemoral hemostat.
Vascular hemostat; Vascular complications; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Coronary angiography
R816.2
A
1674-4055(2015)01-0049-05
2014-06-10)
(責任編輯:姚雪莉)
100034 北京,北京大學第一醫(yī)院心內科
范媛媛,E-mail:6688qingchuan@sina.com
10.3969/j.1674-4055.2015.01.16