徐繼陽(yáng) 張校銘 余云生★ 沈振亞 黃浩岳
右胸前外側(cè)切口微創(chuàng)二尖瓣置換術(shù)臨床療效觀察
徐繼陽(yáng)張校銘余云生★沈振亞黃浩岳
目的 總結(jié)右胸前外側(cè)小切口二尖瓣置換手術(shù)臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),探討其臨床意義。方法 對(duì)2011年4月至2014年8月期間行右胸前外側(cè)小切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)(微創(chuàng)組)60例患者臨床資料進(jìn)行分析。其手術(shù)徑路為經(jīng)右胸前外側(cè)第4肋間切口,采用股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈建立體外循環(huán),經(jīng)房間溝或右房切口實(shí)施二尖瓣置換手術(shù),術(shù)后評(píng)估手術(shù)效果。并與行常規(guī)胸骨正中切口二尖瓣置換手術(shù)80例患者(對(duì)照組)進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果 60例均手術(shù)成功,術(shù)后早期死亡1例,死于低心排血量綜合征和右心功能不全。胸骨正中切口組無(wú)死亡病例。微創(chuàng)組平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(198.5±58.2)min,體外循環(huán)時(shí)間(49.5±18.2)min,升主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間(43.0±18.6)min,術(shù)后平均呼吸機(jī)輔助時(shí)間(7.2±3.0)h,術(shù)后平均胸腔引流液(415.5±252.4)ml,平均住院時(shí)間(12.5±4.4)d。微創(chuàng)手術(shù)組患者與胸骨正中切口組患者比較,微創(chuàng)組手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組,體外循環(huán)時(shí)間、升主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)后呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸時(shí)間,術(shù)后胸腔引流液及術(shù)后住院天數(shù)微創(chuàng)組少于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組。結(jié)論 右胸前外側(cè)切口二尖瓣替換術(shù)安全可靠。與傳統(tǒng)正中切口比較,減小生理、心理創(chuàng)傷,有利于患者術(shù)后的恢復(fù),值得推廣應(yīng)用。
微創(chuàng) 二尖瓣置換術(shù) 微創(chuàng)外科 小切口
傳統(tǒng)的心臟手術(shù)為大創(chuàng)傷手術(shù),常規(guī)切口為胸骨正中切口,該切口術(shù)野暴露好,但胸骨正中切開(kāi)創(chuàng)傷巨大,術(shù)后患者疼痛明顯。隨著心臟外科技術(shù)的成熟,麻醉、體外循環(huán)和圍術(shù)期監(jiān)護(hù)等技術(shù)水平的提高,微創(chuàng)心臟瓣膜(MIVS)外科的手術(shù)方法已逐步成形,與心臟手術(shù)相關(guān)的病死率也逐漸下降。微創(chuàng)二尖瓣置換逐漸成為心臟外科的主流?;仡櫡治霰驹盒难芡饪?011年4月至2014年8月開(kāi)展右胸前外側(cè)小切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)60例和同期常規(guī)正中切口二尖瓣置換手術(shù)80例患者臨床資料,探討其安全性及可操作性。
1.1一般資料 二尖瓣置換手術(shù)患者共140例,均明確診斷為二尖瓣病變,分為兩組。微創(chuàng)組60例,男23例,女37例;年齡37~71歲,平均(52.5±12.1)歲。其中二尖瓣狹窄27例、二尖瓣反流7例、二尖瓣狹窄伴關(guān)閉不全21例、二尖瓣病變合并中度以上三尖瓣反流5例(均同期行三尖瓣成形術(shù))。胸部X線片心胸比率0.45~0.65,平均(0.54±0.13)。心超檢查左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)0.42~0.73,平均(0.50±0.23)。心功能分級(jí)(NYHA分級(jí))I級(jí)9例、Ⅱ級(jí)36例、Ⅲ級(jí)15例。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組(對(duì)照組)80例,男31例,女49例;年齡39~75歲,平均(51.6±13.5)歲。其中二尖瓣狹窄33例、二尖瓣反流11例、二尖瓣狹窄瓣關(guān)閉不全24例、二尖瓣病變合并中度以上三尖瓣反流7例(均同期行三尖瓣成形術(shù))、合并左心房血栓5例(同期行左心房血栓清除術(shù))。胸部X線片心胸比率0.47~0.78,平均(0.49±0.15)。心超檢查左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)0.40~0.71,平均(0.48±0.21)。心功能分級(jí)(NYHA分級(jí))I級(jí)13例、Ⅱ級(jí)47例、Ⅲ級(jí)20例。所有心功能Ⅲ級(jí)患者入院后均常規(guī)予強(qiáng)心利尿、擴(kuò)血管治療,待心功能改善后行手術(shù)治療。
1.2手術(shù)方法 患者均采用靜脈復(fù)合麻醉,雙腔氣管插管,在淺低溫和體外循環(huán)輔助下完成手術(shù)。患者取左側(cè)60~90°臥位,右胸抬高15~30°。先經(jīng)股動(dòng)、靜脈插管建立體外循環(huán),根據(jù)患者體質(zhì)量和股動(dòng)、靜脈粗細(xì)選擇合適的股動(dòng)脈插管,股靜脈插至下腔靜脈,再經(jīng)右胸前外切口進(jìn)胸。男性行右側(cè)腋前線乳頭下第4肋間沿著皮紋做弧形切口,女性采用乳房下緣沿著皮紋做弧形切口,左肺單肺通氣,使右肺萎陷,左肺給予適量呼氣末正壓通氣(PEEP),經(jīng)第3或第4肋間進(jìn)胸。于右膈神經(jīng)前2cm處縱切心包,上至升主動(dòng)脈心包折返處,下至下腔靜脈膈肌交界,縫兩針心包牽引。經(jīng)切口行上腔靜脈插管,管道經(jīng)切口前緣引出。右上肺靜脈根部以4-0 Prolene線做一褥式荷包置入左心引流管。由腋前線第3肋間打孔安置主動(dòng)脈阻斷鉗,余升主動(dòng)脈根部以4-0 Prolene線做一褥式荷包縫線,將冷灌注針插入升主動(dòng)脈。主動(dòng)脈鉗經(jīng)橫竇阻斷主動(dòng)脈后,順序灌注冷血停跳液,冰屑降溫,保護(hù)心肌。心臟停跳后,沿房間溝縱切左房,暴露二尖瓣,剪除病變二尖瓣,取出二尖瓣,徹底沖洗。置入人工瓣膜,將換瓣線逐一縫至瓣環(huán)墊,檢查有無(wú)漏縫,瓣葉活動(dòng)情況。再用3-0Prolene線連續(xù)縫合左房。升主動(dòng)脈開(kāi)放前,左心引流管和主動(dòng)脈根部灌注管持續(xù)吸引,麻醉師膨肺,調(diào)整患者體位至頭低腳高位,心臟排氣,逐步撤離體外循環(huán),拔除主動(dòng)脈插管前魚(yú)精蛋白中和肝素。止血,縫合股動(dòng)、靜脈,間斷縫合心包,心包腔置一細(xì)軟引流管,經(jīng)第3肋間側(cè)孔接負(fù)壓引球。常規(guī)置右胸引流管,膨肺后關(guān)胸。若合并中度以上三尖瓣反流,房間隔縫閉、主動(dòng)脈開(kāi)放后并行循環(huán)下行三尖瓣成型術(shù)。對(duì)照組經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)胸骨正中切口行二尖瓣置換手術(shù)。若合并左心房血栓,則同期行左心房血栓清除術(shù)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
兩組手術(shù)均順利完成,微創(chuàng)組術(shù)后早期(術(shù)后30d內(nèi))死亡1例,于術(shù)后第7天死于低心排血量綜合征和右心功能不全,兩組均無(wú)因術(shù)后出血而二次開(kāi)胸止血。常規(guī)手術(shù)組術(shù)后早期無(wú)死亡,均痊愈出院。體外循環(huán)時(shí)間微創(chuàng)組(49.5±18.2)min與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組(47.4±18.2)min差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。升主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間微創(chuàng)組(43.0±18.6)min與傳統(tǒng)組(43.8±17.4)min兩組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸時(shí)間微創(chuàng)組(7.2±3.0)h少于傳統(tǒng)組(14.3±5.6)h,術(shù)后胸腔引流液量微創(chuàng)組(415.5±252.4)ml少于傳統(tǒng)組(485.5±272.5)ml,住院時(shí)間微創(chuàng)組(12.5±4.4)d少于傳統(tǒng)組(14.5±4.8)d,以上兩組指標(biāo)比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后出院前1d測(cè)量手術(shù)切口,微創(chuàng)組(5.8±0.6)cm<傳統(tǒng)組(21.0±2.2)cm(P<0.05)。兩組患者治療中,除1例因術(shù)后低心排血量綜合征和右心功能不全死亡外,其余患者均恢復(fù)良好,無(wú)嚴(yán)重心律失常、感染和栓塞等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。所有患者手術(shù)切口均甲級(jí)愈合。所有患者術(shù)后復(fù)查心超證實(shí)人工心臟瓣膜功能良好,無(wú)瓣周漏、殘余分流發(fā)生。術(shù)后患者電話或門診隨訪,根據(jù)凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)調(diào)整抗凝,無(wú)遠(yuǎn)期死亡病例。術(shù)后半年患者門診心超檢查人工心臟瓣膜功能良好,心功能好轉(zhuǎn)。
二尖瓣置換手術(shù)已經(jīng)成為心臟外科常規(guī)手術(shù),微創(chuàng)心臟手術(shù)是心臟外科的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),對(duì)于微創(chuàng)心臟瓣膜置換手術(shù)目前尚無(wú)明確的定義[1,2]。二尖瓣的微創(chuàng)外科發(fā)展迅速,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道的微創(chuàng)二尖瓣外科手術(shù)方法主要有:(1)經(jīng)右前胸或者腋下小切口的心內(nèi)直視手術(shù)。(2)胸腔鏡輔助的心內(nèi)直視手術(shù)。(3)全胸腔鏡下心臟手術(shù)。(4)機(jī)器人心臟手術(shù)[3]。由于機(jī)器人及胸腔鏡設(shè)備昂貴,成本高,操作復(fù)雜,學(xué)習(xí)周期長(zhǎng),不利于廣泛推廣應(yīng)用。而右前胸小切口所需的微創(chuàng)器械簡(jiǎn)單,手術(shù)視野暴露清楚,手術(shù)操作與常規(guī)胸骨正中切口路徑基本相同,對(duì)于無(wú)條件開(kāi)展胸腔鏡或機(jī)器人輔助心臟手術(shù)單位,右胸前外側(cè)小切口值得推廣應(yīng)用。
右胸前外側(cè)小切口二尖瓣置換手術(shù)目前并無(wú)明確的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證[4],一般取決于外科醫(yī)師的手術(shù)技巧、麻醉醫(yī)師、體外循環(huán)醫(yī)師的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。右前胸小切口二尖瓣組織顯露明顯,但術(shù)野較深,操作上存在一定困難,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間較傳統(tǒng)正中切口略長(zhǎng)。風(fēng)濕性心臟瓣膜病多發(fā)于女性,對(duì)于年輕女性,右前胸小切口尤其適合,術(shù)后切口小,切口位于乳下,術(shù)后瘢痕被乳房遮蓋,手術(shù)切口隱蔽。對(duì)于老年患者和糖尿病患者,胸骨正中切口容易導(dǎo)致胸骨愈合不良,右前胸小切口有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而對(duì)于右側(cè)胸腔既往曾做過(guò)手術(shù),廣泛粘連,右胸放化療后,嚴(yán)重肺動(dòng)脈高壓,嚴(yán)重肺功能不全,合并未治療的嚴(yán)重冠心病患者,術(shù)前心超檢查提示二尖瓣環(huán)鈣化嚴(yán)重患者,采用右前胸小切口手術(shù)存在困難。對(duì)于胸骨正中切口二尖瓣成形或冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)術(shù)后二次手術(shù)患者,為避免再次正中切口對(duì)心臟及血管橋的損傷,可采用本術(shù)式。同時(shí)右胸前外側(cè)小切口對(duì)于有可能行二次心臟手術(shù)的患者,因其手術(shù)路徑不涉及容易損傷的右室流出道,對(duì)于二次經(jīng)胸骨正中切口行手術(shù)亦有優(yōu)勢(shì)[5]。
右胸前外側(cè)小切口二尖瓣置換術(shù)手術(shù)切口小,對(duì)呼吸功能影響較小,術(shù)后輸血量少,術(shù)后呼吸機(jī)輔助時(shí)間比傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)時(shí)間短,與國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似[6,7]。行右前胸小切口二尖瓣置換時(shí),應(yīng)保留胸骨的完整性,限制胸腺及縱隔的游離,減少術(shù)中、術(shù)后的血液流失,減少術(shù)后引流量和術(shù)后輸血量。隨著微創(chuàng)外科的發(fā)展,微創(chuàng)瓣膜外科(MIVS)發(fā)展迅速,其核心主要集中在切口選擇的演變及腔鏡、機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)等方面,以及“Hybrid”的發(fā)展,臨床上可以滿足不同的手術(shù)需要[8,9]。
本組患者目前術(shù)后隨訪2個(gè)月~4年,隨訪結(jié)果良好,微創(chuàng)組手術(shù)近遠(yuǎn)期效果與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組比較無(wú)明顯差異??傊捎糜倚厍巴鈧?cè)小切口行微創(chuàng)二尖瓣置換手術(shù)是安全可靠的,其創(chuàng)傷小,恢復(fù)快,術(shù)后瘢痕輕。
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objective To review and summarize the successful experience of 60 patients with minimally invasive mitral valve surgery via right minithoracotomy. Methods From April 2011 to August 2014,60 patients with mitral diseases were enrolled and underwent mitral valve replacement through right minihtoractomy . Surgical access was through a right anterolateral thoracotomy in the forth intercostal space. A main surgical incision was made over the lateral border of the right breast. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established via femoral cannulation. Mitral valve replacement were performed via interatrial groove or right atrium. 80 cases with mitral diseases through traditional medium sternotomy were also enrolled. Result All the operations were successful . One patient died postoperatively,which died of low cardiac output syndrome and right heart insuffi ciency. No dead patient was found in the traditional surgery group. Mean operation, cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamp times were(198.5±58.2)min,(49.5±18.2)min and(43.0±18.6)min respectively. The mean postoperative ventilation time was(7.2±3.0)h. The mean total chest tube drainage was(415.5±252.4)mL, and the mean length of hospital stay were(12.5±4.4)d.. No differences were found in the cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamp times between the minimally invasive operation group and the traditional one. Although the mean operation time in invasive group was longer than the traditional group, but its mean ventilation time and the mean length stay of hospital were shorter, and its mean total chest tube drainage was less than that one. Conclusion Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery via right minithoracotomy is feasible,safe. It has less trauma and injury for patients,and benefi ts patients' rapid recovery. Minimally invasive mitral replacement is worthy of widely clinical elective application.
Minimally invasive Mitral valve surgery Mini-incision
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