摘 要:《渭川田家》是唐朝著名詩人王維的成名之作。這首詩歌的譯本很多,但是真正質(zhì)量上乘的譯本并不多。從認(rèn)知語言學(xué)翻譯理論中的語境創(chuàng)設(shè)最大限度的等值原理來看,許淵沖的譯本比較好的反映了原文的意思和語境。
關(guān)鍵詞:認(rèn)知語言學(xué);語境
一、《渭川田家》詩歌概述
《渭川田家》是唐代詩人王維晚年時(shí)期的作品。這首詩描述的是一幅夕陽西下渭川農(nóng)家恬淡而悠閑的生活畫卷。整首詩歌語言樸素,使用近乎白描的手法,描寫了鄉(xiāng)村人物和景象皆有所歸的情景。當(dāng)時(shí)的王維在政治上正處于失意之時(shí),他所倚重的官員張九齡被貶回家,王維不知自己路在何方,無處可歸,看到這種景象,作者有感而發(fā)。原詩原文如下:
渭川田家
王維
斜陽照墟落,窮巷牛羊歸。
野老念牧童,倚杖候荊扉。
雉雊麥苗秀,蠶眠桑葉稀。
田夫荷鋤至,相見語依依。
即此羨閑逸,悵然吟式微。
二、《渭川田家》英文譯本的比較研究
在美國,唐代詩歌被翻譯出英文最多的是王維的詩歌,也許是因?yàn)橥蹙S的詩歌多描寫田園生活,這種生活同時(shí)也是很多美國人所向往的,所以收到了美國人的青睞。《渭川田家》的英文譯本較多,現(xiàn)選取其中的三個(gè)譯本進(jìn)行研究。
譯文1: FARM HOUSE ON THE WEI STREAM
The slanting sun shines on the cluster of small houses upon the Heights.
Oxen and sheep are coming home along the distant lane.
An old countryman is thinking of the herd - boy,
He leans on his staff by the thorn - branch gate, watching.
Pheasants are calling, the wheat is coming into ear,
Silk -worms sleep, the mulberry - leaves are thin.
Labourers, with their hoes over their shoulders, arrive;
They speak pleasantly together, loth to part.
It is for this I long -unambitious peace!
Disappointed in my hopes, dissatisfied,
I hum Dwindled and Shrunken.
Translated by Amy Lowell
譯文2: A FARM -HOUSE ON THE WEI RIVER
In the slant of the sun on the country -side,
Cattle and sheep trail home along the lane;
And a rugged old man in a thatch door
Leans on a staff and thinks of his son, the herd - boy.
There are whirring pheasants, full wheat ears,
Silk -worms asleep, pared mulberry - leaves.
And the farmers, returning with hoes on their shoulders,
Hail one another familiarly.
. . . No wonder I long for the simple life
And am sighing the old song, Oh, to go Back Again!
Translated by Witter Bynner
譯文3: RURAL SCENE BY RIVER WEI
The village lit by slanting rays,
The cattle trail on homeward ways.
See an old man for the herd wait.
Leaning on staff by wicker gate.
Pheasants call in wheat field with ease;
Silk worms sleep on sparse mulberries.
Shouldering hoe, two ploughmen meet;
They talk long, standing on their feet.
For this unhurried life I long,
Lost in singing “Home -going song”.
Translated by Xu Yuanchong
從認(rèn)知語言學(xué)視角來看,能夠被讀者比較輕松的認(rèn)知的前提是翻譯者的譯文所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語境應(yīng)該和原文所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語境最大限度的等同。本詩的原意是在夕陽西下之時(shí),牛羊都緩慢地歸回到村里。年邁的老者思念放牧的牛童,拄著拐杖,倚在柴門的門口在等待他們的歸來。雉雞在鳴叫,麥苗在抽穗,春蠶應(yīng)經(jīng)休眠,桑葉已經(jīng)稀疏。農(nóng)夫已經(jīng)荷鋤歸來,相互之間見面互相問好??匆姶饲榇司罢娴淖屛曳浅5牧w慕,在惆悵之中,我不僅吟誦起了詩歌《式微》。從這首詩歌的語境來看,譯文3能夠清晰地再現(xiàn)日暮之下,各種人和物皆有所歸的情景,譯文1和2都是外國人所譯,對(duì)中國的文化不能全部的了解,出現(xiàn)了部分錯(cuò)譯和漏譯現(xiàn)象。從認(rèn)知語境的創(chuàng)設(shè)來看,譯文3應(yīng)該屬于質(zhì)量上乘。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] Bassnett, Susan. Transplanting the Seed: Poetry and Translation[A]. In Bassnett, Susan. & Andre Lefevere. (eds.).Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation [C] .Shanghai : Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001:
[2]崔永祿,文學(xué)翻譯佳作對(duì)比賞析[C],天津:南開大學(xué)出版社, 2003
[3]方夢(mèng)之,譯學(xué)辭典[Z],上海:上海外語教育出版社,2004
[4]林語堂,論翻譯[A],羅新璋,翻譯論集[C],北京:商務(wù)印書館,1984
[5]呂叔湘,中詩英譯比錄[M],北京:中華書局,2002
作者簡(jiǎn)介:王曉輝(1977.1—),男,研究生,現(xiàn)為東北電力大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院講師,主要研究方向?yàn)橛⒚牢膶W(xué)和英語教育。