張秋芳,譚 艷,汪選斌,潘龍瑞,李洪亮,劉 慧,向繼洲,付 琴
(1.華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥理系,湖北武漢 430071;2.湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院藥理教研室,湖北十堰 442000;3.湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院武當(dāng)特色中藥湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北十堰 442000)
RISK信號(hào)通路在β2-腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑Clenbuterol減輕心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷中的作用
張秋芳1,2,3,譚 艷2,汪選斌3,潘龍瑞2,李洪亮3,劉 慧1,向繼洲1,付 琴1
(1.華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥理系,湖北武漢 430071;2.湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院藥理教研室,湖北十堰 442000;3.湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院武當(dāng)特色中藥湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖北十堰 442000)
中國(guó)圖書(shū)分類(lèi)號(hào):R-332;R322.11;R329.24;R392.11;R345.57;R845.22
摘要:目的 研究β2-腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑clenbuterol對(duì)原代培養(yǎng)的心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷的作用及其是否與激活再灌注損傷挽救激酶(reperfusion injury salvage kinase,RISK)信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。方法 將原代培養(yǎng)的新生Wistar大鼠乳鼠心肌細(xì)胞分為8組,①正常培養(yǎng)組;②缺氧/復(fù)氧(A/R)組;③clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R;④ICI118,551(10 μmol ·L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R組;⑤美托洛爾metoprolol(10 μmol·L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R組;⑥metoprolol(10μmol·L-1)+A/R組;⑦PD98059 (20 μmol·L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R組;⑧LY294002(10 μmol·L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R組。采用MTT法測(cè)定各組細(xì)胞存活率;比色法檢測(cè)心肌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液的乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)含量;Hoechst 33342熒光染色法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率;分子探針DCFH-DA檢測(cè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧的水平;Western blot檢測(cè)心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧后ERK及 p-ERK1/2蛋白的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 與A/R組比較,clen-buterol+A/R組明顯增高細(xì)胞存活率,降低LDH含量,降低細(xì)胞凋亡率,ROS產(chǎn)生減少,p-ERK1/2蛋白表達(dá)水平增高,而選擇性β2受體阻斷劑ICI 118,551可取消clenbuterol的上述作用,β1受體阻斷劑Metoprolol對(duì)clenbuterol的作用無(wú)影響,PI3K抑制劑LY294002和ERK1/2抑制劑PD98059可阻斷clenbuterol對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷的保護(hù)作用。結(jié)論 clenbuterol能夠減輕心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷,加入選擇性β2受體阻斷劑ICI 118,551,PI3K抑制劑LY294002和ERK抑制劑PD98059均使clenbuterol的保護(hù)作用取消,表明clenbuterol可通過(guò)激動(dòng)β2腎上腺素受體,激活RISK信號(hào)
通路發(fā)揮抗心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷的作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:clenbuterol;缺氧/復(fù)氧;心肌細(xì)胞;磷酸化ERK;PI3K;reperfusion injury salvage kinase(RISK)
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2015-9-14 14:53 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1086.R.20150914.1453.018.html
研究表明,再灌注損傷挽救激酶(reperfusion in-jury salvage kinase,RISK)信號(hào)系統(tǒng),包括細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)、磷酸肌醇3激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激酶Akt途徑,p38及絲氨酸激酶JNK等[1],在缺血/再灌中對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞起重要的保護(hù)作用,是治療急性心梗(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的新靶點(diǎn)。在再灌初期,加入PI3K的抑制劑可取消缺血后處理(ischemic postconditioning)的心肌保護(hù)作用[2]。ERK抑制劑也會(huì)取消缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)(ischemic precon-ditioning)的心肌保護(hù)作用[3],提示再灌注后的補(bǔ)救激酶系統(tǒng)在缺血/再灌損傷中起著重要的保護(hù)作用,
也是缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)與缺血后處理共同激活的激酶系統(tǒng)[2,4-5],是缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)與缺血后處理提供保護(hù)作用的共同通路。RISK信號(hào)系統(tǒng)的上游是G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體[1],而β受體是GPCRs家族中的一員,提示β受體可能在保護(hù)心肌缺血/再灌注損傷中起重要的作用。克倫特羅(clenbuterol,Clen)作為β2受體激動(dòng)劑,對(duì)血管、支氣管、子宮平滑肌都有舒張作用[6]。近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),clenbuterol對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞具有促“生理”性增生肥大作用[7]。而對(duì)右心衰后右心收縮功能有改善作用。臨床上已將clenbuterol應(yīng)用于心力衰竭患者除去左室輔助裝置后的恢復(fù)治療[8]。雖然Burniston等[9-10]報(bào)道clenbuterol可誘導(dǎo)正常健康大鼠心肌出現(xiàn)凋亡,但Xydas等[11]和Ahmet等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)clenbuterol及其他選擇性β2受體激動(dòng)劑fenoterol或zinterol等可改善冠脈左前降支(LAD)結(jié)扎后的心室舒張功能。Clenbuterol還可減少缺血性心肌病左室重塑,降低心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,改善鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)等;另外,clenbuterol還可上調(diào)暫時(shí)性前腦缺血模型中的Bcl-2/Bax[13]。而本課題組已經(jīng)報(bào)道clenbuterol對(duì)缺血/再灌注的心肌細(xì)胞有抗凋亡作用[14-15],但clenbuterol對(duì)缺血/再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用是否與RISK通路有關(guān),需進(jìn)一步探索。本實(shí)驗(yàn)擬采用原代培養(yǎng)心肌細(xì)胞,建立缺氧/復(fù)氧實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P鸵阅M缺血/再灌注損傷,觀察clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷的作用,并采用PI3K/Akt抑制劑LY294002和ERK1/2抑制劑PD98059,探索clen-buterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷的保護(hù)作用是否與RISK信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
1.1藥品與試劑 高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)自Gibco公司;胎牛血清(fetal calf serum,F(xiàn)CS)購(gòu)自杭州四季青公司;胰蛋白酶購(gòu)自Amerco公司;PD98059 (167869-21-8)和LY294002(154447-36-6)購(gòu)自Pro-mega corporation公司;ICI 118,551、克倫特羅(clen-buterol)(批號(hào):MFCD00083280)、膠原酶I(批號(hào):MFCD00130830)和Hoechst33342(批號(hào):MFCD00012678)購(gòu)自Sigma;LDH試劑盒購(gòu)自南京建成生物工程研究所;ROS試劑盒購(gòu)自碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;其他試劑均為市售分析純。
1.2乳鼠原代心肌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 取新生1~2 d Wist-ar乳鼠(由華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供),在無(wú)菌條件下,在其劍突下剪開(kāi)十字切口,取下心臟下1/3,用預(yù)冷D-Hanks洗去殘血,將心肌組織剪碎,并用冷D-Hanks清洗3遍,加入0.08%胰酶37℃消化1次,然后以0.08%膠原酶37℃消化數(shù)次,每次10 min,棄去第1次消化所得上清液,收集其余幾次消化所得上清液,以1∶1(體積)加入含10%胎牛血清高糖DMEM終止消化,1 000 r· min-1離心10 min,棄去上清,以含10%胎牛血清高糖DMEM重懸細(xì)胞,接種于50 mL培養(yǎng)瓶中,用差速貼壁法于CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)90 min,使成纖維細(xì)胞貼壁,然后轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞懸液并計(jì)數(shù),調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至2×108·L-1,并加入終濃度為0.1 mmol·L-15-Br-dU(Sigma-Aldrich)以抑制成纖維細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),接種至24、96或6孔板內(nèi),置入CO2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱,培養(yǎng)3 d后,更換無(wú)血清的培養(yǎng)基同步化12h開(kāi)始做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3建立心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧(anoxia/reoxygen-ation,A/R)損傷模型 心肌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)接近融合狀態(tài),呈現(xiàn)同步搏動(dòng)時(shí)開(kāi)始實(shí)驗(yàn)。模擬缺血溶液(mmol·L-1:NaCl 98.5,KCl 10,NaCl 98.5,KCl 10,MgSO41.2,CaCl21.0,HEPES 20,sodium lac-tate 40,pH 6.8)。以95%N2+5%CO2預(yù)飽和1 h,將培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞以擬缺血溶液置換無(wú)血清的培養(yǎng)基,并置于95%N2+5%CO2,37℃的密閉容器中,持續(xù)正壓通混合氣95%N2+5%CO2,為心肌細(xì)胞缺氧即缺血;然后恢復(fù)心肌細(xì)胞的有糖復(fù)氧液(mmol· L-1:NaH2PO40.9,NaHCO320.0,CaCl21.0,Mg-SO41.2,HEPES 20.0,NaCl 129.5,KCl 5.0,glu-cose 5.5,pH 7.4,37℃)[16]于37℃,95%空氣+5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),為心肌細(xì)胞復(fù)氧即再灌。心肌細(xì)胞缺氧培養(yǎng)4 h和復(fù)氧培養(yǎng)2 h后做相應(yīng)指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)。
clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R組。
1.5MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞存活率 細(xì)胞存活率通過(guò)活細(xì)胞中線(xiàn)粒體琥珀酸脫氫酶將MTT還原紫色結(jié)晶物甲(Formazan)的量來(lái)判斷。按實(shí)驗(yàn)分組作相應(yīng)處理,處理結(jié)束后,每孔加入終濃度為0.5 g·L-1MTT,37℃孵育4 h后,吸棄上清液,PBS洗1次,加入150 μL DMSO,待結(jié)晶完全溶解后,以620 nm為參比,用酶標(biāo)儀在波長(zhǎng)570 nm測(cè)定吸光度值(OD),按公式:細(xì)胞存活率/%=(測(cè)定孔OD-空白孔OD)/(對(duì)照孔OD-空白孔OD)×100%。
1.6培養(yǎng)液中LDH測(cè)定 造模給藥處理后收集培養(yǎng)液,按LDH試劑盒說(shuō)明操作,采用化學(xué)比色法測(cè)定LDH的釋放量。
1.7ROS的測(cè)定 原代心肌細(xì)胞按上述實(shí)驗(yàn)分組處理結(jié)束后,用溫HBSS/Ca/Mg液輕柔洗心肌細(xì)胞1次,96孔板每孔加入100 μL的終濃度為10 μmol ·L-1的DCFH-DA,37℃細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)孵育20 min,用溫HBSS/Ca/Mg液輕柔洗心肌細(xì)胞3次,用熒光酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定OD值,DCFH-DA波長(zhǎng)選擇Ex/Em:488/525 nm。陽(yáng)性對(duì)照孔中加入終濃度100 μmol·L-1的H2O2,37℃細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)孵育3 h。
1.8Western blot檢測(cè)心肌細(xì)胞P-ERK的水平經(jīng)處理后用RIPA裂解細(xì)胞,BCA法蛋白定量。將蛋白樣本進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜至PVDF膜,5%牛血清蛋白(BSA)室溫封閉1 h,加入p-ERK 和ERK2一抗,4℃孵育過(guò)夜,二抗室溫孵育1h。加入ECL反應(yīng)體系,曝光,成像,利用Syngene凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng),計(jì)算磷酸化蛋白與總蛋白的比值。
1.9統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件包對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)均以±s表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較用LSD(least sig-nificant difference)檢驗(yàn)。
2.1不同濃度的clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞存活率的影響 結(jié)果顯示,缺氧/復(fù)氧組與正常對(duì)照組相比,細(xì)胞存活率降低(60.40%±1.60%,P <0.01)。而不同濃度的clenbuterol(0.1、1、10 μmol·L-1)+A/R組與A/R組相比,只有clen-buterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R組的細(xì)胞存活率與A/R組間差異有顯著性(70.67%±4.81%vs 60.40%±1.60%,P<0.05),這為clenbuterol濃度的選擇提供依據(jù)(Fig 1)。
班主任擔(dān)負(fù)著教書(shū)和育人的雙重任務(wù),對(duì)學(xué)生的個(gè)性心理品質(zhì)培養(yǎng),行為習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng),以及學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度培養(yǎng)起著巨大的作用。因此,讓每一個(gè)班主任上崗前就具備扎實(shí)的理論知識(shí)和先進(jìn)的管理理念,不能再摸著石頭過(guò)河,這樣浪費(fèi)的是學(xué)生的時(shí)間,同時(shí)有可能讓學(xué)生喪失學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。
2.2clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞存活率和LDH的影響 缺氧/復(fù)氧組與正常對(duì)照組相比細(xì)胞存活率明顯降低,培養(yǎng)液中LDH釋放量增高(P< 0.01);clenbuterol+A/R組、metoprolol+A/R組和clenbuterol+metoprolol+A/R組與A/R組相比,細(xì)胞存活率增高,LDH釋放量減少(P<0.05);而ICI 118,551+clenbuterol+A/R組與A/R組差異無(wú)顯著性(Fig 2、3)。
Fig 1 Effect of different concentrations of clenbuterol on viability of cardiomycytes subjected to 4 h of anoxia/2h of reoxygenation(A/R)
Fig 2 Effect of clenbuterol,Metoprolol and in combination on viability of cardiomycytes subjected to 4 h of anoxia/2h of reoxygenation(A/R).Cell viability was measured by MTT assay as decribed in the material and|methods section
2.3clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞ROS產(chǎn)生的影響 正常培養(yǎng)組心肌細(xì)胞只產(chǎn)生少量ROS,缺氧/復(fù)氧組ROS明顯增加(與正常培養(yǎng)組相比,P <0.01);clenbuterol+A/R組,metoprolol+A/R組,clenbuterol+metoprolol+A/R組與A/R組相比較,ROS產(chǎn)生明顯減少(與缺氧/復(fù)氧組比較,P<
0.05);ICI 118,551+clenbuterol+A/R組與A/R組相比差異沒(méi)有顯著性(P>0.05),但與clenbuterol+A/R組相比,ROS明顯增高;而clenbuterol+meto-prolol+A/R組與clenbuterol+A/R組相比較,差異無(wú)顯著性(Fig 4)。
Fig 3 Effects of Metoprolol,clenbuterol and clenbuterol combination with ICI or Metoprolol on LDH activity in cardiomyocytes subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation(A/R)
Fig 4 Effects of clenbuterol,metoprolol,and clenbuterol combination with ICI or Metoprolol on the formation of ROS induced by A/R in cardiomyocytes
2.4ERK抑制劑PD98059對(duì)clenbuterol抗缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞損傷的影響 為了進(jìn)一步探討ERK1/2途徑是否參與clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧心肌細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)預(yù)先給予ERK1/2抑制劑PD98059,采用MTT法檢測(cè)缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞的存活率,用Hoechst熒光染色觀察心肌細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果顯示,缺氧/復(fù)氧組與正常培養(yǎng)組比較,細(xì)胞生存率下降至63%,凋亡率升高至48%。而給予clen-buterol后,缺氧/復(fù)氧后存活率上升至70%,凋亡率降低24.6%,但預(yù)先加入PD98059后,細(xì)胞存活率下降至56%,凋亡率(50.8%)比clenbuterol+A/R組高,并差異具有顯著性(P<0.05)。(Fig 5、6)。
2.5PI3K抑制劑LY294002對(duì)clenbuterol抗缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞損傷的影響 為了進(jìn)一步觀察PI3K/Akt途徑是否參與clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧心肌細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)預(yù)先給予PI3K抑制劑LY294002,MTT法檢測(cè)缺氧/復(fù)氧后的存活率和Ho-echst熒光染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率。與正常培養(yǎng)組相比,缺氧/復(fù)氧組細(xì)胞存活率明顯下降,凋亡率明顯上升(P<0.01)。而預(yù)先給予clenbuterol后,細(xì)胞存活增加,凋亡率下降。但預(yù)加入LY294002后,clen-buterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞損傷的保護(hù)作用被取消(Fig 5、6)。
Fig 5 Effects of clenbuterol and combination with LY294002(LY)or PD98059(PD)on viability of cardiomyocytes subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation(A/R)
2.6對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞p-ERK的表達(dá)水平的影響 各組缺氧復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞ERK2蛋白表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但缺氧/復(fù)氧組p-ERK蛋白水平比正常培養(yǎng)組降低,而clenbuterol+A/R組較缺氧/復(fù)氧組p-ERK蛋白水平明顯增高(P<0.01),加入ERK1/2阻斷劑PD98059后,p-ERK蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯降低;而PI3K/Akt阻斷劑LY294002對(duì)clenbuterol誘導(dǎo)的ERK磷酸化無(wú)阻斷作用(Fig 7)。
Fig 6 Effects of Clenbuterol and combination with LY294002(LY)or PD98059(PD)on A/R-induced apoptosis as stained by Hoechst 33342
Fig 7 Effects of clenbuterol and combination with LY294002(LY)or PD98059(PD)on the expressions of p-ERK1/2 in cardiomyocytes subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation(A/R).
有研究表明,心肌缺血/再灌注損傷涉及多方面因素,如自由基大量堆積、細(xì)胞內(nèi)超載、炎癥因子釋放等。心肌缺血/再灌注過(guò)程,大量的氧自由基爆發(fā)式產(chǎn)生,氧自由基通過(guò)過(guò)氧化生物膜上的多價(jià)不飽和脂肪酸和產(chǎn)生的過(guò)氧化物損傷心肌細(xì)胞膜,并刺激線(xiàn)粒體細(xì)胞色素C釋放,后者進(jìn)一步激活Caspase信號(hào),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[17]。LDH是細(xì)胞損傷程度的標(biāo)志。正常生理情況下,LDH存在于心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi),只有當(dāng)細(xì)胞膜受損,通透性發(fā)生改變時(shí),LDH才會(huì)外漏,所以通常檢測(cè)LDH評(píng)價(jià)細(xì)胞損傷的程度。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌細(xì)胞存活率降低,LDH釋放增多,表明缺氧/復(fù)氧后心肌受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,ROS產(chǎn)生增多,給予clenbuterol可增加原代培養(yǎng)新生大鼠乳鼠的心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷存活率,減少LDH釋放量,降低ROS,這說(shuō)明β2-腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑clenbuterol可通過(guò)減少氧自由基的產(chǎn)生,降低缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷,從而發(fā)揮對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞有保護(hù)作用,而β2-腎上腺素受體阻斷劑ICI 118,551可以取消上述作用,而β1-腎上腺素受體阻斷劑美托洛爾不能阻斷clenbuterol的作用,但兩者之間也無(wú)協(xié)同作用,表明clenbuterol是通過(guò)激動(dòng)β2-腎上腺素受體而對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。
RISK信號(hào)系統(tǒng)包括PI3K-Akt和ERK途徑[18]。Tong等[2]首次確定PI3K-Akt途徑的作用,在離體再灌心臟模型發(fā)現(xiàn)預(yù)適應(yīng)能增加Akt的磷酸化,而其磷酸化抑制劑wortmannin和LY294002能取消缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)的保護(hù)作用。細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK1/2)是MAPK家族中的一員,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、分化、存活。缺血/再灌、低氧或激動(dòng)β受體等可活化ERK1/2。雖然有少部分學(xué)者對(duì)p-ERK在缺血后再灌中的有爭(zhēng)議;大部分學(xué)者都認(rèn)為激活ERK有利于細(xì)胞的存活,如ERK磷酸化也參與了缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)的保護(hù)作用[19],而MEK-1抑制劑PD98059也可取消缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)的保護(hù)作用。RISK的上游是G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(G-protein coupled receptor,GPCR)。研究表明,許多藥物或內(nèi)源肽(如Urocorin、腎上腺
髓質(zhì)素等)都可通過(guò)激活GPCR,從而激活RISK從而對(duì)缺血/再灌后損傷的心肌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。而β受體是GPCRs家族中的一員,提示β受體可能在保護(hù)心肌缺血/再灌注損傷中起重要的作用。Stevens等[20]研究表明,clenbuterol主要通過(guò)β2-AR/Gi信號(hào)途徑,改善心肌病理性損傷,減輕凋亡。Lochner等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Isopreterol提供的心肌保護(hù)作用與缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)相似[21]。Tong等[22]也證明在β2受體被敲除的小鼠心肌,缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)并不能保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞。Hedin等[23]研究表明:在培養(yǎng)的成熟大鼠心肌細(xì)胞,β2受體激動(dòng)劑的抗凋亡作用可能是通過(guò)激活ERK。最近研究報(bào)道,選擇性β2-受體激動(dòng)劑Zinterol對(duì)原代培養(yǎng)的新生大鼠心肌低氧和H2O2引起的凋亡有保護(hù)作用,并且是通過(guò)Gi偶聯(lián)受體,激活下游的PI3K/Akt發(fā)揮效應(yīng)的[24]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),clenbuterol在保護(hù)缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷心肌細(xì)胞的同時(shí),亦可提高p-ERK1/2水平,而應(yīng)用ICI118551阻斷β2受體或LY294002阻斷PI3K/Akt通路或PD98059阻斷ERK1/2信號(hào)通路,均可明顯抑制clenbuterol對(duì)心肌的保護(hù)作用,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞存活率下降,LDH釋放量增高,細(xì)胞凋亡率增加。
大量的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床應(yīng)用病例都證實(shí),β1受體拮抗劑具有抗氧化、抗凋亡和膜穩(wěn)定作用,對(duì)缺血/再灌心肌有保護(hù)作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在心肌細(xì)胞缺氧-復(fù)氧模型單獨(dú)給予metoprolol中可提高細(xì)胞存活率,降低LDH及ROS,減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡。這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相一致,但與clenbuterolol聯(lián)合應(yīng)用既不能抑制clenbuterolo對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷的保護(hù)作用,也無(wú)協(xié)同抗心肌細(xì)胞凋亡作用。
綜上所述,clenbuterol對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)原代培養(yǎng)的心肌細(xì)胞損傷的保護(hù)作用與激動(dòng)β2-AR,激活RISK信號(hào)通路有關(guān),關(guān)于clenbuterol對(duì)其通路上下游蛋白的影響,本實(shí)驗(yàn)未進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
(致謝:本實(shí)驗(yàn)在華中科技大同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院藥理系向繼洲實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,感謝實(shí)驗(yàn)室老師與同學(xué)提供的大力幫助。)
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Role of RISK signal pathway in reducing clenbuterol-induced cardiomycytes A/R injury of neonatal rat
ZHANG Qiu-fang1,2,3,TAN Yan2,WANG Xuan-bin3,PAN Long-rui2,LI Hong-liang3,LIU Hui1,XIANG Ji-zhou1,F(xiàn)U Qin1
(1.Dept of Pharmacology,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430071,China;2.Dept of Pharmacology,Hubei University of Medicine,Shiyan Hubei 442000,China;3.Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research(Hubei University of Medicine,Shiyan Hubei 442000 China)
Abstract:Aims To study the effects of clenbuterol on anoxia/reoxygenation(A/R)injury in neonatal Wistar rat cardiomyocytes and to explore whether its mecha-nism is related to reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK)or not.Methods The cultured primary neo-natal cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into eight groups:①normal culture group;②anoxia/reoxygen-ation(A/R)group;③clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R;④ICI118,551(10 μmol·L-1)+clenbuterol (1 μmol·L-1)+A/R;⑤Metoprolol(10μmol· L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R group;⑥Metoprolol(10 μmol·L-1)+A/R group;⑦PD98059(20 μmol·L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol· L-1)+A/R group;⑧LY294002(10 μmol·L-1)+clenbuterol(1 μmol·L-1)+A/R group.Cell via-bility was determined by the conventional MTT reduc-tion assay.The content of LDH in cultured medium was measured with colorimetry.Cardiomyocyte apopto-sis was determined by Hoechst33342.Intracellular re-active species(ROS)were monitored by the fluorescent DCFH-DA.Total ERK2 and phosphorylated ERK were detected by western blot.Results Compared with A/R group,clenbuterol significantly increased vaibility of cells,reduced LDH release,lowered the rate of apop-tosis and ROS production.When added β2receptor an-tagonist ICI118,551,PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and ERK inhibitor PD98059,the effects of clenbuterol a-bove were inhibited;but β1 receptor antagonist Meto-prolol protected the cardiomyocytes from A/R injury,as evidenced by decreased LDH release and increased cell viability.There were no synergistic effects in the combined use of clenbuterol and Metoprolol.Conclu-sion clenbuterol exerts cardioprotective effects against A/R injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apopto-sis.The protection of clenbuterol is inhibited by ICI118,551,LY294002 and PD98059.clenbuterol protects cardiomyocytes against A/R injury via RISK pathway by activation of β2receptor.
Key words:clenbuterol;anoxia/reoxygenation;car-diomyocyte;phosphorylation extracellular signal-activa-ted kinase(ERK);PI3K;reperfusion injury salvage kinase(RISK)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張秋芳(1973-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:心血管藥理學(xué),E-mail:zqf1112000@163.com;付 琴(1974-),女,博士,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:心血管藥理學(xué),通訊作者,E-mail:fu_qin@aliyun.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No 81303254,81102438);湖北省教育廳重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(No D20122402);湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院項(xiàng)目(No 2010QDJ12和2012GPY11);武當(dāng)特色中藥研究湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室資助項(xiàng)目(No WDCM003)
收稿日期:2015-06-29,修回日期:2015-08-05
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1001-1978(2015)10-1368-07
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1978.2015.10.009