朱姝穎,蘇 嫻,杜 麗,張宏偉※
(1.四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,成都 610041; 2.成都市第三人民醫(yī)院呼吸科,成都 610041)
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異氟烷麻醉對(duì)顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者血糖、血脂和腎功能的影響
朱姝穎1,蘇嫻2,杜麗1,張宏偉1※
(1.四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,成都 610041; 2.成都市第三人民醫(yī)院呼吸科,成都 610041)
摘要:目的探討異氟烷麻醉對(duì)顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者血糖、血脂和腎功能的影響。方法選擇2011年6月至2013年6月四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院收治的顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者60例,根據(jù)麻醉方法不同分為異氟烷組及丙泊酚/芬太尼組,各30例,比較兩組患者手術(shù)前后血糖及腎功能情況。結(jié)果異氟烷組術(shù)中3 h出現(xiàn)血糖高峰而后下降,丙泊酚/芬太尼組術(shù)后2 h出現(xiàn)血糖高峰,兩組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);異氟烷組手術(shù)前后三酰甘油水平較平穩(wěn),丙泊酚/芬太尼組術(shù)中1 h、3 h三酰甘油水平顯著升高,不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且異氟烷組三酰甘油水平低于丙泊酚/芬太尼組(P<0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)后第1日和第3日的尿量、血肌酐增加,術(shù)后第7日下降,不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且異氟烷組患者血肌酐升高水平小于丙泊酚/芬太尼組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者采用異氟烷麻醉時(shí)對(duì)三酰甘油的改變不大,術(shù)中患者血糖可大幅升高,當(dāng)患者合并糖尿病等基礎(chǔ)疾病時(shí)需予以注意,異氟烷麻醉對(duì)患者腎功能的保護(hù)作用主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)肌酐的較好控制,而對(duì)尿素氮及尿酸影響不大。
關(guān)鍵詞:異氟烷;顱腦手術(shù);血糖;腎功能
顱腦外傷是神經(jīng)外科常見急癥,患者強(qiáng)烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)源性腎功能障礙[1],急診手術(shù)是治療顱腦外傷的重要方案,但來(lái)自手術(shù)及麻醉的二次打擊又增加了急性腎損傷的可能[2]。合適的術(shù)中麻醉可對(duì)患者腎功能起到較好的保護(hù)作用。本研究主要探討異氟烷麻醉對(duì)顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者血糖、血脂和腎功能的影響,以期為臨床應(yīng)用提供依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選取2011年6月至2013年6月四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院收治的顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者60例,男43例、女17例,年齡31~50歲,平均(42±6)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有明確的頭顱外傷病史;②影像學(xué)資料(頭顱CT、MRI等)明確顱內(nèi)血腫、腦疝、腦挫裂傷形成;③術(shù)前無(wú)急慢性腎臟疾病或泌尿系統(tǒng)感染病史;④術(shù)前無(wú)內(nèi)分泌、肝臟疾病史,有或沒(méi)有高血壓病史;⑤完整的手術(shù)記錄及臨床資料。依據(jù)麻醉方法不同將患者分為異氟烷組及丙泊酚/芬太尼組,每組30例。異氟烷組男23例、女7例,年齡31~49歲,平均(43±6)歲;體質(zhì)指數(shù)(26±4)kg/m2。丙泊酚/芬太尼組男20例、女10例,年齡34~50歲,平均(43±5)歲;體質(zhì)指數(shù)(25±4)kg/m2。兩組性別、年齡、體質(zhì)指數(shù)等一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2麻醉方法所有患者術(shù)前30 min肌內(nèi)注射阿托品 (江蘇漣水制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):110215)0.5 mg,開放靜脈通路,另予股靜脈穿刺置管(抽血用)。異氟烷組:咪唑安定(徐州恩華藥業(yè)集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):110505)0.1 mg/kg,丙泊酚(西安力邦制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):110312)1.5 mg/kg,芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)股份有限責(zé)任公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):110513)3 μg/kg,羅庫(kù)溴銨(浙江仙琚制藥股份有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):110223)0.6 mg/kg靜脈注射誘導(dǎo),維持采用1%~3%異氟烷(河北省藥物研究所生產(chǎn),批號(hào):110506)吸入麻醉,間斷給予芬太尼1~2 μg/kg及羅庫(kù)溴銨0.4 mg/kg靜脈注射。丙泊酚組:誘導(dǎo)同上,維持用丙泊酚(西安力邦制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):0711192)泵入,6~8 mg/(kg·h),間斷給予芬太尼1~2 μg/kg,羅庫(kù)溴銨0.4 mg/kg靜脈注射。所有患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)后均行氣管內(nèi)插管并連接機(jī)械通氣。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前、術(shù)中1 h、術(shù)中3 h及術(shù)后2 h抽取股靜脈血檢測(cè)三酰甘油、血糖;分別于術(shù)前及術(shù)后第1、3、7日檢測(cè)患者血清肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸,患者術(shù)前常規(guī)插導(dǎo)尿管,記錄24 h尿量。血糖及三酰甘油的檢測(cè)采用奧林巴斯血生化檢測(cè)儀(AU 2700),其中血糖采用氧化酶法測(cè)定,三酰甘油采用甘油磷酸氧化酶法測(cè)定。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般情況比較60例患者均較好地耐受手術(shù)過(guò)程,平均住院時(shí)間為(12.5±3.2) d,住院期間無(wú)吸入性肺炎、醫(yī)院內(nèi)感染、急性腎損傷發(fā)生。兩組患者手術(shù)麻醉時(shí)間、呼吸環(huán)路緊閉時(shí)間、麻醉藥暴露量及芬太尼用量的比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
2.2兩組患者手術(shù)前后血糖及三酰甘油比較兩組血糖、三酰甘油水平組間和不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間的交互作用差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);異氟烷組術(shù)中3 h出現(xiàn)血糖高峰而后下降,丙泊酚/芬太尼組術(shù)后2 h出現(xiàn)血糖高峰,兩組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間的血糖水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);異氟烷組手術(shù)前后三酰甘油水平較平穩(wěn),丙泊酚/芬太尼組術(shù)中1 h、3 h三酰甘油水平顯著升高,不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且異氟烷組三酰甘油水平低于丙泊酚/芬太尼組(P<0.05)。見表2。
表1 兩組顱腦外傷患者一般情況的比較 ±s)
表2 兩組顱腦外傷患者手術(shù)前后血糖及三酰甘油比較 ±s,mmol/L)
2.3兩組患者手術(shù)前后腎功能比較兩組患者術(shù)后第1日和第3日的尿量增加,術(shù)后第7日下降,不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者血肌酐術(shù)后第1日和第3日呈上升趨勢(shì),術(shù)后第7日下降,且異氟烷組患者血肌酐升高水平小于丙泊酚/芬太尼組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表3 兩組顱腦外傷患者手術(shù)前后腎功能比較 ±s)
3討論
顱腦外傷患者發(fā)生急性腎損傷的概率約為50%[3],一旦患者發(fā)生急性腎損傷,患者病情加重的可能性及病死率將大大增加。其發(fā)生腎損傷的機(jī)制主要為神經(jīng)源性腎功能障礙[4],即顱腦損傷后,由于機(jī)體強(qiáng)烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)及腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)過(guò)度興奮,血中兒茶酚胺升高,血管尤其是腎血管收縮,從而引起腎臟缺血性改變,腎小管上皮細(xì)胞變性壞死,最終形成急性腎損傷[5]。此外,心力衰竭、心搏驟停、休克、急性呼吸衰竭、成人呼吸窘迫綜合征、低氧血癥等顱腦外傷并發(fā)癥亦可進(jìn)一步促使腎血管收縮,加重腎缺血性損害[6]。
顱腦損傷患者處于急性應(yīng)激狀態(tài),手術(shù)對(duì)其實(shí)際為二次打擊,血糖的升高是應(yīng)激的一種表現(xiàn)[7]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,使用異氟烷后,患者血糖高峰較使用丙泊酚/芬太尼組提前,而后迅速下降,提示異氟烷對(duì)急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)造成的機(jī)體保護(hù)性胰島素抵抗作用無(wú)有效作用,在使用異氟烷時(shí),需要關(guān)注患者血糖變化,及時(shí)處理。異氟烷組患者三酰甘油于手術(shù)前后一直平穩(wěn),波動(dòng)不大,而丙泊酚/芬太尼組患者三酰甘油術(shù)中顯著升高,三酰甘油升高并無(wú)臨床表現(xiàn),但其為胰腺炎的高危因素[8]。異氟烷對(duì)三酰甘油的較好控制使其在肥胖癥、胰腺炎高?;颊叩膽?yīng)用上具有較大優(yōu)勢(shì)[9]。血肌酐水平是反映腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)功能的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),血肌酐水平升高意味著腎功能受損[10]。本研究中異氟烷組患者血肌酐升高水平小于丙泊酚/芬太尼組,提示異氟烷對(duì)于顱腦外傷患者具有一定的腎臟保護(hù)作用。
綜上所述,顱腦外傷手術(shù)患者采用異氟烷麻醉時(shí)術(shù)中患者血糖可大幅升高,因此當(dāng)患者合并糖尿病等基礎(chǔ)疾病時(shí)需予以注意并監(jiān)測(cè),但其對(duì)三酰甘油的改變不大,異氟烷對(duì)三酰甘油的較好控制使其在肥胖癥、胰腺炎高?;颊叩膽?yīng)用上具有較大優(yōu)勢(shì)。異氟烷麻醉對(duì)患者腎功能的影響主要體現(xiàn)在患者肌酐上升幅度較小,且能及時(shí)恢復(fù),而對(duì)尿素氮及尿酸影響不大。
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The Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Blood Glucose,Blood Lipid and Renal Function of Brain Trauma PatientsZHUShu-ying1,SUXian2,DULi1,ZHANGHong-wei1.(1.DepartmentofAnesthesia,SichuanProvincialTumorHospital,Chengdu610041,China; 2.DepartmentofRespiratoryDiseases,ChengduThirdPeople′sHospital,Chengdu610041,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on blood glucose and renal function of brain trauma patients.MethodsA total of 60 cases of traumatic brain injury undergoing surgery anesthesia admitted to Sichuan Provincial Tumor Hospital from Jun. 2011 to Jun. 2013 were included in the study. According to their different use of narcotic drugs, the patients were divided into the isoflurane group and propofol/fentanyl group,30 cases in each group.Blood glucose and renal function in patients before and after surgery were analyzed.ResultsThe blood glucose peak appeared at 3rd hour during operation and then decline in the isoflurane group,while in the propofol/fentanyl group the blood glucose peak appeared at 2nd hour after operation, the difference at different time points between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05);triglyceride(TG) levels before and after operation of isoflurane group was relatively stable,of propofol/fentanyl group was significantly increased at 1 h,3 h,there were statistically significant differences among the different time points(P<0.05), and TG level of the isoflurane group was lower than the propofol/fentanyl group(P<0.05).The urine volume and serum creatinine of both groups at the first and third day after operation were increased ,at the seventh day were declined,there were statistically significant differences among the different time points(P<0.05),and serum creatinine level increase of isoflurane group was less than propofol/fentanyl group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).ConclusionIsoflurane anesthesia has little effect on TG,but blood glucose is increased significantly during surgery,which calls for attention to patients complicated with primary diseases such as diabetes. Isoflurane anesthesia′s protective role on renal function is mainly reflected in better control of creatinine,while it has little influence on Bun and uric acid.
Key words:Isoflurane; Craniocerebral surgery; Blood glucose; Renal function
收稿日期:2014-08-20修回日期:2014-11-26編輯:伊姍
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.02.079
中圖分類號(hào):R614.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)02-0383-03