孟曼,夏云紅,黃震琪,姚榮杰,高明珠(.安徽省合肥市第二人民醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,安徽合肥0046;.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院血液科,安徽合肥00;.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,安徽合肥060)
晚期胃腸道神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌患者治療和生存的相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)及預(yù)后因素分析*
孟曼1,夏云紅1,黃震琪2,姚榮杰1,高明珠3
(1.安徽省合肥市第二人民醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科,安徽合肥230046;2.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院血液科,安徽合肥230022;3.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,安徽合肥230601)
摘要:目的確定晚期胃腸道神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(GI-NEC)預(yù)測(cè)及預(yù)后標(biāo)志。方法選取2003~2012年15個(gè)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)采集的237例GI-NEC患者臨床數(shù)據(jù),其中196例接受姑息化療(CT),41例僅接受最佳支持治療(BSC)。對(duì)患者年齡、性別、組織病理學(xué)、應(yīng)答特征和存活率等進(jìn)行回顧性分析。結(jié)果CT治療組患者中位數(shù)生存期為10個(gè)月,而BSC治療組僅為1個(gè)月。一線化療的有效率為30%,且34%患者病情穩(wěn)定。ROC分析結(jié)果顯示,腫瘤增值指數(shù)(Ki-67)<55%是與有效率相關(guān)的最佳臨界值。當(dāng)Ki-67<55%時(shí),治療有效率(16%)較Ki-67≥55%患者低(41%),但前者生存期(15個(gè)月)高于后者(11個(gè)月),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000)。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果表明,體能狀態(tài)(PS)下降、原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌、血小板(Plt)水平和乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)活力升高是患者生存的負(fù)性預(yù)后因素。結(jié)論P(yáng)S下降、原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌、Plt水平和LDH活力升高是GI-NEC患者生存的重要負(fù)性預(yù)后因素。及時(shí)進(jìn)行化療可提高患者生存期。當(dāng)患者Ki-67<55%時(shí),鉑化療的有效率降低,但患者生存期延長(zhǎng)。
關(guān)鍵詞:胃腸道;神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌;化療;預(yù)測(cè);預(yù)后
肺外神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma,EP-NEC)是一種低分化或高級(jí)別(Ki-67>20%)的惡性腫瘤[1-2],常見于胃腸道。據(jù)報(bào)道,胃腸道神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma,GI-NEC)占EP-NEC的35%~55%,其中30%患者無(wú)法確定其原發(fā)性部位[3-4]。由于低分化神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(neuroendocrine carcinoma,NEC)的異質(zhì)性特征[5],GI-NEC的發(fā)病機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,其發(fā)生、發(fā)展及治療一直是國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究重點(diǎn)。
GI-NEC在臨床上較為罕見,如在結(jié)直腸和胰腺部位,高度分化的NEC僅占各類癌癥的1%左右[6-7],限制研究中的臨床樣本數(shù),同時(shí)GI-NEC在診斷時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,使得GI-NEC相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)及預(yù)后因素一直未得到確定[8]。與其他高度分化的胃腸胰神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(gastro-entero pancreatic neuroendocrinetumours,GEP-NET)相比,GI-NEC預(yù)后差,生存周期短[4]。由于GI-NEC的臨床表現(xiàn)與小細(xì)胞肺癌相似,后者對(duì)順鉑和依托泊苷敏感,因此以鉑制劑為基礎(chǔ)的化療被廣泛應(yīng)用于GI-NEC[1,9]。研究該治療對(duì)GINEC患者的影響以及對(duì)GI-NEC發(fā)生、發(fā)展相關(guān)指標(biāo)的分析,對(duì)GI-NEC的治療以及判斷預(yù)后有重要的意義。本研究對(duì)晚期GI-NEC患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回歸分析,探討不同治療方法對(duì)患者生存的影響,為晚期GI-NEC的預(yù)測(cè)及預(yù)后因素提供科學(xué)參考。
1.1臨床資料
選取2003~2012年15個(gè)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)采集的237例GI-NEC患者臨床數(shù)據(jù),年齡20~87歲,平均(59.6±11.2)歲。其中接受姑息化療(palliative chemotherapy,CT)的患者196例,平均年齡(56.7± 9.8)歲;接受最佳支持治療(best supportive care,BSC)的患者41例,平均年齡(71.2±13.8)歲。參照MITRY等[10]的方法,對(duì)NEC進(jìn)行分類診斷,僅經(jīng)診斷明確為晚期GI-NEC的病例被用于本研究分析。
對(duì)流行病學(xué)、生化、腫瘤增殖指數(shù)(Ki-67)和患者存活等統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行回顧性分析。依據(jù)病理學(xué)報(bào)告,將GI-NEC從形態(tài)學(xué)上分為小細(xì)胞和非小細(xì)胞。依據(jù)放射學(xué)檢查報(bào)告并參照實(shí)體瘤療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(response evaluation criteria in solid tumours,RECIST)1.1,對(duì)CT和BSC療效進(jìn)行評(píng)估。本研究獲得醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,對(duì)類別變量用χ2檢驗(yàn),對(duì)連續(xù)變量進(jìn)行秩和(Wilcoxon)或t檢驗(yàn)。隨機(jī)選取45例化療病例,以ROC曲線分析反應(yīng)率的Ki-67臨界值,以Kaplan–Meier方法和Cox回歸分析方法對(duì)化療患者的存活狀況進(jìn)行分析,采用多因素逐步回歸分析以確定相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)因素,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1病理特征
本組病例中,男女患者比例相近。不同性別的CT、BSC治療比例比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。年齡和體能狀態(tài)(performance status,PS)是影響CT 和BSC治療選擇的重要因素,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P= 0.000)。在所有病例中,196例(82.7%)接受CT治療,41例(17.3%)接受BSC治療。接受BSC治療患者的年齡、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(white blood cell,WBC)和C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平高于接受CT治療的患者,但PS和嗜鉻粒蛋白A(chromogranin A,CgA)染色強(qiáng)度低于接受CT治療的患者。在原發(fā)性癌中,結(jié)腸癌切除比例最高(78%),而食管癌(20%)、胃癌(28%)、胰腺癌(16%)和直腸癌(25%)比例較少。見表1。
211個(gè)患者中,小細(xì)胞NEC為112例(53.1%),非小細(xì)胞NEC為99例(46.9%),其中小細(xì)胞NEC主要發(fā)生于食管(75%)和直腸(65%),而非小細(xì)胞NEC則在結(jié)腸(70%)較常見。統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),食管癌(66%)、結(jié)腸癌(71%)和直腸癌(81%)中Ki-67通常>55%,僅30%肝癌中Ki-67≥55%。CT與BSC組的年齡、PS、CgA染色強(qiáng)度、WBC和CRP水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
表1 NEC患者的病理特征
續(xù)表1
2.2患者生存預(yù)后因素分析
表2 GI-NEC患者的生存預(yù)后因素分析及一線化療對(duì)其影響
續(xù)表2
一線化療有效率為30%,病情穩(wěn)定的比例為34%,病情惡化的比例為36%。非化療患者的中位數(shù)生存期為1個(gè)月,而化療患者為10個(gè)月。ROC曲線分析表明,Ki-67的最佳臨界值是55%。Ki-67<55%患者的總生存期(overall surviva,OS)(15個(gè)月)長(zhǎng)于Ki-67≥55%患者(11個(gè)月),但前者化療有效率(16%)低于后者(41%)。PS是影響化療效果的重要因素,當(dāng)PS=2時(shí),化療有效率(23%)低于PS=0和1的患者,同時(shí)患者病情穩(wěn)定(15%)或惡化(62%)比例升高。原發(fā)性結(jié)腸癌患者的OS最短(7個(gè)月),而胰腺癌患者最長(zhǎng)(14個(gè)月)。組織學(xué)形態(tài)和CgA染色強(qiáng)度對(duì)患者生存期無(wú)顯著影響,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05)。見表2。
對(duì)患者生存相關(guān)預(yù)后因素進(jìn)行Cox回歸,結(jié)果表明PS、原發(fā)性腫瘤部位、血液中的血小板計(jì)數(shù)(platelet,Plt)和乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力是患者存活的重要預(yù)后因素(P=0.000、0.005、0.000和0.004)。見表3。
2.3化療有效率評(píng)價(jià)及患者生存期
一線治療分為含順鉑/依托泊苷(Cisplatin/e toposide,Cis/E)100例、卡鉑/依托泊苷(Carboplatin/ etoposide,Carb/E)52例、卡鉑/依托泊苷/長(zhǎng)春堿(Carboplatin/etoposide/vincristine,Carb/E/V)22例,其他藥物治療22例?;?~15個(gè)周期,平均4個(gè)周期,其中24%患者僅接受1、2個(gè)周期的化療。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明,以鉑為基礎(chǔ)的不同化療方案對(duì)患者的OS比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)?;煵糠钟行Щ虿∏榉€(wěn)定的患者平均生存期為15個(gè)月,此時(shí)一線化療的療效最佳;而化療后出現(xiàn)病情惡化的患者平均生存期僅為6個(gè)月。見表4。
表4 不同化療方案的一線化療有效率及其對(duì)GI-NEC患者生存的影響
2.4GI-NEC患者化療后生存率
Ki-67<55%的GI-NEC患者累積生存率(17%~80%)在化療后高于Ki-67≥55%患者(3%~78%)(見附圖)。隨著PS值的升高,患者化療后的生存率逐漸降低。原發(fā)性腫瘤部位是影響患者生存的重要因素,胰腺癌患者在化療后的生存率(19%~74%)高于結(jié)腸癌(2%~63%)和直腸癌患者(2%~85%)。而以鉑為基礎(chǔ)的不同藥物聯(lián)合化療后,患者生存率相近。
附圖 GI-NEC患者化療后生存率統(tǒng)計(jì)
近年來(lái),GI-NEC發(fā)病率呈逐年增加的趨勢(shì)[11-12],因?yàn)樵摬〉陌l(fā)病率較低,臨床樣本數(shù)較少,以及GINEC的異質(zhì)和轉(zhuǎn)移特性,導(dǎo)致對(duì)GI-NEC的研究不足,不利于臨床上對(duì)GI-NEC發(fā)生、發(fā)展的預(yù)測(cè)及患者生存的預(yù)后分析。本研究從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)篩選出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),并回顧性分析GI-NEC治療和患者生存相關(guān)因素,闡明Ki-67、PS、原發(fā)性腫瘤部位等決定因素在GI-NEC預(yù)測(cè)和預(yù)后分析中的作用,為GI-NEC治療的臨床應(yīng)用及理論研究提供科學(xué)參考。
晚期GI-NEC是一種惡性疾病,可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速惡化[13]。因此,及時(shí)預(yù)測(cè)GI-NEC的變化對(duì)該病治療時(shí)機(jī)的選擇具有重要意義。本研究結(jié)果表明,PS是 GI-NEC患者生存的重要預(yù)后因素。當(dāng)患者PS=2時(shí),CT療效顯著降低,化療有效率和患者病情穩(wěn)定比例分別降低至23%和15%,而出現(xiàn)病情惡化的患者比例高達(dá)62%,遠(yuǎn)高于PS=0和1。對(duì)患者生存率分析表明,PS=2時(shí),患者PFS和OS顯著低于其他PS組,且患者生存率在化療后12個(gè)月內(nèi)即降至5%以下??梢奝S是反映GI-NEC變化的重要因素,當(dāng)PS=2時(shí),GI-NEC患者并不能受益于化療方法。
SHAYAN等[14]報(bào)道,原發(fā)性腫瘤部位是癌癥轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)鍵因素之一。BOISEN等[15]報(bào)道,原發(fā)性腫瘤部位能夠影響貝伐單抗對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的療效??梢?,原發(fā)性腫瘤部位是癌癥發(fā)生、發(fā)展及相關(guān)治療的重要作用因素。本研究中,原發(fā)性腫瘤主要位于胰腺和腸部位。胰腺癌患者中接受CT治療的比例最高,同時(shí)患者PFS、OS和生存率最佳,而原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌患者生存較差。Ki-67是進(jìn)行癌癥分類的重要指標(biāo),其水平被作為乳腺癌[16]、前列腺癌[17]和非小細(xì)胞肺癌等[18]疾病的重要預(yù)后因素。本研究對(duì)GINEC中Ki-67水平的分析表明,Ki-67<55%是影響GI-NEC化療效果的最佳臨界值。對(duì)Ki-67<55%的GI-NEC患者,其化療有效率(16%)低于Ki-67≥55%的患者(41%),但前者PFS、OS和化療后生存率高于后者,說(shuō)明以鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療可能不是Ki-67< 55%時(shí)GI-NEC患者的最佳治療手段,此類患者生存率較高可能與癌細(xì)胞增殖率較低有關(guān)。
化療是癌癥治療的重要手段,其中順鉑聯(lián)合依托泊苷是治療NEC的常用方法[1]。近年來(lái),卡鉑因毒性低和對(duì)腎功能損害小,逐漸替代順鉑對(duì)上皮性卵巢癌[19]、膀胱癌[20]和非小細(xì)胞肺癌等[21]晚期癌癥的治療。本研究結(jié)果顯示,GI-NEC患者平均化療4個(gè)周期,化療有效率為30%。與BERNICK等[22]的研究相比,本研究中患者化療后的生存率更低。比較3種聯(lián)合化療方式,卡鉑替換順鉑后的治療效果沒有顯著改善,而其與長(zhǎng)春堿聯(lián)合(Carb/E/V)治療時(shí),化療有效率(45%)明顯提高,表明Carb/E/V可能是一種治療NEC的較佳方法。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,GI-NEC的發(fā)生、發(fā)展不僅與腫瘤特征有關(guān),而且與機(jī)體中LDH、CRP水平變化相關(guān)。本研究中,LDH和Plt是GI-NEC預(yù)測(cè)及預(yù)后相關(guān)的重要因素。這可能與腫瘤引發(fā)機(jī)體出現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng)[23]和缺氧癥狀[24]有關(guān)。
綜上所述,晚期GI-NEC的預(yù)后較差,應(yīng)及早進(jìn)行化療治療。PS下降、原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌、Plt和LDH水平的升高是GI-NEC患者生存的重要負(fù)性預(yù)后因素。Ki-67<55%是判斷GI-NEC化療效果的最佳臨界值,在此范圍內(nèi),以鉑為基礎(chǔ)的化療效果降低,但患者生存期明顯延長(zhǎng)。研究雖然證實(shí)與GI-NEC相關(guān)多種預(yù)測(cè)及預(yù)后因素,但該因素與GI-NEC的關(guān)聯(lián)機(jī)制,以及如何調(diào)控這些因素以改善化療的治療效果仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
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(申海菊編輯)
Predictive and prognostic factors associated with treatment and survival of patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma*
Man MENG1, Yun-hong XIA1, Zhen-qi HUANG2, Rong-jie YAO1, Ming-zhu GAO3
(1. Department of Oncology, the Second People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230046, P.R. China; 2. Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 P.R. China; 3. Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China)
Abstract:【Objective】To determine the predictive and prognostic factors of advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (GI-NEC).【Methods】GI-NEC related data of 237 patients were collected from 15 institutional databases from2003 to 2012. Among the 237 patients, 191 patients were treated with chemotherapy (CT) and 41 patients were treated with best supportive care (BSC). Then a retrospective observational cohort multi -center study was conducted on the data such as age, gender, histopathology, response character and survival rate.【Results】The patients treated with CT had a median survival of 10 months, while that in the BSC treated patients was 1 month. The response rate to first-line CT was 30% and 34% of these patients had stable GI-NEC. According to the analysis of ROC curve, Ki-67 < 55% was considered as the best cut-off value related with the response rate. In comparison with patients with Ki-67≥55%, those with Ki-67 < 55% had a lower response rate (16% vs 41%) and a longer survival (15 months vsbook=41,ebook=4711 months) with significant differences (P< 0.001). Statistic results demonstrated that poor performance status, primary colorectal cancer and elevated levels of platelet and LDH in blood were the most important prognostic factors negatively related with survival of GI-NEC patients.【Conclusions】Poor performance status, primary colorectal cancer and elevated levels of platelet and LDH in blood are the most important negative prognostic factors related with survival of GI -NEC patients. An immediate chemotherapy is suggested for GI -NEC patients. Ki-67 < 55% could lower the response rate but prolong the survival of patients.
Key words:gastrointestinal; neuroendocrine carcinoma; chemotherapy; predictive; prognostic
[通信作者]高明珠,E-mail:gaomingzhu001@126.com
*基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(No:81472331)
收稿日期:2015-03-19
文章編號(hào):1005-8982(2015)23-0040-06
中圖分類號(hào):R735.2;R453.9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A