董蘇琳 劉艷 耿桂啟 孫申 黃紹強(qiáng)
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院麻醉科,上?!?00090)
?
·論著·
蘇醒期瞳孔大小預(yù)測(cè)全身麻醉下婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的可行性
董蘇琳劉艷耿桂啟孫申黃紹強(qiáng)
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院麻醉科,上海200090)
摘要目的:研究全身麻醉下行婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者蘇醒期瞳孔大小預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的可行性。方法: 選擇2013年10月—12月美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)在全身麻醉下行擇期婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的成年女性患者70例。手術(shù)均在全憑靜脈麻醉下實(shí)施。在患者入麻醉后恢復(fù)室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU)時(shí)記錄瞳孔的大小,根據(jù)瞳孔大小將患者分為2組:A組(瞳孔直徑<2 mm)和B組(瞳孔直徑≥2 mm),比較2組以鼻導(dǎo)管吸入3 L/min氧氣狀態(tài)下即刻(0 min)和2、4、6、8、10、20、30 min時(shí)的脈搏血氧飽和度(pulse oxygenation saturation,SpO2)值。結(jié)果:入PACU后2 min和4 min時(shí),A組患者SpO2值明顯低于B組,6 min后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;入PACU時(shí)瞳孔越小,2 min后SpO2數(shù)值越低,兩者呈線性相關(guān)(r2=0.4268);通過瞳孔大小預(yù)測(cè)入PACU后10 min內(nèi),SpO2最低值的受試者工作特征曲線下面積為0.99,表明瞳孔大小預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后低氧血癥的準(zhǔn)確性非常高,最佳的判斷閾值為2.25 mm,其預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后低氧血癥的靈敏度為91.4%,特異度為100%。結(jié)論:蘇醒期瞳孔大小與全身麻醉術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),入PACU時(shí)通過檢查瞳孔大小可以對(duì)有呼吸抑制傾向的患者加強(qiáng)監(jiān)護(hù)。
關(guān)鍵詞全身麻醉;腹腔鏡手術(shù);蘇醒期;低氧血癥;瞳孔
全身麻醉手術(shù)后早期低氧血癥十分常見,其影響因素較多,患者呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病如肺不張、肺水腫或其他原因造成的肺損傷可以引起肺換氣障礙,導(dǎo)致低氧血癥,但這些情況少見,術(shù)后低氧血癥可能主要與麻醉藥物的殘留有關(guān)[1-6]。成人瞳孔直徑一般為2~4 mm,手術(shù)后瞳孔的大小主要受手術(shù)中麻醉藥物的影響,尤其是阿片類藥物的影響,阿片類藥物的殘留主要表現(xiàn)為縮瞳效應(yīng),而殘留的阿片類藥物也是手術(shù)后呼吸抑制的主要原因。本研究擬觀察手術(shù)后早期低氧血癥與瞳孔直徑之間的相關(guān)性,并分析通過蘇醒期瞳孔大小來預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的可行性。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選擇復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院2013年10月—12月行婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者70例,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),排除合并呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、眼部疾病以及神經(jīng)肌肉功能障礙者。
1.2方法麻醉誘導(dǎo)前靜脈應(yīng)用阿托品0.25 mg,麻醉誘導(dǎo)均采用靜脈注射舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg以及琥珀膽堿1.5 mg/kg,然后行氣管插管。以丙泊酚6 mg/(kg·h)和瑞芬太尼0.25 μg/(kg·min)維持麻醉,順式阿曲庫銨0.1 mg/kg維持肌肉松弛。接麻醉機(jī)進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣,潮氣量8 mL/kg,調(diào)整呼吸頻率為10~14次/min以保持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓為35~45 mmHg。
手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)停止靜脈滴注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,待患者自主呼吸恢復(fù)并符合拔管指征(抬頭或握拳5 s、呼之睜眼、最大吸氣負(fù)壓超過-20 cmH2O和肺活量達(dá)到15 mL/kg)時(shí)予以拔除氣管導(dǎo)管。送患者回麻醉后恢復(fù)室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU)前采用面罩吸入100%氧氣3~5 min,入PACU后給予鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧,氧流量3 L/min,記錄即刻(0 min)和2、4、6、8、10、20、30 min時(shí)SpO2。SpO2≤90%即為低氧血癥[5],此時(shí)應(yīng)立即呼叫患者并令其深呼吸,必要時(shí)予以面罩加壓通氣。患者入室時(shí)均采取床頭抬高20°臥位,由同一測(cè)量者在同樣的日光燈照射強(qiáng)度下令患者注視5 m以外的某一目標(biāo),用Haab瞳孔計(jì)放在內(nèi)外眥部,測(cè)量雙側(cè)瞳孔大小并記錄,如果雙側(cè)不等大等圓,剔除該患者,并另外查找原因。根據(jù)患者瞳孔大小分為<2 mm組(A組)以及≥2 mm組(B組)。
2結(jié)果
手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)有3例患者因心率慢給予阿托品被剔除。共有67例患者入組,67例患者的雙側(cè)瞳孔均等大等圓,患者在發(fā)生低氧血癥后均通過呼叫并令其深呼吸后好轉(zhuǎn),無需要進(jìn)行面罩正壓通氣者。本研究患者低氧血癥均發(fā)生在入PACU后6 min內(nèi),6 min后患者的SpO2值均大于95%,因此本研究只對(duì)患者術(shù)后入PACU后10 min內(nèi)的SpO2值與瞳孔大小進(jìn)行研究。
2組患者年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量以及手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1?;颊呷隤ACU后,A組患者(瞳孔直徑最小0.5 mm)共27例,B組患者(瞳孔直徑最大3 mm)共40例,A組低氧血癥發(fā)生率為96%,B組為15%(P<0.01)。入PACU后2 min、4 min時(shí)A組SpO2值明顯低于B組(P<0.05、0.01),6 min后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表2。另外,將患者瞳孔大小與入PACU后2 min時(shí)的SpO2值進(jìn)行線性回歸分析,r2=0.4268,表明患者入PACU時(shí)瞳孔大小與2 min后SpO2之間呈線性相關(guān)。提示術(shù)后瞳孔越小,入PACU后2 min時(shí)越容易發(fā)生低氧血癥,見圖1。通過瞳孔大小預(yù)測(cè)入PACU后10 min內(nèi)低氧血癥的ROC曲線計(jì)算得到的曲線下面積為0.99,最佳的判斷閾值為2.25 mm,其預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后低氧血癥的靈敏度為91.4%、特異度100%,見圖2。
±s)
組別n0min2min4min6min8min10minA組2797.3±3.491.9±6.2*95.3±4.9#97.4±2.696.9±3.597.4±2.9B組4098.5±0.899.0±0.799.4±0.899.5±0.798.6±0.798.6±0.8
注:與B組比較,*P<0.05,#P<0.01
圖1 患者入PACU后2 min時(shí)SpO2值與
圖2 瞳孔大小預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的ROC曲線
3討論
通常將SpO2值低于90%作為低氧血癥的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1,4-5,7]。本研究中大多患者低氧血癥的持續(xù)時(shí)間較短暫(<1 min),未發(fā)生任何缺氧性損害。呼吸系統(tǒng)損害是引起術(shù)后低氧血癥的主要因素之一,包括術(shù)前已合并呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、術(shù)中及術(shù)后發(fā)生的肺損傷或肺不張等。本研究選擇研究對(duì)象時(shí)已經(jīng)排除了術(shù)前已患有呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的患者。肥胖和老年患者在長時(shí)間全身麻醉術(shù)后易發(fā)生肺不張[8-9],本研究中患者的體質(zhì)量指數(shù)均未達(dá)到肥胖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、年齡也均低于65歲。此外,婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)也不易造成肺的損傷。因此,在本研究中,術(shù)后低氧血癥的發(fā)生與呼吸系統(tǒng)損害無關(guān)。術(shù)后低氧血癥另一主要因素是殘余麻醉藥物的作用,包括阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥、鎮(zhèn)靜劑以及肌松藥的殘余作用。所有患者均是在手術(shù)結(jié)束后恢復(fù)自主呼吸并符合拔管指征后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的,因此,可以將肌松藥對(duì)低氧血癥的影響盡可能地降低。阿片類藥物的殘留是手術(shù)后呼吸抑制的主要原因,同時(shí),殘留的阿片類藥物也會(huì)對(duì)瞳孔產(chǎn)生影響,表現(xiàn)為縮瞳效應(yīng)。在本研究中影響蘇醒期瞳孔大小的因素主要有阿托品及阿片類藥物的使用。而用大劑量鎮(zhèn)靜和鎮(zhèn)痛藥物時(shí),臨床常用劑量的阿托品的擴(kuò)瞳作用并不明顯。所以術(shù)后可以通過觀察瞳孔大小判斷阿片類藥物是否殘留并導(dǎo)致發(fā)生低氧血癥是可行的。
本研究中,通過ROC曲線計(jì)算得到的預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的瞳孔大小最佳判斷閾值為2.25 mm,這與本研究設(shè)定的2 mm作為分組的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常接近,在本研究中使用的Haab瞳孔計(jì)無法將瞳孔直徑測(cè)量精度達(dá)到0.01 mm,臨床工作中也很難將瞳孔值測(cè)量如此精確,但只需使用普通有毫米刻度的直尺就能夠精確到2 mm,因此本研究中瞳孔以2 mm作為分組研究的界值。在麻醉蘇醒期通過觀察患者的瞳孔預(yù)測(cè)低氧血癥亦是操作簡易、方便、迅速的。這為早期判斷患者是否發(fā)生低氧血癥提供了一個(gè)重要方法。
本研究也有一定的局限性,雖然術(shù)后患者均是在自主呼吸恢復(fù)并符合拔管指征后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的,但研究表明即使嚴(yán)格按照臨床拔管指征,仍然有相當(dāng)一部分患者存在肌松藥殘余,如果用肌松監(jiān)測(cè)儀進(jìn)行四個(gè)成串刺激(Train-of-Four,TOF)監(jiān)測(cè),TOF比值可能<0.7[10]。甚至有研究[11-12]表明,術(shù)后患者在TOF比值低至0.25~0.4時(shí)就能做到5 s抬頭或握拳。當(dāng)TOF比值<0.9時(shí),患者仍然有發(fā)生呼吸抑制和低氧血癥的可能。所以,本研究僅依靠臨床拔管指征而非肌松監(jiān)測(cè)儀來判斷肌松的恢復(fù)情況(大多數(shù)醫(yī)院也是如此),未能避免殘余肌松藥導(dǎo)致低氧血癥的可能,而肌松藥對(duì)瞳孔是沒有影響的,此種情況就會(huì)降低通過瞳孔大小來預(yù)測(cè)低氧血癥的準(zhǔn)確性。因此,當(dāng)患者入PACU時(shí)瞳孔直徑<2.25 mm時(shí)應(yīng)高度警惕術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的發(fā)生,瞳孔直徑≥2.25 mm也不意味著患者就不發(fā)生低氧血癥,還應(yīng)注意觀察,不能掉以輕心。而拔管前進(jìn)行肌松監(jiān)測(cè)能提高通過瞳孔大小來預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后低氧血癥的準(zhǔn)確性,使其更具價(jià)值。另外,肥胖和老年患者是術(shù)后肺不張的高危人群,在長時(shí)間全身麻醉后即使無麻醉藥物殘留,瞳孔直徑≥2.25 mm時(shí)仍然有可能發(fā)生低氧血癥[8-9],對(duì)于此類患者的術(shù)后護(hù)理亦需給予更多關(guān)注。
綜上所述,對(duì)于一般的成年患者,蘇醒期瞳孔大小與全身麻醉術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),入PACU時(shí)瞳孔直徑<2.25 mm可以預(yù)測(cè)患者有呼吸抑制和低氧血癥的傾向。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Brown KA,Laferrière A,Moss IR.Recurrent hypoxemia in young children with obstructive sleep apnea is associated with reduced opioid requirement for analgesia[J].Anesthesiology,2004,100(4):806-810.
[2]Duggan M,Kavanagh BP.Pulmonary atelectasis:a pathogenic perioperative entity[J].Anesthesiology,2005,102(4):838-854.
[3]Purhonen S,Turunen M,Ruohoaho UM,et al.Supplemental oxygen does not reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy [J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(1):91-96.
[4]Mathes DD,Conaway MR,Ross WT.Ambulatory surgery:room air versus nasal cannula oxygen during transport after general anesthesia[J].Anesth Analg,2001,93(4):917-921.
[5]Pedersen T,Moller AM,Pedersen BD.Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring:systematic review of randomized,controlled trials[J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(2):426-431.
[6]張國華,薛富善,李平,等.手術(shù)方法對(duì)施擇期腭成形術(shù)小兒手術(shù)后早期低氧血癥的影響[J].實(shí)用兒科臨床雜志,2005,20(11):1152-1155.
[7]Murphy GS,Szokol JW,Franklin M,et al.Postanesthesia care unit recovery times and neuromuscular blocking drugs:a prospective study of orthopedic surgical patients randomized to receive pancuronium or rocuronium[J].Anesth Analg,2004,98(1):193-200.
[8]鄧軍,趙蘭花.圍術(shù)期肥胖患者呼吸管理的新進(jìn)展[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2014,20(7):1222-1224.
[9]鄧武堅(jiān),林景泰,吳偉京,等.沐舒坦對(duì)長時(shí)間氣管插管全麻上腹部手術(shù)老年人呼吸道的保護(hù)作用[J] .中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,32(5):516-517.
[10]Murphy GS,Szokol JW,Marymont JH,et al.Residual paralysis at the time of tracheal extubation[J].Anesth Analg,2005,100(6):1840-1845.
[11]Pedersen T,Viby-Mogensen J,Bang U,et al.Does perioperative tactile evaluation of the train-of-four response influence the frequency of postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade?[J].Anesthesiology,1990,73(5):835-839.
[12]Fruergaard K,Viby-Mogensen J,Berg H,et al.Tactile evaluation of the response to double burst stimulation decreases,but does not eliminate,the problem of postoperative residual paralysis[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,1998,42(10):1168-1174.
Feasibility of the Diameter of Pupils during Recovery Period for Predicting Early Postoperative Hypoxemia of Patients Undergoing Gynecological Laparoscopy with General Anesthesia
DONGSulinLIUYanGENGGuiqiSUNShenHUANGShaoqiangDepartmentofAnesthesiology,ObstetricsandGynecologyHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai200090,China
AbstractObjective:To explore the feasibility of the diameter of pupils during recovery period for predicting early postoperative hypoxemia of patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy with general anesthesia. Methods:A total of 70 adult female patients classified as I-II according to American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)Criteria , who underwent gynecological laparoscopy during Oct 2013 and Dec 2013, were chosen. The operations were performed with total intravenous anesthesia. The diameter of pupils upon arriving at postanesthesia care unit(PACU). Patients were divided into two groups, the group A (diameter of pupil was <2 mm) and the group B (diameter of pupil was ≥2 mm). The pulse oxygenation saturation(SpO2) immediately after inserting nasal catheter and 2,4,6,8,10,20,30 min after administering 3 L/min oxygen inhalation through nasal catheter, were compared. Results: The value of SpO2in group A was significantly lower than that in group B at 2 min and 4 min after arriving at PACU, however, the difference between two groups was not statistically significant at 6 min after arriving at PACU.The smaller the diameter of pupil on arriving at PACU was, the lower the value of SpO2at 2 min after arriving was, and there was a linear correlation between the two factors(r2=0.4268).The area under receiver operator characteristic of the diameter of pupil for predicting the lowest value of SpO2at 10 min after arriving at PACU was 0.99. It showed a very high accuracy of the diameter of pupil for predicting postoperative hypoxemia. The threshold of the diameter of pupil for evaluation was 2.25 mm. Its sensibility for predicting postoperative hypoxemia was 91.4%, and its specificity was 100%. Conclusions: The diameter of pupils during recovery period was correlated with the occurrence of early hypoxemia after general anesthesia. By checking the diameter of pupils upon arriving at PACU, the monitoring on patients with sign of respiratory depression could be strengthened.
Key WordsGeneral anesthesia;Laparoscopy;Recovery period;Hypoxemia;Pupil
通訊作者黃紹強(qiáng),E-mail:timrobbins71@163.com
中圖分類號(hào)R 614.2+4
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A