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結(jié)直腸癌TNM分期的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向

2015-03-07 03:25王振寧
關(guān)鍵詞:現(xiàn)狀及數(shù)目準(zhǔn)確性

王振寧

·專家論壇·

結(jié)直腸癌TNM分期的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向

王振寧

王振寧教授、主任醫(yī)師、博士生導(dǎo)師、教育部長(zhǎng)江學(xué)者特聘教授、遼寧省特聘教授。現(xiàn)任中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院腫瘤外科主任,兼任中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)腫瘤學(xué)分會(huì)青年委員會(huì)副主任委員、中國(guó)抗癌協(xié)會(huì)大腸癌專業(yè)委員會(huì)委員、遼寧省抗癌協(xié)會(huì)常務(wù)理事兼副秘書長(zhǎng)等職務(wù)。先后主持“973”前期1項(xiàng)、教育部新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計(jì)劃1項(xiàng)、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目5項(xiàng)、其它省部級(jí)項(xiàng)目13項(xiàng);在國(guó)內(nèi)外著名雜志發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文203篇,SCI收錄107篇,影響因子累積312點(diǎn),被引用708次;獲國(guó)家科技進(jìn)步二等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng)、省部級(jí)科技進(jìn)步一等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng)、二等獎(jiǎng)4項(xiàng),三等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng)。曾獲第九屆中國(guó)醫(yī)師獎(jiǎng)、第五屆吳孟超基金會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)青年基金二等獎(jiǎng),教育部霍英東教育基金會(huì)第九屆高等院校青年教師獎(jiǎng),遼寧省“教育年度人物”稱號(hào),遼寧省第六屆青年科技獎(jiǎng),入選遼寧省“百千萬人才工程”百人層次。

【摘要】隨著對(duì)于結(jié)直腸癌研究的逐步深入,每一版的TNM分期都在不停的作出調(diào)整。筆者主要結(jié)合近年的研究成果對(duì)于第七版TNM分期中存在的一些問題進(jìn)行探討,并且對(duì)第八版TNM分期制定中可能涉及的一些方面進(jìn)行了展望。

【關(guān)鍵詞】結(jié)直腸腫瘤;腫瘤分期

作者單位:110001 沈陽,中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院腫瘤外科(Email:josieon826@sina.cn)

結(jié)直腸癌是世界第三大惡性腫瘤,在我國(guó),隨著居民飲食習(xí)慣的改變,結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率近年來逐年上升,目前全國(guó)發(fā)病率已位居全部癌癥第四位,嚴(yán)重危害國(guó)人健康。對(duì)于結(jié)直腸癌患者,規(guī)范的多學(xué)科綜合治療是改善預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵,而腫瘤的分期是指導(dǎo)規(guī)范化治療的主要依據(jù)。對(duì)于結(jié)直腸癌,國(guó)際抗癌聯(lián)盟(Union for International Cancer Control,UICC)和美國(guó)癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(huì)(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)提出的TNM分期是當(dāng)前世界范圍主要應(yīng)用的腫瘤分期系統(tǒng)。本文將就結(jié)直腸癌TNM分期的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向予以討論。

目前最新的第7版TNM分期是2009年提出,并于2010年起推行使用的[1-2]。7版分期相對(duì)于第6版做了諸多改動(dòng),包括將T4分級(jí)拆分為T4a和T4b,將M1分級(jí)拆分為M1a和M1b,將癌旁腫瘤沉積(tumor deposits,TD)列為N1c分級(jí)等。本單位利用大樣本分析證實(shí),第7版分期對(duì)患者預(yù)后評(píng)估的準(zhǔn)確性顯著優(yōu)于6版分期[3],同時(shí)期Ueno等[4]的研究也支持這一結(jié)果。因此,第7版分期的進(jìn)步是應(yīng)該肯定的。

當(dāng)然,研究者對(duì)于第7版分期也提出了諸多的質(zhì)疑[5-8]。主要集中在TD的分級(jí)方法和N分級(jí)準(zhǔn)確性可能會(huì)受到淋巴結(jié)檢取數(shù)目的影響。第7版的TNM分期提出將漿膜下、系膜、及無漿膜覆蓋的結(jié)直腸周邊組織中存在TD,且無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的,列為N1c分級(jí),這種分級(jí)方式解決了原有N0分級(jí)內(nèi)因TD存在預(yù)后異質(zhì)性的問題。但是,7版分期對(duì)于同時(shí)存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TD的情況未作規(guī)定,本單位對(duì)此進(jìn)行研究,提出將原屬于III期的T3N2bM0TD(+),T4N2bM0TD(-/+)歸入IV期,新分期顯示出顯著的預(yù)后評(píng)估優(yōu)勢(shì)[9]。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本單位在研究中嘗試將TD計(jì)入轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)計(jì)數(shù)中,結(jié)果顯示此種分級(jí)方案不但表述簡(jiǎn)單,其預(yù)后評(píng)估能力也顯著優(yōu)于現(xiàn)行的第7版分期[10],國(guó)內(nèi)外的其他研究的結(jié)果也支持此方案[4,11]。這種新的方案是值得未來第8版分期參考的。

結(jié)直腸癌TNM分期系統(tǒng)中另一個(gè)存在爭(zhēng)議的問題是淋巴結(jié)檢取數(shù)目對(duì)于N分級(jí)準(zhǔn)確性的影響。目前的N分級(jí)僅由患者的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目決定。一些研究指出該分級(jí)方式可能過于簡(jiǎn)單并可能造成分期移動(dòng),應(yīng)當(dāng)加入淋巴結(jié)檢取數(shù)目以提高其預(yù)后估計(jì)準(zhǔn)確性[12-13]?;诖?,自2005年起淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率(LNR)得到廣泛研究。LNR被定義為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)除以淋巴結(jié)檢取數(shù)所得的比率,幾乎所有的研究均指出LNR是結(jié)腸癌的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素[14-17],甚至有研究者提出LNR分級(jí)應(yīng)該取代傳統(tǒng)N分級(jí)[18]。然而,本單位基于大樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)如果淋巴結(jié)檢取數(shù)目不少于13,LNR分級(jí)并不優(yōu)于pN分級(jí),同時(shí),LNR還存在分級(jí)界值(cut-off)難以確定等問題,因此我們認(rèn)為現(xiàn)行TNM分期中“N分級(jí)僅由淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目決定,同時(shí)盡力提高檢取數(shù)目,當(dāng)檢取數(shù)目不足時(shí)臨床予以特殊重視”的表述是合理而適用的。

目前,UICC和AJCC已經(jīng)開啟了第8版TNM分期的制定工作,8版分期預(yù)計(jì)于2016年公布。在2014年的AJCC年會(huì)上,專家組提出了8版分期要從“面向群體”(population based)向“更加個(gè)體化”(more personalized)發(fā)展的規(guī)劃。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),專家組提出要在分期中引入新的來自臨床、病理、血生化、及分子生物學(xué)的指標(biāo),但同時(shí)也指出考慮到世界各地區(qū)醫(yī)療水平的差異以及和舊版本的銜接,新的TNM分期仍然不會(huì)放棄以解剖學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)。因此,傳統(tǒng)的原發(fā)灶(Tumor,T)-區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)(Regional lymph node,N)-遠(yuǎn)隔轉(zhuǎn)移(Distant metastasis,M)的構(gòu)架應(yīng)該不會(huì)有根本變化。

遵循這些思想,我們認(rèn)為在8版分期中嘗試局部整合新的指標(biāo)是最適合的方案。近年來,國(guó)外研究者建立了12-gene Oncotype DX結(jié)腸癌復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分[19],此評(píng)分系統(tǒng)由由微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性(microsatellite instability,MSI)、LOH 18q等分子生物學(xué)指標(biāo)構(gòu)成,已被驗(yàn)證可以準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)II期結(jié)腸癌的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20],并可沿用于直腸癌[21]。同時(shí),本單位發(fā)現(xiàn)在病理T3和T4a分級(jí)中整合臨床T分級(jí)[22],以及在N分級(jí)中使用回歸模型整合淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和LNR的信息[23]均可以顯著提高TNM分期的預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性。我們認(rèn)為,新版TNM分期中吸收類似的研究成果是合理的嘗試,有可能推動(dòng)分期系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)步。當(dāng)然,上述意見還有待于在今后的研究中進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。我們期待結(jié)直腸癌的TNM分期能夠成功完成由“面向群體”向“更加個(gè)體化”的轉(zhuǎn)變,更好的指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Edge SB,American Joint Committee on Cancer.AJCC cancer staging manual,7th edn.New York:Springer,2010.

[2]Sobin LH,Wittekind C,UICC.TNM classification of malignant tumours,7th ed.Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2009.

[3]Gao P,Song YX,Wang ZN,et al.Is the prediction of prognosis not improved by the seventh edition of the TNM classification for colorectal cancer? Analysis of the surveillance,epidemiology,and end results(SEER)database.BMC Cancer,2013,13:123.

[4]Ueno H,Mochizuki H,Akagi Y,et al.Optimal colorectal cancer staging criteria in TNM classification.J Clin Oncol,2012,30(13):1519-1526.

[5]Mori T.A Comparison of the new(Planned)TNM classification and Japanese general rule for staging colorectal cancer.Cancer Investigation,2010,28(4):387-392.

[6]Nagtegaal ID,Quirke P,Schmoll H-J.Has the new TNM classification for colorectal cancer improved care? Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology,2012,9(2):119-123.

[7]Nagtegaal ID,Tot T,Jayne DG,et al.Lymph nodes,tumor deposits,and TNM:Are we getting better? Journal of Clinical Oncology,2011,29(18):2487-2492.

[8]Nitsche U,Maak M,Schuster T,et al.Prediction of prognosis is not improved by the seventh and latest edition of the TNM classification for colorectal cancer in a single-center collective.Annals of Surgery,2011,254(5):793-801.

[9]Tong LL,Gao P,Wang ZN,et al.Is the seventh edition of the UICC/AJCC TNM staging system reasonable for patients with tumor deposits in colorectal cancer? Ann Surg,2012,255(2):208-213.

[10]Song YX,Gao P,Wang ZN,et al.Can the tumor deposits be counted as metastatic lymph nodes in the UICC TNM staging system for colorectal cancer? PLoS One,2012,7(3):e34087.

[11]Qiu HB,Chen G,Keshari RP,et al.The extramural metastasis might be categorized in lymph node staging for colorectal cancer.BMC Cancer,2011,11(1):414.

[12]Le Voyer TE,Sigurdson ER,Hanlon AL,et al.Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed:a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089.J Clin Oncol,2003,21(15):2912-2919.

[13]Hashiguchi Y,Hase K,Ueno H,et al.Prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in colon cancer surgery:clinical application beyond simple measurement.Ann Surg,2010,251(5):872-881.

[14]Berger AC,Sigurdson ER,LeVoyer T,et al.Colon cancer survival is associated with decreasing ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes.J Clin Oncol,2005,23(34):8706-8712.

[15]Rosenberg R,Engel J,Bruns C,et al.The prognostic value of lymph node ratio in a population-based collective of colorectal cancer patients.Annals of Surgery,2010,251(6):1070-1078.

[16]Tong L-l,Gao P,Wang Z-n,et al.Can lymph node ratio take the place of pN categories in the UICC/AJCC TNM classification system for colorectal cancer?Annals of Surgical Oncology,2011,18(9):2453-2460.

[17]Derwinger K,Carlsson G,Gustavsson B:A study of lymph node ratio as a prognostic marker in colon cancer.European Journal of Surgical Oncology(EJSO)2008,34(7):771-775.

[18]Frédérique P,Stéphane B,Catherine J,et al.The ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes is a powerful iIndependent prognostic factor in rectal cancer.Annals of Surgery,2008,248(6):1067-1073.

[19]O’Connell MJ,Lavery I,Yothers G,et al.Relationship between tumor gene expression and recurrence in four independent studies of patients with stage II/III colon cancer treated with surgery alone or surgery plus adjuvant fluorouracil plus leucovorin.J Clin Oncol,2010,28(25):3937-3944.

[20]Yothers G,O’Connell MJ,Lee M,et al.Validation of the 12-gene colon cancer recurrence score in NSABP C-07 as a predictor of recurrence in patients with stage II and III colon cancer treated with fluorouracil and leucovorin(FU/LV)and FU/LV plus oxaliplatin.J Clin Oncol,2013,31(36):4512-4519.

[21]Reimers MS,Kuppen PJ,Lee M,et al.Validation of the 12-gene colon cancer recurrence score as a predictor of recurrence risk in stage II and III rectal cancer patients.J Natl Cancer Inst,2014,106(11).

[22]Liang JW,Gao P,Wang ZN,et al.The integration of macroscopic tumor invasion of adjacent organs into TNM staging system for colorectal cancer.PLoS One,2012,7(12):e52269.

[23]Gao P,Song YX,Wang ZN,et al.Integrated ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes and number of metastatic lymph nodes into the AJCC staging system for colon cancer.PLoS One,2012,7(4):e35021.

(本文編輯:馬天翼)

王振寧.結(jié)直腸癌TNM分期的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向[J/CD].中華結(jié)直腸疾病電子雜志,2015,4(1):5-7.

The present issues and the trend of the TNM staging system

WANGZhen-ning

.DepartmentofOncology,F(xiàn)irstAffiliatedHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang110001,China

Correspondingauthor:WANGZhen-ning,Email:josieon826@sina.cn.

【Abstract】As the study on the colorectal cancer develops,the TNM staging system has been adjusted in every edition.The author discussed several issues in the 7thedition and made some prospects on the coming 8thTNM classification edition on the the hotspots of research fields in recent years.

【Key words】Colorectal neoplasms;Neoplasm staging

(收稿日期:2014-12-05)

DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2015.01.02

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