張金衛(wèi) 林漢杰 韓凌
1.廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第二臨床醫(yī)學院,廣東廣州510006; 2.廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第二附屬醫(yī)院,廣東廣州510006
腸上皮細胞緊密連接的研究進展
張金衛(wèi)1林漢杰1韓凌2
1.廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第二臨床醫(yī)學院,廣東廣州510006; 2.廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第二附屬醫(yī)院,廣東廣州510006
腸上皮細胞緊密連接(TJ)在腸道黏膜屏障中起著重要作用,其受損會導致細胞間的通透性增加,細菌、內毒素和大分子物質通過細胞旁路途徑進入其他組織、器官或體循環(huán),從而引發(fā)疾病。本文從蛋白角度和信號通路角度介紹腸上皮細胞TJ的研究進展,并進一步指出腸黏膜受到刺激后分泌大量的Zonulin蛋白,其與Zonulin受體結合,傳導信號,調控TJ上Claudin、Occludin、JAM、ZOs、Cingulin等多種蛋白的表達,從而開放TJ。腫瘤壞死因子-α通過激活核轉錄因子κB p65/p50異源二聚體與啟動子下游κB結合區(qū)域結合激活肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶轉錄啟動子是TJ信號通路中較為成熟的通路。
緊密連接;腸上皮細胞;信號通路
腸屏障是指腸道能夠防止腸內有害物質穿過腸黏膜進入其他組織、器官和血液循環(huán)的結構和功能的總和。腸屏障由機械屏障、化學屏障、免疫屏障和生物屏障共同構成,其中機械屏障最為重要。機械屏障由腸上皮細胞及其連接構成,調控著水和溶質的跨上皮轉運。腸上皮細胞間的連接包括緊密連接(tightjunction,TJ)、縫隙連接(gapjunction,GJ)、黏附連接(adhesion junction,AJ)及橋粒(desmosome)等,其中,TJ在
腸屏障中發(fā)揮著重要作用。在透射電鏡下觀察,TJ位于上皮細胞頂端,呈箍狀圍繞在細胞的周圍,線條清晰連續(xù),邊緣光滑流暢,可與下段復合連接勾勒出纖毛柱狀上皮細胞的柱狀形態(tài)。TJ由50多種蛋白組成,分為結構蛋白和功能蛋白。結構蛋白構成TJ的結構骨架;功能蛋白連接細胞骨架及膜蛋白,并傳遞信號[1]。TJ一方面調控著細胞的通透性,另一方面作為信號中心在細胞外環(huán)境和細胞內之間進行著雙向信息傳遞,調節(jié)著細胞的生長以及細胞的極性、表型和信號轉導等[2]。在生理情況下,離子及小分子物質能夠通過TJ,毒性大分子和微生物則不能通過。如果TJ受損,會導致細胞通透性增加,細菌、內毒素和大分子物質通過旁路途徑進入其他組織、器官或體循環(huán),從而引發(fā)多種疾病,例如炎癥性腸病、腹瀉、乳糜瀉、食物過敏等。當前國內外主要從蛋白角度和信息通路角度研究腸上皮細胞TJ,本文主從這兩個角度介紹其研究進展。
腸上皮細胞TJ由50多種蛋白組成,分為結構蛋白和功能蛋白,結構蛋白主要有Occludin、Claudin和JAM等,構成TJ的結構骨架;功能蛋白主要有ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3、Cingulin和Zonulin等,連接細胞骨架及膜蛋白,并傳遞信號[1]。目前,國內外研究的焦點是Occludin、Claudin、ZOs和Zonulin。
1.1 Occludin蛋白
Occludin蛋白是在TJ中第一個被發(fā)現(xiàn)的蛋白,其為4分子交聯(lián)體蛋白,2個環(huán)分布在細胞外,N端和C端分布在細胞內,相對分子量為65 000[3]。Occludin蛋白是TJ的主要組成部分,其4次跨膜結構能夠和Claudin-l、Claudin-2及其他外周膜蛋白結合[4],對維持TJ的結構和功能具有重要意義[5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在炎癥性腸病中,腸黏膜Occludin蛋白表達水平下降[6]。Occludin蛋白可增強成纖維細胞間的黏附性,增加跨膜電阻[7],調節(jié)細胞間的通透性[8]。乳酸桿菌等益生菌干預大腸埃希菌(E.coli)感染的小腸上皮細胞,使Occludin蛋白和細胞骨架蛋白表達升高,從而修復了破壞的TJ[9]。研究表明,腸致病菌及其毒素通過下調Occludin蛋白表達的途徑破壞TJ結構[10]。
1.2 Claudin蛋白
Claudin蛋白家族對TJ結構起到支柱作用[11]。Claudin蛋白參與了TJ上只允許離子和小分子物質通過的小“孔”的形成[8]。缺少Claudin-1的小鼠在出生數小時內因脫水而死亡,研究表明,表皮屏障因缺少Claudin-1而導致功能失常,水分由皮膚大量流失,進而引發(fā)小鼠死亡[12]。細胞轉染試驗也進一步證實了這一結論[13]。實驗表明,缺少Claudin-1表達會使腸道屏障受損[14]。楊麗等[15]用應激因子腎上腺皮質激素釋放因子(corticotrophin-releasingfactor,CRF)誘導了腸上皮細胞TJ相關蛋白Claudin-2表達升高,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)這種誘導作用與核轉錄因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)激活有關。
1.3 ZOs蛋白
ZOs是外周膜蛋白,能夠與細胞質內Occludin蛋白的末端連接,與Occludin蛋白、肌動蛋白骨架構成穩(wěn)定的連接系統(tǒng)[16]。ZO-1是連接跨膜蛋白Occludin、Claudin-5與細胞骨架蛋白F-actin的橋梁蛋白,其分布和表達影響著TJ的結構和功能[17]。孫兆瑞等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),ZO-1和Occludin主要定位在細胞膜上,呈邊緣平滑的網狀結構。Al-Sadi等[8]用肺炎克雷伯菌、乳酸桿菌、糞腸球菌和大腸埃希菌刺激Caco-2細胞,降低了TJ中ZO-1的表達。
1.4 Zonulin蛋白
Zonulin蛋白是最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的可調節(jié)腸道通透性的生理性蛋白,能夠快速并且可逆的調控TJ[18]。Fasano[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),腸黏膜受到細菌或麥膠蛋白刺激后分泌大量的Zonulin蛋白,其與Zonulin受體結合,傳導信號,開放TJ,從而增加細胞的通透性。體外細胞實驗表明,沙門菌和3種類型的大腸埃希菌都能夠誘導Zonulin的釋放、ZO-1蛋白重布和細胞通透性的增加[20]。另外,臨床試驗證明,口服益生菌能夠降低血清中Zonulin的含量,進而有效地預防相關感染[21]。動物實驗表明,糖尿病傾向大鼠腸腔內的Zonulin含量升高,阻斷Zonulin受體能夠降低糖尿病的發(fā)病率[22]。雖然腸道分泌過量的Zonulin蛋白會導致屏障受損,但是,生理情況下,Zonulin蛋白構成了機體的固有免疫[23]。腸上皮細胞受到腸內細菌的刺激后,釋放Zonulin蛋白,開放TJ,增加腸腔內液體的分泌,從而有效地阻止小腸遠端細菌向近端的定植[20],起到了免疫調節(jié)的作用。
腸上皮細胞TJ一方面調控著細胞的通透性,另一方面作為信號中心在細胞外環(huán)境和細胞內之間進行著雙向信息傳遞,調節(jié)著細胞的生長以及細胞的極性、表型和信號轉導等[2]。在眾多腸上皮細胞TJ信號通路中,腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)/ NF-κB/肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶(myosin lightchain kinase,MLCK)信號通路較為成熟。
2.1 信號通路概論
MLCK、磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol threekinase/proteinkinaseB,PI3K/AKT)、蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)、絲裂原活化的蛋白激酶(mitogenactivated protein kinase,MAPK)、非受體蛋白酪氨酸激酶(non receptor protein tyrosine kinase,NRPTK)、Rho/Rho激酶(Rho/Rho associated kinase,ROCK)和蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)等信號通路調控著TJ蛋白的表達[24]。這些信號通路調控著TJ蛋白的組裝、分解和磷酸化,影響著其構象和生物化學特性,調節(jié)著TJ的開放,其中,PI3K/AKT、MAPK和PKC信號通路在調控TJ蛋白表達及其磷酸化過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[24]。徐焰等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞外信號調節(jié)激酶(extracellularsignal-regulated kinase,ERK1/2)和絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶(protein kinase B,AKT)的抑制劑可部分回轉鉛誘導的緊密連接ZO-1蛋白、Pccludin蛋白和Claudin-5蛋白的下降。
2.2 TNF-α/NF-κB/MLCK信號通路
MLCK是Ca2+/鈣調蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)依賴蛋白激酶家族的一員。Ca2+/CaM復合體是MLCK的重要元件[26],其與MLCK結合后,解離MLCK的天然抑制物[27],激活MLCK,形成MLCK前體。激活的MLCK使肌球蛋白輕鏈(myosin lightchain,MLC)的Thr18及Ser19磷酸化[28],改變MLC的空間構象[29]。同時,增強肌球蛋白與肌動蛋白絲之間的相互作用[30],使肌球蛋白和肌動蛋白絲收縮,增加TJ和細胞表面的張力,最終調控細胞骨架,開放TJ[31]。MLCK的活性決定著MLC磷酸化的程度[28],而在調控細胞骨架和細胞收縮等過程中MLC的磷酸化又起著舉足輕重的作用[32]。研究進一步證明,MLC的磷酸化在TJ受損的過程中起著重要作用,肌動蛋白解聚劑能夠開放TJ[33]。Zolotarevsk等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),MLC的磷酸化啟動了TJ的開放。Shen等[35]證明了,在維護TJ結構及其功能的完整性過程中,MLCK發(fā)揮著重要作用。敲除MLCK基因或使用MLCK抑制劑都能夠減輕TJ的損傷,這提示著MLCK在TJ調控中發(fā)揮著至關重要的作用[36]。
TNF-α具有激活MLCK活性、促進MLC磷酸酶轉錄、上調MLCK蛋白的作用,其影響著MLC的磷酸化及TJ蛋白的表達,動態(tài)調控著TJ的結構[37]。韓亮等[38]證實,抗TNF-α抗體通過抑制小腸黏膜上皮細胞的MLCK表達及其活性的途徑修復受損的TJ。
Ma等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TNF-α誘導的TJ相關蛋白表達異常、細胞通透性升高與NF-κB的激活有關,并進一步證實了TNF-α引起MLCK轉錄啟動子的激活,是由于NF-κBp65/p50異源二聚體與啟動子下游κB結合區(qū)域結合引起的。
從蛋白角度研究腸上皮細胞TJ中Zonulin、Claudin、Occludin、JAM、ZOs和Cingulin等成為熱點,然而,本文發(fā)現(xiàn),Zonulin蛋白與其余蛋白的表達具有一致性,基于這一點,筆者提出:腸黏膜受到刺激后分泌大量的Zonulin蛋白,其與Zonulin受體結合,傳導信號,調控TJ上Claudin、Occludin、JAM、ZOs和Cingulin等多種蛋白的表達,從而開放TJ。
從信號通路角度研究腸上皮細胞TJ中,多數是基于蛋白表達來證明的,鮮有從基因水平論證的,例如,Clayburgh等[36]敲除MLCK基因。從基因水平論證相關信號通路是最直接、最有力的證據,筆者認為從基因水平論證相關信號通路是今后的熱點和難點,并指出TNF-α通過激活NF-κB p65/p50異源二聚體與啟動子下游κB結合區(qū)域結合激活MLCK轉錄啟動子是TJ信號通路中較為成熟的通路。
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Research progress of intestinal epithelial tight junctions
ZHANG Jinwei1LIN Hanjie1HAN Ling21.The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510006,China;2.The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou510006,China
Intestinal epithelial tight junctions(TJ)plays an important role in the intestinal mucosal barrier,and the damage resultes in increased intercellular permeability,bacteria,endotoxin and macromolecules through the paracellular way into other tissues,organs or body circulation,causing disease.This article introduces the progress of studies on intestinal epithelial cell line TJ from the angle of view and protein signaling pathway,and further points out that the intestinal mucosa after stimulated to secrete large amounts of Zonulinprotein,combining with Zonulinreceptor,andzonulin receptor signal transduction,regulation of TJ on Claudin,Occludin,JAM,ZOs,the expression of Cingulin and other protein,so as to open TJ.Tumor necrosis factor-α through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B p65/p50 two dimer and heterologous promoter B binding domain binding activating myosin light chain kinase transcription promoter is the pathway of mature TJ signal pathway.
Tight junction;Intestinal epithelial cell;Signaling pathway
R574.1
A
1673-7210(2015)02(c)-0160-04
2014-11-23本文編輯:程銘)
國家自然科學基金資助項目(編號81202635)。
張金衛(wèi)(1988-),男,廣州中醫(yī)藥大學第二臨床醫(yī)學院2013級中西醫(yī)結合基礎專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:補益藥的免疫藥理。
韓凌(1974-),女,博士,副研究員,碩士生導師;研究方向:補益藥的免疫藥理。