文 豪 徐新生 呂慧霞
色素上皮細(xì)胞衍生因子(pigment epitheliumderived factor,PEDF)是一種分泌性糖蛋白,最先是在胎兒視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中作為神經(jīng)細(xì)胞活性因子被發(fā)現(xiàn)[1]。人類PEDF基因位于第17號染色體的短臂末端,屬于絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制基因家族,但不具有抗蛋白酶活性[2-3]。PEDF具有抗血管生成、抗血栓形成、抗炎、抗氧化等功能,可增加動脈粥樣斑塊穩(wěn)定性,對抗微血管并發(fā)癥及血脂異常等病理過程[4-7]。
動脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊的主要特征是纖維帽薄、脂質(zhì)核大、斑塊內(nèi)新生血管形成及大量炎癥細(xì)胞積聚。易損斑塊內(nèi)新生血管多不成熟,血管壁薄且通透性較大,容易破裂出血。因此,抑制斑塊內(nèi)血管新生可增強(qiáng)斑塊的穩(wěn)定性。正常情況下,體內(nèi)促血管生成因子和抑制血管生成因子之間存在動態(tài)平衡。血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長因子(vascular endothelial gro wt h f actor,VEGF)是血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞促分裂素,在血管新生過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用。PEDF作為一種強(qiáng)效的內(nèi)源性抗血管生成因子,可通過多種途徑對抗VEGF的促血管新生作用[8]。一方面,PEDF可在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平直接抑制VEGF的表達(dá);另一方面,PEDF可與VEGF競爭結(jié)合血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體(VEGFR),抑制VEGF引起的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖和遷移[4,9]。
PEDF還通過誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡影響血管生成。由VEGF、堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(b FGF)等誘導(dǎo)的新生血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)跨膜糖蛋白凋亡相關(guān)因子(Fas)受體,PEDF可上調(diào)凋亡相關(guān)因子配體。Fas配體與Fas受體結(jié)合后誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,而正常的成熟血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞不表達(dá)Fas受體。因此,PEDF的靶血管只是新生的異常血管,對已經(jīng)成形的正常血管無破壞作用。這是PEDF在抗血管新生治療方面的特性和潛在優(yōu)勢。
細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解和血管滲漏是新生血管形成的首要步驟,這一過程需要基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)的參與。MMP是一種內(nèi)切蛋白水解酶,可降解膠原和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞均可分泌 MMP[10]。Grippo等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),在PEDF基因缺陷小鼠胰腺癌模型中 MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平升高。機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PEDF可能通過核因子 κB(NF-κB)下調(diào) MMP-9的水 平[12]。PEDF通過抑制MMP表達(dá),抑制新生血管的生成,進(jìn)而降低了斑塊的易損性[13]。
炎癥反應(yīng)與血管新生相互作用,在易損斑塊發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中形成惡性循環(huán)。炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致血管通透性增加,炎癥細(xì)胞進(jìn)入斑塊中的新生血管,產(chǎn)生自由基等物質(zhì)使纖維帽變薄。在斑塊形成后期,巨噬細(xì)胞凋亡促進(jìn)了脂質(zhì)壞死中心形成,導(dǎo)致斑塊不穩(wěn)定性增加,最終引起破裂[14]。PEDF可抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。注射低劑量的PEDF使視網(wǎng)膜血管通透性顯著降低,同時(shí)VEGF、VEGFR及單核細(xì)胞趨化因子-1(MCP-1)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)等表達(dá)顯著下降[15-16]。機(jī)制研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PEDF還可通過抑制還原型輔酶Ⅱ(NADPH)減少活性氧的產(chǎn)生,這可能是PEDF抗炎、抗氧化的分子機(jī)制之一[5,17]。此外,PEDF還可通過激活過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ(PPAR-γ),促進(jìn)抑癌基因p53高表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死,抑制炎癥反應(yīng)[18]。微囊蛋白-1(Caveolin-1,Cav)是內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜微囊的重要組成部分,在動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)展中起重要作用。對臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PEDF可與Cav結(jié)合,抑制Cav介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)[19]。
CD40L也稱T細(xì)胞-B細(xì)胞活化分子、腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)激活蛋白,主要表達(dá)于活化的CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞,功能性的CD40L在血小板上也有表達(dá)。研究表明,高水平CD40L和心血管事件的危險(xiǎn)性相關(guān),抑制血小板CD40L的表達(dá)可能是預(yù)防血栓形成的新靶點(diǎn)[5]。Ya magishi等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PEDF可抑制血小板中糖尿病和晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物(AGE)導(dǎo)致的CD40L表達(dá)上調(diào)。PEDF不僅可以通過抗氧化應(yīng)激來抑制血小板活化和聚集,還可通過降低CD40L水平來預(yù)防糖尿病大鼠動脈粥樣硬化血栓形成[5]。
此外,PEDF與纖溶系統(tǒng)功能有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈注射PEDF會延長尾靜脈出血時(shí)間,并可降低大鼠纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑1的活性[20]。
血脂異常是心血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,調(diào)節(jié)和改善異常血脂代謝是心血管疾病防治的重中之重[17]。
盡管PEDF最初是從視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的,但是體內(nèi)PEDF主要由脂肪組織和肝臟分泌。在脂質(zhì)生成尤其是分化為成熟脂肪的過程中,血漿PEDF水平及脂肪組織中PEDF蛋白表達(dá)水平均明顯增加。糖耐量異常的受試者和2型糖尿病患者體內(nèi)PEDF水平明顯升高[21],而外科降脂手術(shù)會導(dǎo)致血漿PEDF水平明顯下降[22]。Chen等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),代謝綜合征患者血清PEDF水平明顯高于非代謝綜合征患者。PEDF的受體脂肪三酰甘油脂酶(adipose trigl yceride lipase,ATGL)是脂肪動員的關(guān)鍵酶,分別對ATGL-/-小鼠和野生型小鼠注射PEDF后觀察到野生型小鼠骨骼肌脂肪分解增加、ATGL活性增加,而這些現(xiàn)象并未出現(xiàn)于ATGL-/-小 鼠 體 內(nèi),因 此 PEDF 可 能 是 通 過ATGL促進(jìn)了脂質(zhì)分解[24]。上述研究說明PEDF與脂肪代謝有密切關(guān)系。
細(xì)胞凋亡參與動脈粥樣硬化、心肌梗死、缺血-再灌注損傷、心肌炎、心肌病、慢性心力衰竭等多種心血管疾病的病理過程[25-26]。在缺氧條件下,心肌細(xì)胞膜上的PEDF受體磷脂酶A2(PLA2)表達(dá)上調(diào),PEDF通過與PLA2結(jié)合后激活Fas通路誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[27]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PEDF可抑制NADPH氧化酶介導(dǎo)的活性氧產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而抑制活性氧對內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的毒性作用;PEDF還可通過活化Rac-1阻止AGE介導(dǎo)的C反應(yīng)蛋白表達(dá),對減輕心室重構(gòu)、改善心功能有積極意義[5-6,28]。
在缺血、缺氧時(shí),PEDF通過抗氧化、抗炎作用減輕心室重塑,但同時(shí)又能促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡。在疾病的不同階段PEDF哪種作用更具優(yōu)勢則需要進(jìn)一步的研究證明。
PEDF具有抑制血管新生、抗炎、抗血栓、調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)代謝和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡等多種功能,在心血管疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要的作用。這使PEDF有望成為心血管病治療的新靶點(diǎn)。
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