王 喆,李 萌,朱小明
·安全用藥·
伊立替康的用藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與合理用藥
王 喆,李 萌,朱小明
目的 分析伊立替康在臨床使用中出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)(ADRs)及用藥合理性,促進(jìn)臨床安全用藥。方法 檢索近5年國(guó)外有關(guān)伊立替康A(chǔ)DRs的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,進(jìn)行分析整理。結(jié)果 伊立替康的ADRs主要為胃腸道反應(yīng)、血液系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、皮膚及附件損害等,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可導(dǎo)致死亡。結(jié)論 臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)及時(shí)處理伊立替康引起的ADRs,增加患者的依從性、耐受性,以保證臨床用藥安全。
伊立替康;不良反應(yīng);合理用藥
伊立替康(Irinotecan)為選擇性拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅰ抑制劑,屬于喜樹(shù)堿半人工合成物。主要通過(guò)抑制DNA單鏈斷裂后的修復(fù),干擾DNA復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄,發(fā)揮作用于S期的細(xì)胞毒效應(yīng)。臨床上伊立替康是晚期大腸癌的首選化療藥物,也廣泛應(yīng)用于卵巢癌、肺癌、宮頸癌、胃癌及其他多種惡性腫瘤的治療。其可與5-氟尿嘧啶和亞葉酸聯(lián)合治療既往未接受化療的晚期大腸癌患者,而作為單一用藥,可用于治療經(jīng)含5-氟尿嘧啶化療方案治療失敗的患者。然而,近年來(lái),隨著伊立替康臨床應(yīng)用的日益廣泛,其藥物不良反應(yīng)(ADRs)日益受到醫(yī)務(wù)人員的關(guān)注。本文對(duì)伊立替康的藥物不良反應(yīng)、臨床干預(yù)及合理用藥進(jìn)行綜述,旨在提高臨床安全用藥水平,降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,保障患者用藥質(zhì)量。
1.1 消化系統(tǒng) Gao等[1]報(bào)道,133例接受包含伊立替康化療的患者中(胃癌42例,食管癌91例),有10例患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重腹瀉,臨床可用頭孢克肟以減少伊立替康治療相關(guān)腹瀉的發(fā)生。此外,在應(yīng)用伊立替康和奈達(dá)鉑聯(lián)合輔助化療鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的Ⅱ期臨床研究中,Yamaguchi等[2]報(bào)道,68例患者接受伊立替康(60 mg/m2,d1、8)和奈達(dá)鉑(80 mg/m2,d1)化療,每21 d為1個(gè)化療周期,1~3個(gè)化療周期后,出現(xiàn)的3或4級(jí)ADRs包括腹瀉(6.1%)、惡心(3%)、厭食(1.5%)、嘔吐(1.5%)、腸梗阻(1.5%)。
1.2 血液系統(tǒng) Matsubara等[3]給予晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者伊立替康80 mg/m2(d1、8、15),每4周為1個(gè)治療周期。結(jié)果顯示,32例患者中,3~4級(jí)中性粒細(xì)胞減少的發(fā)生率為22%,其他ADR癥狀較為輕微。在應(yīng)用卡鉑和伊立替康聯(lián)合化療復(fù)發(fā)性卵巢癌的研究中,Tsubamoto等[4]報(bào)道,40例上皮性卵巢癌患者接受伊立替康(60 mg/m2,d1、8)和卡鉑[曲線下面積5 mg/(mL·min),d1]治療,每21 d為1個(gè)治療周期。在第1個(gè)治療周期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)3~4級(jí)的毒性,包括中性粒細(xì)胞減少(65%)、血小板減少癥(48%)。
1.3 運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) Takatori等[5]報(bào)道,1例71歲復(fù)發(fā)性Ⅲb期復(fù)發(fā)性宮頸癌患者,接受奈達(dá)鉑(60 mg/m2,d1、8)和伊立替康(80 mg/m2,d1)聯(lián)合化療,化療期間患者出現(xiàn)3級(jí)疲勞。Cortejoso等[6]在應(yīng)用伊立替康治療直腸癌患者的回顧性分析中,得到乏力的發(fā)生率與ABCB1C1236T的T等位基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性有關(guān),同時(shí)具有2份GSTT1基因患者的乏力ADR發(fā)生率較低。
1.4 皮膚及附件損害 Jehn等[7]應(yīng)用伊立替康和西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合治療伊立替康耐藥的497例轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者,盡管老年患者有較多并發(fā)癥且查爾森并發(fā)癥指數(shù)較高,皮疹為常見(jiàn)ADR(18%),但3~4級(jí)毒性反應(yīng)無(wú)年齡差異,皮膚毒性(>1級(jí))的發(fā)生與無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率和有效率呈正相關(guān)。Samalin等[8]應(yīng)用伊立替康聯(lián)合索拉非尼治療原癌基因突變的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者,第一階段給予患者伊立替康(125、150、180 mg/m2,每2周1次)聯(lián)合索拉非尼(400 mg,bid),發(fā)生無(wú)劑量限制性毒性;第二階段中,54例患者接受伊立替康(180 mg/m2,每2周1次)聯(lián)合索拉非尼(400 mg,bid)治療,13%患者出現(xiàn)手足綜合征。
1.5 心血管系統(tǒng) Eichler等[9]應(yīng)用伊立替康治療無(wú)法切除的肝轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)直腸癌患者,11例患者中,心臟ADR主要表現(xiàn)為心悸(9.1%)。伊立替康聯(lián)合貝伐單抗治療52例無(wú)法手術(shù)的復(fù)發(fā)或晚期結(jié)直腸癌患者,治療方案為伊立替康(100 mg/m2,d1~15)、貝伐單抗(5 mg/kg,d1~15),每28 d為1個(gè)治療周期。結(jié)果顯示,3或4級(jí)ADR中,高血壓占21%[10]。
1.6 感染 Noro等[11]給予20例未接受過(guò)治療的廣泛期小細(xì)胞肺癌患者至少4個(gè)療程的化療(氨柔比星、順鉑交替給藥,同時(shí)每周給予伊立替康和順鉑治療,3~4周為1個(gè)交替循環(huán))。結(jié)果顯示,非血液學(xué)的ADR主要為中度感染(10%),其反應(yīng)程度可以接受,可以作為治療廣泛期小細(xì)胞肺癌的有效方案。Oshita等[12]對(duì)21例不能應(yīng)用手術(shù)切除術(shù)的非小細(xì)胞肺癌老年患者應(yīng)用紫杉醇和伊立替康聯(lián)合化療,給予3個(gè)周期的治療(紫杉醇:160 mg/m2,伊立替康:60 mg/m2,每2~3周為1個(gè)周期),有6例發(fā)生感染,其中3例發(fā)展為3級(jí)肺炎。Seymour等[13]在伊立替康聯(lián)合帕尼單抗對(duì)比伊立替康治療氟尿嘧啶耐藥的晚期結(jié)直腸癌患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),伊立替康聯(lián)合帕尼單抗組中感染的發(fā)生率為19%,伊立替康組為10%。
1.7 死亡 Hironaka等[14]采用伊立替康(150 mg/m2,d1、15)和紫杉醇(80 mg/m2,d1、8、15),每4周為1個(gè)周期,治療經(jīng)氟尿嘧啶聯(lián)合鉑類(lèi)化療失敗的219例晚期胃癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)伊立替康組出現(xiàn)1.8%治療相關(guān)的死亡事件。Shiozawa等[15]在研究伊立替康為基礎(chǔ)化療相關(guān)致死因素的研究中,通過(guò)單變量和多變量Logistic回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)以伊立替康為基礎(chǔ)化療的13 935例患者中,骨髓抑制相關(guān)致死病例占70%,間質(zhì)性肺病相關(guān)致死病例占11%。此外,男性、年齡、體力狀態(tài)≥3、大量腹水、感染和腎功能不全為治療相關(guān)致死的危險(xiǎn)因素。因此,為了確保伊立替康治療的安全性,依據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素來(lái)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)幕颊呤呛苤匾摹?/p>
1.8 其他 1例49歲男性轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)腸癌患者應(yīng)用伊立替康(180 mg/m2)作為多藥化療方案的一部分,在靜脈注射90 min左右出現(xiàn)構(gòu)音困難(舌自痹和言語(yǔ)障礙),此現(xiàn)象在停用伊立替康的同時(shí)給予水化治療后消失,可以明確構(gòu)音困難為伊立替康引起。在隨后的化療周期內(nèi),增加患者的伊立替康靜脈注射時(shí)間(180 min,3~5個(gè)治療周期;240 min,6~12個(gè)治療周期),構(gòu)音困難未出現(xiàn),僅在靜脈注射180 min時(shí)出現(xiàn)舌扭曲[16]。此外,伊立替康還可致低鈉血癥、高鉀血癥、呼吸困難、高膽紅素、發(fā)熱、過(guò)敏反應(yīng)、骨髓抑制、腦梗死、膽堿能綜合征等不良反應(yīng)[2,12,17-18]。
隨著伊立替康的臨床應(yīng)用日益廣泛,其ADR受到醫(yī)藥人員的日益關(guān)注。因此,應(yīng)及時(shí)采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施,有效防止ADR的發(fā)生,不斷提高合理用藥水平。
2.1 規(guī)范操作 準(zhǔn)備和操作伊立替康時(shí),均需佩帶眼鏡、口罩、手套等。若藥物溶液或輸注的溶液接觸到皮膚,應(yīng)立即用肥皂和清水徹底沖洗。此外,若溶液或配制的注射液中出現(xiàn)沉淀物,需依據(jù)細(xì)胞毒藥物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)處理程序棄置。
2.2 安全用藥 應(yīng)用伊立替康出現(xiàn)遲發(fā)性腹瀉時(shí),需立即和持續(xù)給予大量液體及抗腹瀉治療。而對(duì)于既往接受過(guò)腹部/盆腔放療的患者、基礎(chǔ)白細(xì)胞升高、一般狀態(tài)評(píng)分≥2及女性患者,腹瀉發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)性增加,若治療不當(dāng),可能危及生命。建議臨床重視由腹瀉引起的脫水以及治療相關(guān)的任何感染性并發(fā)癥,以便及時(shí)采取預(yù)防措施。此外,若患者出現(xiàn)急性膽堿能綜合征,應(yīng)使用硫酸阿托品0.25 mg皮下注射治療。
2.3 特殊人群用藥 由于老年患者各項(xiàng)生理功能減退,選擇劑量時(shí)須謹(jǐn)慎;妊娠期間不能使用伊立替康;育齡婦女在接受伊立替康治療期間應(yīng)避免懷孕;此外,伊立替康可能導(dǎo)致嬰兒ADR,治療期間應(yīng)停止母乳喂養(yǎng)。
近年來(lái),伊立替康A(chǔ)DR的發(fā)生較為常見(jiàn),嚴(yán)重時(shí)可危及患者生命,其臨床用藥對(duì)策也長(zhǎng)期困擾廣大醫(yī)藥人員。因此,應(yīng)充分依據(jù)患者的身體情況,選擇適宜的用藥方案,同時(shí)在臨床用藥中開(kāi)展各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的監(jiān)測(cè)工作,有助于伊立替康A(chǔ)DR的及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和解決。
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Medication risk and rational use of irinotecan
WANG Zhe,LI Meng,ZHU Xiao-ming
(Department of Pharmacy,First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100048,China)
Objective To analyze the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and rational use of irinotecan,and promote the safety drug use.Methods Case reports and literatures about irinotecan-induced ADRs in abroad in recent five years were analyzed and summarized.Results The main adverse reactions of irinotecan were gastrointestinal reaction,hematologic toxicity,neurotoxicity,damages of skin and its appendages and so on,and the serious ADRs could lead to death.Conclusion Clinical medical personnel should cope with ADRs induced by irinotecan,in order to improve the compliance and tolerance of patients and guarantee the safety of clinical drug use.
Irinotecan; Adverse reactions; Rational drug use
2014-09-09
解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院藥劑藥理科,北京100048
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201504021