易 端,魏 濱,張利萍,郭向陽(yáng)
(北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部 北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 北京 100191)
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研究論文
鎮(zhèn)痛/傷害性刺激指數(shù)指導(dǎo)瑞芬太尼在全麻腰椎后路手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用
易 端,魏 濱,張利萍*,郭向陽(yáng)
(北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部 北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 北京 100191)
目的評(píng)估鎮(zhèn)痛/傷害性指數(shù)(ANI)指導(dǎo)瑞芬太尼在全麻腰椎后路手術(shù)中應(yīng)用的可行性。方法將60例擇期行后路腰椎椎板切除減壓內(nèi)固定術(shù)的患者隨機(jī)分入ANI組或?qū)φ战M,均采用瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控輸注,ANI組根據(jù)ANI值(50~70)調(diào)整瑞芬太尼靶濃度,而對(duì)照組根據(jù)心率、血壓等調(diào)整。記錄麻醉藥物使用量、術(shù)中不希望事件(高血壓、低血壓、心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和體動(dòng)反應(yīng))發(fā)生次數(shù)及干預(yù)措施(阿托品、麻黃素、艾司洛爾、烏拉地爾和快速擴(kuò)容等)使用情況,記錄蘇醒時(shí)間及疼痛評(píng)分,有無(wú)術(shù)中知曉、惡心嘔吐等。結(jié)果與對(duì)照組比較,ANI組瑞芬太尼用量、低血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)緩發(fā)生次數(shù)下降(P<0.05),烏拉地爾使用次數(shù)增加而快速擴(kuò)容次數(shù)減少(P<0.05),其余指標(biāo)兩組比較無(wú)差異。結(jié)論在全麻腰椎后路手術(shù)中,應(yīng)用ANI指導(dǎo)麻醉可以減少瑞芬太尼用量,術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加平穩(wěn)。
鎮(zhèn)痛/傷害性刺激指數(shù);心率變異性;腦電雙頻譜指數(shù);全身麻醉
全身麻醉由鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛和肌松3大重要部分組成?,F(xiàn)如今可通過(guò)腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)和四串聯(lián)刺激(train of four,TOF)等實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)鎮(zhèn)靜水平及肌松狀態(tài)的監(jiān)測(cè),但仍缺乏準(zhǔn)確、有效的關(guān)于術(shù)中疼痛水平的客觀監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)。研究表明,心率變異性(Heart Rate Variability,HRV)中的高頻成分僅反映副交感神經(jīng)張力水平,傷害性刺激可導(dǎo)致副交感水平活性下降,交感神經(jīng)張力活性上升[1]。鎮(zhèn)痛/傷害性刺激指數(shù)(Analgesia Nociception Index, ANI)是新型通過(guò)針對(duì)性分析HRV中高頻成分,反映鎮(zhèn)痛水平的監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo),ANI值范圍為0~100,ANI 50~70為鎮(zhèn)痛滿意,ANI<50為鎮(zhèn)痛不足,ANI>70為鎮(zhèn)痛過(guò)度[2- 6]。
目前應(yīng)用ANI指導(dǎo)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物應(yīng)用相關(guān)研究仍少見(jiàn),本研究擬通過(guò)比較在全麻腰椎后路椎板切成減壓內(nèi)固定術(shù)中 ANI指導(dǎo)瑞芬太尼的應(yīng)用,對(duì)術(shù)中主要麻醉藥物用量、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)狀況和術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況的影響,評(píng)估ANI在指導(dǎo)全麻術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛藥物應(yīng)用的可行性。
1.1 一般資料
本研究經(jīng)過(guò)北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(Nr:2012083),并在中國(guó)臨床試驗(yàn)注冊(cè)中心注冊(cè)(ChiCTR-TRC- 13003639),患者均簽署知情同意書(shū)。選擇ASAⅠ或Ⅱ級(jí),年齡18~70歲,擬因腰椎管狹窄癥和/或腰椎間盤(pán)突出癥擇期于氣管插管全身麻醉下行后路腰椎椎板切除減壓內(nèi)固定手術(shù)的患者。排除孕婦、心力衰竭、非竇性心律、糖尿病病史、術(shù)前常規(guī)服用β受體阻滯劑、家族性自主神經(jīng)機(jī)能異常和對(duì)試驗(yàn)所用藥物過(guò)敏、術(shù)前血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)異常(SBP > 160 mmHg或SBP<90 mmHg,HR>90 beats/min或HR<45 beats/min)。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:臨時(shí)改變手術(shù)方式,心電圖信號(hào)持續(xù)受到嚴(yán)重干擾,術(shù)中發(fā)生持續(xù)心率失常等。本研究為前瞻性、隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,選用隨機(jī)抽簽法(分組信封)將受試者隨機(jī)分為兩組,即ANI指導(dǎo)鎮(zhèn)痛組(ANI組)和常規(guī)經(jīng)驗(yàn)鎮(zhèn)痛組(對(duì)照組)。
1.2 麻醉方法
麻醉前準(zhǔn)備:入室后予面罩吸氧5 L/min,開(kāi)放上肢靜脈,快速靜脈點(diǎn)滴乳酸鈉林格液10 mL/kg,靜脈給予咪達(dá)唑侖0.02 mg/kg,局麻下右側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管,采用多功能監(jiān)測(cè)儀(IntelliVue MP,Royal Philips Electronics,Netherlands)監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈壓(ABP)、心率(HR)、呼氣末二氧化碳(PetCO2)、心電圖(ECG)和脈氧飽和度(SpO2)。兩組均使用TOF-WATCH肌松監(jiān)測(cè)儀(TOF-WATCH? SX,Co Dublin,Ireland),腦電雙頻指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)儀(A- 2000TMXP Bispectral Index,Aspect Medical System Inc,USA)和鎮(zhèn)痛/傷害性指數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)儀(MetroDoloris?,Cic- It807Inserm,Lille,F(xiàn)rance)監(jiān)測(cè)TOF值、BIS值和ANI值,其中對(duì)照組ANI監(jiān)測(cè)儀使用布簾遮蓋,使麻醉管理者無(wú)法觀察到ANI值變化,另外一人做記錄。橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管后且安靜15min后連續(xù)測(cè)量2 min得出SBP和HR平均值,作為患者基礎(chǔ)血壓和基礎(chǔ)心率。
麻醉誘導(dǎo):丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼均采用靜脈靶控輸入模式(Orchestra base?primea,F(xiàn)resenius Kabi,F(xiàn)rance)給予。誘導(dǎo)時(shí)設(shè)定初始瑞芬太尼靶濃度為3 ng/mL,丙泊酚靶濃度為2 μg/mL,同時(shí)輸注3 min后觀察患者是否意識(shí)消失,如患者意識(shí)沒(méi)有消失,丙泊酚血漿靶濃度每次增加1 μg/mL,直至患者意識(shí)消失。靜注維庫(kù)溴銨0.1 mg/kg,肌松滿意后完成氣管插管。插管后接麻醉機(jī)(Aestiva/5,Datex Ohmeda)行機(jī)械通氣,通氣模式選擇為容量控制通氣模式,設(shè)定潮氣量8 mL/kg,呼吸頻率12 breath/min,吸呼比1∶2,術(shù)中維持PetCO2在35~45 mmHg。手術(shù)切皮前 3min,將瑞芬太尼靶濃度調(diào)整至4.0 ng/mL。
麻醉維持:當(dāng)TOF出現(xiàn)T2時(shí)追加維庫(kù)溴銨2 mg,手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min停止追加維庫(kù)溴銨。丙泊酚靶濃度每次可增加或者減少0.5 μg/mL,使BIS值控制在40~60,每次調(diào)整的時(shí)間間隔為3.0 min,調(diào)節(jié)范圍設(shè)定在2.0~6.0 μg/mL。在ANI組:根據(jù)ANI值調(diào)整瑞芬太尼靶濃度,使ANI值維持在50~70。當(dāng)ANI>70時(shí)靶濃度每次減少1.0 ng/mL,當(dāng)ANI<50時(shí)靶濃度每次增加1.0 ng/mL,當(dāng)ANI<35或出現(xiàn)麻醉過(guò)淺表現(xiàn)時(shí)每次增加2.0 ng/ml,每次調(diào)整的時(shí)間間隔為3.0 min,調(diào)節(jié)范圍設(shè)定在1.0~8.0 ng/mL。在對(duì)照組:麻醉醫(yī)師根據(jù)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)情況調(diào)整瑞芬太尼靶濃度,調(diào)整梯度為1.0或2.0 ng/mL,目的是使血流動(dòng)力學(xué)維持平穩(wěn)狀態(tài),避免不希望事件的發(fā)生,每次靶濃度調(diào)整的時(shí)間間隔至少為3.0 min,調(diào)節(jié)范圍設(shè)定在1.0~8.0 ng /mL。不希望事件評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考前期文獻(xiàn)[7](表1)。
表1 不希望事件(麻醉過(guò)淺,低血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)緩)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Table 1 Criteria for unwanted events
干預(yù)措施:干預(yù)措施參考前期研究[7- 8]:當(dāng)不希望事件發(fā)生時(shí),優(yōu)先選擇調(diào)整丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼靶濃度作為一線干預(yù)措施。當(dāng)鎮(zhèn)靜充分(BIS值維持在40~60),鎮(zhèn)痛充分(ANI組ANI值50~70)或達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)上限(兩組瑞芬太尼靶濃度已達(dá)允許調(diào)整極限)而不希望事件仍未得到控制時(shí),采用血管活性藥物干預(yù):高血壓選擇靜脈推注烏拉地爾5 mg,心動(dòng)過(guò)速給予艾司洛爾0.5 mg/kg,以上步驟可每3 min重復(fù)1次;低血壓選用乳酸林格式液250 mL靜滴擴(kuò)容,5 min以上輸完,若治療無(wú)效,選用麻黃素5 mg靜注,必要時(shí)可重復(fù);針對(duì)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩選用阿托品0.5 mg靜注,必要時(shí)可重復(fù)。
麻醉蘇醒:手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min經(jīng)靜脈給予舒芬太尼0.15 μg/kg和歐貝8 mg。為加快患者蘇醒,手術(shù)結(jié)束前15 min,兩組丙泊酚開(kāi)始降低靶濃度,維持BIS值在60~70。兩組瑞芬太尼維持前述方案不變。所有患者在手術(shù)結(jié)束前5 min時(shí)同時(shí)停止輸注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼。拔管后即刻及30 min行疼痛評(píng)分(VAS0h,VAS1/2h),若VAS>7分,給予舒芬太尼0.03 μg/(kg·min)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察并記錄兩組主要麻醉藥物(瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚)使用量、術(shù)中不希望事件(高血壓、低血壓、心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和體動(dòng)反應(yīng))發(fā)生次數(shù),記錄相關(guān)干預(yù)措施(阿托品、麻黃素、艾司洛爾、烏拉地爾和快速擴(kuò)容等)使用次數(shù),記錄術(shù)畢到睜眼及拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)間,記錄拔管后即刻及30 min疼痛評(píng)分(VAS0h,VAS1/2h)以及補(bǔ)救藥物用量,有無(wú)術(shù)中知曉、惡心嘔吐及其他并發(fā)癥??紤]到血管活性藥物對(duì)ANI讀數(shù)的可能影響,應(yīng)用阿托品后20 min、麻黃素后10 min數(shù)據(jù)不被采用。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 一般資料
ANI組及對(duì)照組各有1例患者因術(shù)中出現(xiàn)持續(xù)心律失常而排除,ANI組1例患者因改變手術(shù)方式而剔除。兩組患者一般情況、高血壓病史、基礎(chǔ)血壓心律、手術(shù)麻醉時(shí)間等均無(wú)明顯差異(表2),各組ANI數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)能量功率均在0.05~2.5,數(shù)據(jù)可靠。
2.2 主要麻醉藥物用量
與對(duì)照組比較,ANI組瑞芬太尼用量下降(P<0.05),而丙泊酚及維庫(kù)溴銨用量?jī)山M無(wú)明顯差異(表3)。
2.3 不希望事件
與對(duì)照組比較,低血壓、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和總不希望事件發(fā)生次數(shù)下降(P<0.05),而高血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)速發(fā)生次數(shù)兩組無(wú)差異(表4)。干預(yù)措施:與對(duì)照組比較,烏拉地爾使用次數(shù)增加而快速擴(kuò)容使用次數(shù)減少(P<0.05),麻黃素、艾司洛爾和阿托品兩組比較無(wú)差異(表3)。
2.4 ANI值及BIS值在術(shù)中分布情況
與對(duì)照組相比,ANI>70所占比例要低而50>ANI<70所占比例要高(P<0.05),而ANI<50及BIS值分布兩組無(wú)差異(圖1)。
表2 一般資料與圍術(shù)期數(shù)據(jù)Table 2 Demographic characteristics and perioperative data
ASA=american sociecity of anaesthesiologists; Pre-HTN=history of hypertension; B-SBP=baseline of SBP; B-HR=baseline of HR; D-Anes=duration of anesthesia; D-Surg=duration of surgery; Intu-Inci=time from intubation to incision; F.female; M.male; bpm=beats/min.
表3 麻醉藥物用量及干預(yù)措施Table 3 Anesthetic consumption and interventions in both groups
V-Expa= volume expansion*P<0.05 compared with control group.
表4 兩組患者術(shù)中不希望事件發(fā)生情況Table 4 Unwanted events during surgery in both groups
*P<0.05 compared with control group.
A.time fraction of actual ANI values during anesthesia; B.the fraction of BIS values during anesthesia;*P<0.05 compared with control group
圖1 ANI及BIS在麻醉期間各區(qū)段分布比例
Fig 1 Tme fraction of ANI and BIS values during anesthesia
2.5 術(shù)后情況
兩組患者術(shù)畢至睜眼時(shí)間和拔管時(shí)間、補(bǔ)救藥物用量、惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率、VAS評(píng)分等均無(wú)明顯差異,兩組患者均未發(fā)生術(shù)中知曉。
本研究中,在鎮(zhèn)靜水平基本一致(丙泊酚使用量、BIS值兩組無(wú)顯著差異)的情況下,ANI組瑞芬太尼用量降低,鎮(zhèn)痛水平更合理(50
ANI組心動(dòng)過(guò)速及高血壓發(fā)生次數(shù)并未減少,可能與ANI對(duì)不同強(qiáng)度傷害性刺激的敏感性不同有關(guān)。研究表明ANI對(duì)尺神經(jīng)刺激、切皮等輕、中度傷害性刺激較HR和SBP敏感,而對(duì)瞬時(shí)強(qiáng)刺激(如用力牽拉神經(jīng)根等)的敏感性并不比HR和SBP高[3, 9- 10]。本研究中高血壓主要發(fā)生在瞬時(shí)強(qiáng)刺激點(diǎn),此時(shí)ANI的變化并不比HR和SBP迅速,導(dǎo)致瑞芬太尼調(diào)節(jié)存在滯后。由此提示:?jiǎn)渭円揽緼NI指導(dǎo)瑞芬太尼應(yīng)用在瞬時(shí)強(qiáng)刺激多的手術(shù)中可能并不合適,需要聯(lián)合分析HR和SBP做出判斷。
兩組高血壓發(fā)生次數(shù)雖無(wú)明顯差異,但ANI組烏拉地爾的使用次數(shù)更多,可能與ANI組一部分患者在鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛處于合適水平(BIS 40~60,ANI 50~70),高血壓仍未得到控制,需要使用烏拉地爾控制血壓有關(guān)。高血壓并不一定由鎮(zhèn)痛不足引起,應(yīng)用ANI指導(dǎo)可以幫助鑒別原因,從而避免盲目增加瑞芬太尼的應(yīng)用,導(dǎo)致鎮(zhèn)痛過(guò)度。這一結(jié)果可以從Logier等[4]關(guān)于ANI指導(dǎo)下鑒別止血帶反應(yīng)的研究中得到印證。
總之, ANI指導(dǎo)可優(yōu)化瑞芬太尼的使用,使術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更平穩(wěn),對(duì)鑒別術(shù)中循環(huán)波動(dòng)原因可能有一定意義,而對(duì)瞬時(shí)強(qiáng)刺激多的手術(shù)中聯(lián)合應(yīng)用ANI與血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)可能更為合理。
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Analgesia nociception index guides remifentanil administration during general anesthesia in posterior lumbar spinal surgery
YI Duan,WEI Bin,ZHANG Li-ping*,GUO Xiang-yang
(Dept. of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China)
Objective To evaluate the clinical profile of ANI-guided remifentanil administration during posterior lumbar spinal surgery. Methods Sixty patients undergoing selective posterior lumbar decompression laminectomy and internal fixation were randomized into two groups, ANI-guided analgesia group (ANI group) and another group which was blinded to ANI (control group).In both groups, combined propofol-remifentanil target control infusion(TCI) was performed, In ANI group, the concentration of remifentanil was adjusted to maintain ANI values between 50 and 70, however, in the control group, remifentanil target concentration was adapted corresponding to HR or BP values. Anesthetics consumption, incidence of unwanted events, interventions, time of open-eyes and extubation, VAS0h and VAS1/2h, complementary analgesics, intraoperative awareness, PONV and other symptoms were recorded. Results Remifentanil consumption was lower in ANI group than that in control group (P<0.05).The number of unwanted events(hypotension, bradycardia and total unwanted events) were also less in ANI group than that in control group (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the usage of urapidil was more and the usage of volume expansion was less in ANI group(P<0.05). There was no significant statistic differences in other index between two groups. Conclusions ANI-guided remifentanil infusion resulted in application of lower remifentanil administered dose with more stable hemodynamics in posterior lumbar spinal surgery.
analgesia nociception index; heart rate variability; bispectral index; general anesthesia
2015- 05- 25
2015- 07- 08
北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院臨床重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(63531- 03)
1001-6325(2015)10-1341-05
R614.2
A
*通信作者(corresponding author):lipingzhang01@aliyun.com