熊風(fēng)岸
摘 要: 本文從語言順應(yīng)論這一語用學(xué)視角出發(fā),研究大學(xué)英語教學(xué)語境下語用模糊的應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞: 順應(yīng)論 語用模糊 大學(xué)英語教學(xué)
一、理論視角
比利時語言學(xué)家維索爾倫在《語用學(xué)新解》一書中提出語言順應(yīng)論。維索爾倫指出,交際各方所使用的交際語言其實是為順應(yīng)語境(包括交際各方的物理世界、精神世界和社會世界),實現(xiàn)成功交際而做出的動態(tài)的語言選擇過程(需用不同的語用策略來表達(dá)符合當(dāng)時交際語境的意義),筆者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)語用模糊就是最常用的策略之一。
二、大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中順應(yīng)論視角下語用模糊的應(yīng)用
(一)順應(yīng)大學(xué)英語教學(xué)交際語境的語用模糊應(yīng)用
1.順應(yīng)物理世界的語用模糊
(1)S:(hands up) Excuse me, I feel something wrong with my stomach, may I go out for a moment?
T:Yes, hurry out and hurry in. Please.
此處表時間參照的語用模糊詞“a moment”及表空間參照的語用模糊詞“in”和“out”,放在教室這一特定時間和空間語境下,意義是確定的。 “in”和“out”表 “進(jìn)教室”和“出教室”;“a moment”大概為5-10分鐘(整堂課為45-50分鐘)。
2.順應(yīng)精神世界的語用模糊
(2)T: Morning, everyone. Today’s topic is “My Hometown”.
Sarah: Ok. I love my hometown very much because... Personally I do not like this city here...
T:Well, I can understand you in a sense. Country life is really somewhat more sweet and peaceful while city life does not necessarily mean a mass, right?
Sarah對于現(xiàn)在她所生活的城市生活的個人厭惡感會影響到本地學(xué)生的精神感受。如果教師不順應(yīng)這一精神世界,則話題將無法繼續(xù)。
3.順應(yīng)社會世界的語用模糊
(3)T: Talking about “patriotism”, I believe we Chinese people all love our mother country. When she is in difficulty or at risk, no one will take a step back, because...to defend her and fight against any threat to her dignity.
中國社會世界里都用女性“她”形容自己的祖國。
(二)順應(yīng)語言結(jié)構(gòu)的語用模糊
1.語音層面—發(fā)音
(5)T:Xiao Ming, tell me what your desk mate Wang Li is doing there now?
Xiao Ming:Oh, I am sorry he is S-L-E-E-P-I-N-G.
小明同學(xué)有意避免發(fā)出完整單詞sleeping的音,這種語音層面的語用模糊策略既為同桌挽回了面子,又完成了交際任務(wù),回答了老師的問題。
2.詞匯層面—單詞
(6)T:Good morning, boys and girls! I would like to say something about yesterday’s test. In a sense I feel so much relieved that most of you did a very good job in it—they got more than 80 scores. However, there are still several disappointing guys who even failed in so easy a test. Is there any special excuse? Well, I think these students must have done more important things...?
老師對考試表現(xiàn)較好和不佳的同學(xué)分別使用了模糊限制詞 “in a sense (某種意義上)”, “most of (大多數(shù))”, “more than (多于)”和 “any (任何)”, “I think (我認(rèn)為)”,可以幫助緩和并增進(jìn)師生關(guān)系。
3.句法層面—句法
(7)T: Your suggestion is not unacceptable.
雙重否定句“...is not unacceptable”而非肯定句 “...is acceptable”,可以暗指學(xué)生的建議存在某些問題,但老師不想在談話中挫傷學(xué)生積極性,以實現(xiàn)有效交流。
三、結(jié)語
順應(yīng)論視角下的語用模糊在大學(xué)英語中的應(yīng)用還有待更深更廣的研究。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Verschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics [M]. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[2]何自然.再論語用含糊[J].外國語, 2000(1): 7-130.