吳莉芳
【摘 要】本文針對課標(biāo)中所提出的高中階段應(yīng)“特別注重提高學(xué)生用英語進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力”的要求,從如何有效地運(yùn)用教材培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的寫作思維,怎樣合理地進(jìn)行寫作訓(xùn)練及作文講評的重要性等方面闡述了提高英語寫作教學(xué)實效性的具體方法。
【關(guān)鍵詞】依托教材;寫作思維;分類訓(xùn)練;講評
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實驗)》指出,高中階段應(yīng)“特別注重提高學(xué)生用英語進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力”。我在根據(jù)多年的教學(xué)工作發(fā)現(xiàn),學(xué)生們用心地寫,教師們耐心地改,雙方為此都付出了大量的時間和精力,然而卻效果甚微。針對這一現(xiàn)象,我認(rèn)為教師應(yīng)該在以下幾個方面做好,以提高英語寫作教學(xué)的實效性。
第一:高一、高二階段依托教材,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的寫作思維
我校采用的是北京師范大學(xué)出版社2004年8月出版的《普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實驗教科書 英語》(Senior High English)。經(jīng)過實踐和摸索,我覺得北師版的教材貼近生活,具有很強(qiáng)的操作性。尤其是每個單元的Communication Workshop更是北師版的一大亮點,對學(xué)生的作文有很好的指導(dǎo)性。例如第四模塊第11單元的communication workshop的教學(xué)內(nèi)容為就當(dāng)?shù)啬骋皇录哉叫藕母袷浇o報紙寫一封抗議信(write a formal letter on a public issue you are concerned about to a local newspaper)。教材所提供的范文示例(略)在突破寫作難關(guān)中的作用和功效是不容忽視的。我首先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生熟悉正式信件的格式并且將非正式信件和正式信件進(jìn)行對比、區(qū)別,其次指導(dǎo)學(xué)生對范文進(jìn)行深入的分析,將文章分為寫作目的(purpose)、觀點(opinions)和建議(suggestions)三個部分并設(shè)計了以下表格:
表格的填寫對學(xué)生進(jìn)行了寫作思維方式的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生自然也就清楚地了解了抗議信的寫法。接著,我以廈門2006年發(fā)生的抵制海滄區(qū)PX工程的事件為話題,讓學(xué)生根據(jù)老師提供的參考材料,以小組為單位寫一封正式信件給廈門日報的《雙語周刊》Common Talk Weekly,反映PX工程。學(xué)生通過討論,先按照表格完成寫作大綱的設(shè)計再模仿范文自然、流暢地寫出了一封抗議信。
附參考范文:
Class4, Senior1
JiMei Middle School
9th June, 2008
Common Talk Weekly
122﹟Lvling Road, Xiamen
Dear Editor,
I am writing to protest about the plan for the PX Project in Xiamen. Many people have been against the idea from the start. Nevertheless, the PX Project has been approved by the central government.
First, the government says that the project will generate (V.) revenues of 80 million yuan a year. However, in my opinion, it will ruin the character of Xiamen, a beautiful garden city, especially the citys largest tourist attraction Gulangyu. Although it will bring us industry and jobs, nobody wants to live in a dangerous, industrial city.
No matter what the government says, it is clear that the project will also affect our heath. Air pollution will get worse and this will do harm to people, for example, it can damage the nervous system, cause birth defects as well as cause cancer. Its just like an atomic bomb in Xiamen.
To our delight, many citizens have taken action to fight against the PX Project. 5000 residents launched a quiet demonstration around the compound of the city government demanding relocation of the project. We should do everything we can to stop the project.
I look forward to reading more letters about this matter in your newspaper.
Yours Faithfully,
ⅹⅹⅹ
從以上步驟不難看出,教師充分依托教材,依據(jù)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知規(guī)律,循序漸進(jìn)地設(shè)置不同的任務(wù),一步步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生解決問題,從而順利地完成了文章的寫作。
第二:高三階段分類訓(xùn)練,提高學(xué)生的寫作熟練度
從高三上學(xué)期9月份至下學(xué)期4月份的省質(zhì)檢為止,著重抓學(xué)生的寫作,從文體和題材方面入手分類進(jìn)行作文訓(xùn)練。每周當(dāng)堂限時訓(xùn)練一篇作文,限定的時間根據(jù)我校學(xué)生的實際情況設(shè)定為15-20分鐘。內(nèi)容涉及信件(建議信、申請信、投訴信、邀請信、電子郵件),演講稿,通知(口頭和書面),看圖日記,圖表作文,說明文,議論文(正反觀點類和選擇觀點類),記敘文(寫人和寫物),開放作文(圖畫加議論),招聘啟事,新聞報道,廣告類作文等。從4月份到6月份的高考沖刺階段,要求學(xué)生熟練背誦并默寫范文,以便在真正的考試中達(dá)到舉一反三、靈活應(yīng)變的效果。
以建議信為例:假定你是李華,你的朋友李明寫信告訴你他因不善交際而苦惱。請根據(jù)下面提示給他回信,提出建議。
提示:1. 友善、樂于助人; 2. 多與他人交流; 3. 多參加活動。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)120左右;2. 可以適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,以使短文連貫;
Dear Liming,
Im sorry to hear that you are feeling worried for failing to make friends. I quite sympathize with you and understand the great trouble you are suffering from.
In my personal opinion, it would be wise of you to take the following action. /There are some suggestions for you as follows: To start with, I suggest you be friendly and polite to others and always be willing/ready to help others, through which you will get well paid. Besides, you are supposed to communicate with others more, for it makes sense to strengthen your ties with friends and lots of misunderstandings can be avoided. In addition, you had better take an active part in various activities, such as sports, games, travels and otherwise. Not only can you get more chances to know more people but also you can improve your communication skills.
I hope you will find these suggestions useful. May you get out of your trouble sooner and live happily.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
在訓(xùn)練過程中,教師反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)建議信的寫作格式和慣用的措辭和語言,句子之間的連接詞,段落之間的過渡句,以及關(guān)于建議的經(jīng)典句型:
1.Why dont you do…/ Why not do…
2.What/How about doing…
3. Have you considered doing…
4. You had better do…
5. You should do/ are supposed to do…
6. I suggest/advise/recommend doing…/that you (should) do…
多年的教學(xué)實踐表明,通過高三的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生的寫作能力有了很大的提高,孩子們不僅懂得如何寫作文,而且知道如何寫好作文。
第三:注重作文的講評,激發(fā)學(xué)生的寫作興趣
很多教師對作文的講評不夠重視,不是匆匆?guī)н^一篇范文便是讓學(xué)生抄寫一篇范文便草草了事。學(xué)生既不知道自己寫得如何,更無從了解其他同學(xué)的情況,每次與范文比較之后,總覺得相距甚遠(yuǎn),于是漸漸對寫作失去了興趣和熱情。本人在教學(xué)實踐中進(jìn)行了新的嘗試,每周拿出20分鐘作為固定的作文講評課,下面就以2006年高考湖南卷的書面表達(dá)為例和大家一起來分享我的教學(xué)體會。題目如下:
請根據(jù)下面的英文短詩,展開適當(dāng)?shù)南胂螅瑢懸黄涛?。?biāo)題為:
My Teacher Mr. Moore
Theres a teacher Mr. Moore,
Who is lovely and thirty-four.
Always encouraging us to try,
He leads us to world of “why”.
We all admire him more and more.
注意:1. 不得照抄短詩原文。2. 必須結(jié)合短詩的內(nèi)容,發(fā)揮想象,適當(dāng)展開。3. 必須突出短詩的主題,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,語意連貫。4. 短文不能寫成詩歌形式。5. 詞數(shù):120左右。
在批改學(xué)生作文的過程中,我收集了典型的錯句和好句,在講評課時分成以下教學(xué)步驟:
步驟一:短文共解
這是一篇給材料的作文,首先通過提問的方式,我讓學(xué)生明確文章的寫作內(nèi)容,即Moore老師的年齡、性格、教學(xué)方式以及教學(xué)效果,接著依據(jù)審題的三要素確定出人稱為第三人稱,時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時,文體為記敘文。
Analysis of the poem: (writing contents)
Name: Mr. Moore Age: 34 Personality: lovely
Way of teaching:encouraging—try leading—why Result: admire
步驟二:錯句共析
將學(xué)生原汁原味的錯句于課前三分鐘抄寫在黑板上,讓大家互相討論,接下來由錯句的主人直接上臺認(rèn)領(lǐng)并改正自己的錯誤。這一招十分奏效,同學(xué)們不僅在熱烈的討論中激發(fā)了興趣,而且通過討論修正了原有的錯誤,印象尤為深刻。記得課堂上張微婷同學(xué)(第二個錯句的主人)是這樣評價自己的錯誤并警醒大家的:“這是一個非常低級的錯誤,請大家今后一定不要出現(xiàn)同樣的問題!”作為教師,聽到這樣的話語真是感慨萬千,的確,學(xué)生們只有在不斷的自我認(rèn)識中才會不斷的進(jìn)步。
1.He is one of the most popular teacher in our school.
2.Although he is 34, but we think he is lovely.
3.Mr. Moore, who is a handsome man, popular by students.
4.Mr. Moore always encouraging us to try.
5.Under Mr. Moores help, we become more and more better.
6.Because of his kindness, we all very like him.
步驟三:佳句共賞
俗話說的好,“好孩子是夸出來的”。將學(xué)生們的佳句呈現(xiàn)在屏幕上,并大張旗鼓地點名表揚(yáng),既滿足了他們的成就感,同時又能觸動其他同學(xué)的神經(jīng)——渴望寫出同等精彩的句子,這就是賞識教育的無窮魅力。作為教師,我總是對自己說:“不要忽略每一位學(xué)生的一點點閃光點,不要吝惜最真摯的贊美?!碑?dāng)然,要讓更多的佳句涌現(xiàn),教師的引導(dǎo)和同學(xué)的積累是必不可少的。在平時的課堂教學(xué)中,無論是課本還是練習(xí),我總是帶著同學(xué)們?nèi)バ蕾p每一個出彩的詞匯、短語和句子,并要求他們摘抄在專用的本子上,以備隨時取用。例如,李璟嫻同學(xué)的漂亮句子Mr. Moore is to us what a beacon is to boats就是套用高三《導(dǎo)與練》中所復(fù)習(xí)到的方式狀語從句A is to B what C is to D。
1.Mr. Moore is my favorite Chinese teacher in high school. He has made a far-reaching difference in my life. (惠敏)
2.34 though/as he is, he is that humorous and lovely. (婭娉)
3.Each time we see him, he is wearing a big smile. (海洋)
4.The instant I saw him, I liked him. (雅婷)
5.A beacon shows boats the right direction. Mr. Moore is to us what a beacon is to boats. (璟嫻)
6.Mr. Moore is more a friend than a teacher. All students, whether they are smart or stupid, rich or poor, beautiful or ugly, Mr. Moore always tries his best to help them in need. (璟嫻)
7.When we are disappointed, he is continually encouraging us not to give up. When we get tired, he is always telling jokes to us. When we feel puzzled, he is constantly encouraging us to try and leading us to world of “why”. (婭妮)
8.Lets regard failure as a stepping stone to success. Just try your best and you can make it. (秋娥)
9.He is always encouraging us to try however hard it is. From his suggestions and encouragement, we have learnt an important rule: Almost all common troubles eventually go away! Something good is certain to happen in the end when you do not give up and just have a try. We believe that everything will turn out all right, even though it will not be that easy. (海洋、建水)
10.He is the best leader who leads us to explore the world. Ask more“why” rather than say“Yes, I know”, you will certainly find varieties of fresh things that you have ignored before. (曉蕓)
步驟四:范文齊誦
課堂上讓學(xué)生們誦讀范文是十分必要的。在朗讀的過程中,共同去發(fā)覺文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu),體會優(yōu)美的表達(dá)和感受文中的情感,這對學(xué)生是很有幫助的。作為教師,我事先對范文進(jìn)行一定的修飾,比較容易犯錯的地方用紅體字,過渡詞用藍(lán)體字,好詞用紫體字,佳句用下劃線等等。通過這樣的方式,刺激學(xué)生們的視覺神經(jīng),從而使他們更好地把握文章的精髓。
My Teacher Mr. Moore
Of all my teachers, Mr. Moore is the one who impresses me most. Though he is 34, he looks very young for his age. And hes one of the most popular teachers in our school.
Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. He tries various ways to make his classes lively and interesting. In his opinion, we should not only know “what”, but also understand “why”. So, instead of giving us answers immediately, he encourages us to think by ourselves whenever he puts forward questions. With his help, weve learned how to analyze and solve problems. What a wonderful world of “why” he leads us to!
He is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.
步驟五:佳作共享
最后,選出班級里寫得最好的一篇文章復(fù)印并張貼出來讓大家一起分享,共同進(jìn)步。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]羅慧英. 關(guān)注學(xué)生 提高高中英語寫作教學(xué)的實效性. 中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),(7):1-6.2011
[2]周勝敏. 基于學(xué)生體驗的高中英語寫作教學(xué). 中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇), (9):39-42. 2010
[3]陳麗云. 圖示理論、語料庫和高中英語寫作教學(xué). 中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),(8):42-45. 2010
[4]教育部. 普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實驗). 北京:人民教育出版社,2003
[5]北京師范大學(xué)出版社. 普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實驗教科書 英語④(教師教學(xué)用書). 北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2004
[6]周弘.周弘老師教你賞識孩子.武漢出版社,2011
(作者單位:福建省廈門集美中學(xué))