胡 嬋 劉 萍
(湖北理工學(xué)院 外國語學(xué)院,湖北 黃石 435003)
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《水滸傳》賽珍珠英譯本中的女性人物形象解讀*
胡 嬋 劉 萍
(湖北理工學(xué)院 外國語學(xué)院,湖北 黃石 435003)
文章以沙博理和登特楊(男性譯者)所譯《水滸傳》為對照本,結(jié)合譯者賽珍珠(女性譯者)的雙語文化背景及女性身份兩大要素,探討不同性別的譯者傳譯《水滸傳》女性形象時(shí)的翻譯策略與立場差異:沙博理和登特楊譯本奉行與原作一致的男性主導(dǎo)、女性從屬立場;賽譯本卻從女性角度出發(fā),引導(dǎo)目標(biāo)讀者重新評價(jià)被封建意識形態(tài)烙上負(fù)面印記的女性人物,修正了《水滸傳》原著中被歪曲的女性人物形象,構(gòu)建了積極反叛的女性形象,使譯本更加符合西方意識形態(tài)下人們的文化認(rèn)同與價(jià)值取向。
《水滸傳》譯本;譯者性別;女性形象傳譯;翻譯策略
引言
《水滸傳》目前主要有四個(gè)英譯本,即賽珍珠譯本《四海之內(nèi)皆兄弟》(1933年)(以下簡稱“賽譯本”)、杰克遜譯本《發(fā)生在水邊的故事》(1937年)、沙博理譯本《水泊好漢》(1980年)(以下簡稱“沙譯本”)和約翰·登特-楊、阿萊克斯·登特-楊父子《水泊梁山》(2002年)(以下簡稱“登譯本”)。本文選取沙博理和登特-楊父子所譯《水滸傳》為對照本,以女性主義為視角,對比分析有著雙語文化背景及女性譯者身份的賽珍珠所譯文本,旨在為性別與翻譯的互動研究提供某些思路借鑒[1]。
作為1938年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎得主,賽珍珠的一生都在用筆書寫生活在男權(quán)大廈里的舊社會中國女性的怨恨與反抗。她曾經(jīng)創(chuàng)作了大量表現(xiàn)當(dāng)代中國女性自我意識覺醒的女性主義文學(xué)作品,如《母親》、《群芳亭》和同時(shí)獲得1932年普利策獎和1938年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎的《大地》。事實(shí)上賽珍珠無論在小說還是非小說中, 都始終關(guān)注并思考著婦女的命運(yùn)和地位問題[2]。她也因此成為了一位替女性言說、充滿母性的女性主義作家。
《水滸傳》是一部典型的男權(quán)主義的代表作[3]。魏崇新曾在《明清小說研究》中指出,《水滸傳》是一個(gè)反女性的文本[3]。作者施耐庵在《水滸傳》中塑造的女性人物極少,全部700多位小說人物中僅有70多位是女性,且大多數(shù)女性人物是以消極被動的形象出現(xiàn)的。她們無論多么美麗多情,也難逃含恨而死的命運(yùn);無論怎么反抗,至死也沒能逃脫封建禮教的精神枷鎖;她們被男權(quán)道德逼得走投無路,也最終還是沒有梁山可上。還有像潘金蓮、閻婆惜等等,她們不幸地掉進(jìn)了封建道德的陷井[3],成了封建婚姻的受害者和男權(quán)政治的犧牲品,做了梁山英雄的刀下鬼,還落下了千古罵名。
《水滸傳》中的女性大致可以分為三類:第一類是弱女子,第二類是女英雄,第三類是淫婦。第一類是被侮辱和被損害的弱女型,如金翠蓮和林沖之妻張自貞等。第二類是完全被男性化的女英雄,其實(shí)也是些“惡女”,她們是梁山108將中僅有的三大女將:“一丈青”扈三娘、“母大蟲”顧大嫂和“母夜叉”孫二娘。第三類即所謂的紅顏禍水,如武大郎之妻潘金蓮、宋江之妻閻婆惜等。這三類女性在小說中都是以男性附屬品的形象出現(xiàn)的,且大多都沒能逃脫悲慘的命運(yùn)和結(jié)局。他們有的隨夫戰(zhàn)死沙場,如“一丈青”扈三娘;有的被夫所休、最終含恨而死,如林沖娘子;有的飲恨吞金自殺,如李師師;還有的則因紅杏出墻被無情虐殺,如閻婆惜、潘金蓮、潘巧云等。
《水滸傳》為什么如此仇恨女性?原因之一是作者施耐庵受封建社會意識形態(tài)的影響,形成的婦女觀難免陳腐守舊。而這與深受當(dāng)時(shí)西方男女平等思想熏陶的美國女譯者賽珍珠自身的女性主義意識是完全背道而馳的,那么她的譯文中還會忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)小說中地位卑微的女性人物嗎?她將怎樣傳譯其中被貶損的女性人物形象?她的譯作是否會和她所創(chuàng)作的女性主義文學(xué)之間形成某種互動關(guān)系?
再者,隨著時(shí)代的變遷,《水滸傳》原著中強(qiáng)加于女性的封建禮教已不再符合當(dāng)代西方意識形態(tài)的價(jià)值取向,那么賽珍珠該如何去滿足西方目標(biāo)讀者的閱讀心理?她的譯文中會怎樣去抵消原作中的性別偏見,盡量提升那些處于失語狀態(tài)或邊緣地位的女性形象,使她們的吶喊聲能夠?yàn)槿澜缢雎牐肯旅鎸⒕瓦@些問題結(jié)合原著及其三種譯本來解讀賽譯本中三個(gè)典型的女性人物形象。
(一)敢愛敢恨的閻婆惜
例1 原著:那閻婆惜倒在床上,對著盞孤燈,正在沒可尋思處,只等這小張三來。聽得娘叫道:“你的心愛的三郎在這里?!蹦瞧拍镏坏朗菑埲?,慌忙起來,把手掠一掠云鬢,口里喃喃的罵道:“這短命,等得我苦也!老娘先打兩個(gè)耳刮子著?!憋w也似的跑下樓來,照見是宋江,那婆娘復(fù)翻身轉(zhuǎn)又上樓去,依前倒在床上[4]。
賽譯本:Now that P’O Hsi was lying on the bed and was facing the solitary lamp and was dreaming and waiting for Chang The Third to come. Hearing her mother call thus,“The love of your heart is here!”,the young woman mistook it that Chang The Third was come and in great haste she arose,and smoothed back the clouds of her hair,and began a clatter of curses,saying,“Your short—lived wretch to make me wait all this time so bitterly! I will slap your cheeks for you!”and as though flying she ran down the stairs, ┉the light of the glazed lantern fell upon Sung Chiang. The woman looked at him and then turned and went away and again went upstairs and threw herself on the bed as before[5].
登譯本:Poxi just now was lying on her bed, absently gazing the solitary lamp, counting the hours till Zhang’s visit. When she heard her mother call out, “The one you love is here!” of course she thought it was Zhang! She rose hurriedly, and, composing her raven tresses with one hand, muttering to herself the while, “The wretch, to keep me waiting like this! I ought to box his ears for him!”, flew downstairs.┉ When she saw that it was Song Jiang, she turned and fled upstairs again. She threw herself down on the bed, in the same position as before[6].
沙譯本:Poxi was lying on her bed, staring at the lamp and thinking of nothing in particular.She was hoping that Zhang would come.When she heard her mother say:“Your beloved is here,”she thought it was the young rake.She got up quickly and fixed her hair.“That rogue.” she muttered.“He made me wait long enough.I’ll box his ears!” She flew down the stairs ┉┉The glass lamp in the parlor brightly illuminated the figure of Song Jiang. Poxi promptly turned, went back up the stairs and threw herself down on her bed[7].
閻婆惜本是一貧苦人家的女兒,母親將她典于宋江。無奈因受到宋江冷落,她便和宋江手下的張三互生好感。后來她和宋江兩人起了爭執(zhí),閻婆惜不幸死于宋江刀下。例1中詳細(xì)地描繪了閻婆惜在深閨中苦等愛人張三到來時(shí)的情景。從表1可以看出三譯本在詞法和句法上的區(qū)別。就沙譯本而言,他將“對著盞孤燈”譯為“staring at the lamp”。這樣的譯法缺乏文化意境。“孤燈”在中國文化中本是一種暗喻,象征著一個(gè)人在情感失落時(shí)孤獨(dú)的心境。賽珍珠將它譯為“facing the solitary lamp”,形象地再現(xiàn)了閻婆惜在深閨中苦等愛人到來時(shí)既苦澀又期盼的復(fù)雜心情。讀到這樣的譯文,讀者眼前仿佛再現(xiàn)了這樣一幅情景:傍晚夜幕降臨時(shí)分,萬家燈火,華燈初上,燈火闌珊處,一盞孤燈下,閻婆惜孤孤單單,形影相吊。接下來,當(dāng)閻婆惜誤以為張三到來時(shí),她再也按捺不住內(nèi)心的激動,放下了少女應(yīng)有的矜持,“飛也似的跑下樓來”。賽珍珠將此句譯為“as though flying she ran down the stairs”,借用明喻的修辭手法形象地刻畫了閻婆惜在長久的等待之后渴望見到愛人的迫切心情。相比之下登譯本“flew downstairs”和沙譯本“She flew down the stairs”則顯得較為平淡無奇。閻婆惜邊下樓時(shí)口里還邊喃喃的罵道:“這短命,等得我苦也!”賽珍珠將此句譯為 “Your short—lived wretch to make me wait all this time so bitterly”,比起登譯本 “to keep me waiting like this”和沙譯本“He made me wait long enough”,賽譯本更傳神地譯出了少女的嬌羞和對愛人的綿綿情意。
表1 賽譯本、登譯本及沙譯本對照表
對女性譯者賽珍珠而言,鑒于其相似的女性經(jīng)驗(yàn)和曾經(jīng)失敗的婚姻經(jīng)歷①,她在翻譯兩性關(guān)系時(shí),較之男性譯者更能深刻地體會到女性被封建禮教長期壓抑的內(nèi)心情感世界。她不僅譯出了她們的動作、言語,同時(shí)也譯出了她們的心聲。在她的筆下,一個(gè)情竇初開的少女獨(dú)自苦等愛人到來時(shí)的孤獨(dú)心境、渴望見到愛人的焦急心情、對待愛人的柔情蜜意及最終還是沒能見到愛人的極度失望心情統(tǒng)統(tǒng)躍然紙上。借助她的譯筆,閻婆惜的孤獨(dú)、期盼、多情、失望、苦悶全部被一覽無遺。賽珍珠在其翻譯中所踐行的正是多年后加拿大女性主義翻譯的奠基人雪莉·西蒙在其專著《翻譯中的性別》一書中所呼吁的:“在翻譯中也要爭取女權(quán), 即在譯文中讓女性的身影盡量被看到, 女性的聲音盡量被聽到?!盵8]
例2 原著:閻婆惜道:“第一件,你可從今日便將原典我的文書來還我;再寫一紙,任從我改嫁張三,并不敢再來爭執(zhí)的文書?!盵4]
賽譯本:P’o Hsi said, “First, from today you can return to me my papers of sale to you and write out others allowing me to give myself freely to Chang The Third so that there may be no trouble about these papers.”[5]
登譯本:“From today you must return the contract by which I was given to you, and sign another paper certifying that you agree to my marrying Zhang, and will not at any time in the future contest the marriage.”[6]
沙譯本:“First, give back my contract of sale to you, and write another transferring me to Zhang in marriage, with a guarantee that you'll never contest it.”[7]
在小說所刻畫的所有紅杏出墻的女性人物中,閻婆惜是最敢于挑戰(zhàn)封建禮教的,她也是其中唯一一個(gè)敢于主動要求解除婚約的。她性格張揚(yáng)潑辣、言辭善辯、不畏流言,也不僅僅滿足于同張三秘密見面,而是要求宋江為她寫下一紙休書,好讓她和心上人張三能夠結(jié)為正式夫妻。例2中,賽珍珠將“任從我改嫁張三”一句譯為“give myself freely to Chang The Third”,形象地表達(dá)了舊社會封建買辦婚姻制度下女性對自由的渴望,無聲地控訴了封建婚姻制度對女性身心的桎梏。而登譯本“you agree to my marrying Zhang”則暗示出了男性在婚姻關(guān)系中的權(quán)威地位和男性特權(quán)。沙譯本“ transferring me to Zhang in marriage”也不能很好的體現(xiàn)出閻婆惜急于擺脫不幸婚姻的迫切心情。
(二)不畏強(qiáng)權(quán)的潘金蓮
例3 原著:那清河縣里有一個(gè)大戶人家,有個(gè)使女,娘家姓潘小名喚作金蓮;年方二十余歲,頗有些顏色。因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)大戶要纏他。這女使只是去告主人婆,意下不肯依從[4]。
賽譯本:Now in the city of Ch’ing Ho was a great family who had a slave girl whose mother’s family was named Pan,and her own name was Golden Lotus.Her age was something over twenty and she was exceedingly beautiful.Because the lord of that house desired her, this maid wanted to tell his wife for she would not give in to him[5].
登譯本:Now in Qinghe there was a family who had a maid called Pan Jinlian, or Goden Lotus. At the age of twenty she was rather pretty. Because the master was trying to force his attention upon her and she was unwilling to accede to his demands, she had gone to complain to his mistress[6].
沙譯本:Now, it happened that a wealthy family there had a maidservant by the name of Pan Jinlian.In her early twenties,she was quite pretty,and the master of the house began pestering her.Jinlian, or Golden Lotus,didn't want him,and told his wife[7].
潘金蓮本是一位出身卑微的女子,她是一個(gè)大戶人家的丫鬟,因年輕貌美而常被主人騷擾。在翻譯潘金蓮“意下不肯依從”一句時(shí),登和沙分別譯為“she was unwilling to accede to(同意)his demands” 和“Golden Lotus, didn't want him ……”試想在那樣的年代,一個(gè)柔弱女子要反抗自己的主人需要拿出多大的勇氣?兩位男性譯者顯然忽略了這一點(diǎn)。而賽珍珠用到了 “give in”,意為“屈從”,譯者在這里融入了自己的聲音,表達(dá)了自己對潘金蓮不畏強(qiáng)權(quán)、不屈抗?fàn)幍姆磁丫竦母叨劝龘P(yáng)。眾所周知,自打《水滸傳》問世以來,潘金蓮一直是一個(gè)遭千古后人唾罵的典型的蕩婦形象。例3中,賽譯本中潘金蓮的形象遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止于此。她能干、自信、健談而潑辣。賽珍珠旨在引導(dǎo)并鼓勵讀者摒棄定式思維,重新全面客觀地評價(jià)原著中帶有污點(diǎn)的女性人物形象,用她的譯筆為那些被侮辱和被損害的女性人物平反。
(三)女中豪杰“一丈青”
例4 原著:宋江措手不及,便拍馬望東而走。背后一丈青緊追著。一丈青正趕上宋江,待要下手……[4]
賽譯本:He had no time to withstand her and whipping his horse he escaped to the east. Behind him in hot pursuit came The Green Snake. She pursued him into the very village and even as she was about to capture him and put forth her hand to seize him ……[5]
登譯本:He was unprepared for this, so he galloped off to the east with Steelbright in hot pursuit. The chase took them deep into enemy territory. Steelbright was gaining on him ……[6]
沙譯本:He had no time to defend himself. He smote his steed and raced east, with the girl in close pursuit.Ten Feet of Steel was catching up, and was preparing to strike……[7]
例4中描繪了“一丈青”扈三娘同宋江激烈打斗的場景。為了再現(xiàn)女英雄的英武,賽珍珠用上了一連貫的動詞,如pursue(追逐)、capture(抓捕)、seize(抓住),揭示了激烈打斗中的更多細(xì)節(jié)畫面,再加上宋江的動作,如withstand(抵抗)、escape(逃跑),女英雄的咄咄逼人和宋江的狼狽不堪、甘拜下風(fēng)形成了鮮明的對比。在翻譯“一丈青正趕上宋江”一句時(shí),登譯本和沙譯本都用到了介詞結(jié)構(gòu)“with Steelbright in hot pursuit”和“with the girl in close pursuit”;賽珍珠用了倒轉(zhuǎn)句式“Behind him in hot pursuit came The Green Snake ”,進(jìn)一步突出了女英雄的來勢兇猛,使譯文讀來氣勢上顯得更為強(qiáng)烈。女英雄的英姿颯爽在她的譯筆下演繹得淋漓盡致,進(jìn)一步顛覆了男性偏見和定式思維中女性柔弱無力的負(fù)面形象。字里行間,讀者有一種身臨其境的感覺,仿佛眼前再現(xiàn)了兩人激烈交鋒、殊死搏斗的場景。
再就扈三娘在《水滸傳》中的稱號“一丈青”而言,登譯本和沙譯本分別為“Steelbright”和“Ten Feet of Steel”,使這位本來風(fēng)姿綽約的女英雄完全被男性化,絲毫沒有顯露出女性的柔美。而賽珍珠將其譯為“The Green Snake”,她的譯名保留了這位梁山女將陰柔和妖嬈的一面。事實(shí)上,在原著中,扈三娘也的確是武功超群、風(fēng)姿過人,且是梁山三大女將中唯一一位能夠堪稱才貌雙全的女將。賽珍珠對其稱號的翻譯可謂更貼合其在原著中的外貌特征。
在我國古代封建社會,無論是在家庭還是社會中,女性一直被視為是男性的附屬品。女性的這一形象在被男性壟斷的男性文學(xué)中得以充分體現(xiàn),甚至被夸大、歪曲和丑化。[9]而在賽珍珠譯筆下,我們看到的則是另外一種截然不同的女性形象,她們勇敢善戰(zhàn)、美麗多情、言辭潑辣、不畏強(qiáng)權(quán)、情感豐富、敢愛敢恨。賽譯本在某種程度上顛覆了男性專屬文學(xué)中女性負(fù)面消極的形象,喚起新時(shí)代女性讀者自我意識的覺醒。
《水滸傳》作為中國古代四大文學(xué)名著之一,它所撰寫的年代正值元末明初。受封建王朝男尊女卑思想的影響,作者施耐庵筆下的女性人物社會及家庭地位極低,她們完全沒有獨(dú)立的人格。然而,隨著時(shí)代的變遷,譯者賽珍珠于20世紀(jì)30年代翻譯這部男權(quán)主義作品時(shí),為使其中的女性人物更加符合新時(shí)代女性的特征,對其中部分的女性人物形象做出了調(diào)整。她通過發(fā)揮譯者主動性,實(shí)現(xiàn)在話語層的操控來盡量提升原著中處于邊緣地位和失語狀態(tài)的負(fù)面女性人物形象,使這些第三世界女性的聲音能夠被全世界聆聽,也使得她們在譯文中相對積極的形象更加順應(yīng)當(dāng)今社會男女平等的思潮和西方激進(jìn)的女權(quán)運(yùn)動的政治氣候。
賽譯本中所體現(xiàn)出的女性形象大致可以歸為這樣幾大類:女性人物擺脫封建禮教桎梏勇敢追求愛情;對父權(quán)社會的反抗;對婚姻自由的向往。賽珍珠的翻譯動機(jī)也從中可見一斑:她倡導(dǎo)對女性的尊重和男女平等;她對其中弱女形象的翻譯旨在激起讀者對于那些生活在社會底層但卻敢于同強(qiáng)權(quán)抗?fàn)幍娜跖拥耐楹唾澷p;對其中三位女將的傳神翻譯表現(xiàn)了她們英武和男性化的一面,顛覆了男性偏見中女性傳統(tǒng)的弱者形象;她在翻譯那些對丈夫不忠的女性人物時(shí),也盡可能將她們長期壓抑的內(nèi)心情感世界展現(xiàn)在讀者面前,揭露封建買辦婚姻對她們身心的摧殘和情感的禁錮,塑造她們作為封建婚姻中受害者的形象,從而使她們的不忠形象能夠被讀者所諒解。
譯者賽珍珠在傳譯女性形象時(shí),并沒有拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的字面意義對等的束縛,而是成功地突破了傳統(tǒng)譯論所要求的譯者的“隱身”,融入了譯者自己的聲音,在譯文中添加了女性主義彩色,使譯者自身的女性主義意識也得以彰顯。對原文中被丑化和貶低的女性人物形象,她也并沒有完全忠實(shí)于原作者施耐庵的女性觀去認(rèn)同原文中的性別偏見和對女性的負(fù)面評價(jià),而是從另一角度引導(dǎo)讀者關(guān)注女性人物性格中的亮點(diǎn)所在,使她們在譯本中的形象較之原著及其它譯本更加立體、豐富和生動,同時(shí)她也鼓勵讀者大膽摒棄定式思維和固有偏見,重新評價(jià)并接納原文中被打上封建意識形態(tài)歷史烙印的女性人物,這也是賽譯本不同于其他譯本的一大亮點(diǎn)。賽珍珠在《水滸傳》這樣一部充滿男權(quán)政治的男性文學(xué)中,盡量發(fā)掘和兼顧女性之美,這也是值得其他譯者借鑒的做法[9]。
注 釋
① 1917年賽珍珠同美國農(nóng)學(xué)家John. L. Buck 結(jié)婚,1935年兩人正式離婚。
[1] Flotow, L. Translation and gender: Translating in the “Era of the Feminism”[M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press,2004.
[2] 姚君偉.男權(quán)大廈里的怨恨與反抗者——記賽珍珠筆下的中國婦女群像[J].當(dāng)代外國文學(xué),1995(3): 104-108.
[3] 魏崇新.《水滸傳》:一個(gè)反女性的文本[J].明清小說研究,1997 (4): 137-146.
[4] 施耐庵.金圣嘆批評本《水滸傳》[M].羅德榮,校點(diǎn).長沙:岳麓書社,2006.
[5] Pearl S. Buck.All Men Are Brothers[M].New York:The John Day Company,1933.
[6] Dent-Young, J. Dent-Young, A. The Marshes of Mount Liang[M].Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press, 2002.
[7] Shapiro, S. Outlaws of the Marsh[M].Beijing:Foreign Languages Press,1980.
[8] Simon, S. Gender in Translation[M].London & New York: Routledge, 1996.
[9] 吳靜.從女性主義視角看賽珍珠對《水滸傳》中女性形象的傳譯[J].廣州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會科學(xué)版),2012(11):92-96.
(責(zé)任編輯 龔 勤)
On Images of Female Figures in Pearl S. Buck'sTranslation of Shui Hu Zhuan
HUChanLIUPing
(School of Foreign Languages, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi Hubei 435003)
Using Sidney Shapiro and Dent-Yang's translations of Shui Hu Zhuan for
and combining Pearl S. Buck's bilingual and bicultural background as well as her female identity, this thesis is to discuss different translation strategies adopted by translators of different genders while translating female images of Shui Hu Zhuan. Male translators tend to translate from the standpoint of male domination and female subordination, which is consistent with the original text. On the contrary, Pearl translates from a feminist perspective and her translation has guided target readers to reappraise the degraded female characters with feudal ideology imprint in order to correct their distorted images in original text and rebuild their rebellious images, which are more in line with culture identity and value orientation of western ideology.
Translations ofShuiHuZhuan; Genders of translators; Translations of female images;Translation strategies
2015-09-01
湖北理工學(xué)院科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目“賽珍珠水滸傳英譯本中的女性形象翻譯研究”,項(xiàng)目編號:13xjr12Q 。
胡嬋(1982— ),女,講師,碩士,研究方向:翻譯理論與實(shí)踐。
10.3969/j.ISSN.2095-4662.2015.04.010
H059
A
2095-4662(2015)04-0056-06