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分化型甲狀腺癌131I治療前刺激性Tg動(dòng)態(tài)變化與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系

2015-12-21 02:53李田軍李從心林巖松
關(guān)鍵詞:界值甲狀腺癌準(zhǔn)確性

趙 騰,梁 軍,李田軍,李從心,叢 慧,楊 珂,李 方,林巖松

1中國(guó)醫(yī)科院學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京1007302青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,山東青島266003

分化型甲狀腺癌131I治療前刺激性Tg動(dòng)態(tài)變化與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系

趙 騰1,梁 軍2,李田軍2,李從心1,叢 慧2,楊 珂1,李 方1,林巖松1

1中國(guó)醫(yī)科院學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京1007302青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,山東青島266003

目的 探討分化型甲狀腺癌(DTC)131I治療前未服或停服甲狀腺激素狀態(tài)下測(cè)定的刺激性甲狀腺球蛋白(sTg)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化及其與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。方法 遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移組(M1)38例和非遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移組(M0)130例。動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)131I治療前sTg及相應(yīng)促甲狀腺激素(TSH)值(首次記為Tg1、TSH1,末次記為Tg2、TSH2)。比較兩組Tg1、Tg2、sTg變化值(ΔTg)及sTg隨TSH變化比值(ΔTg/ΔTSH)有無(wú)差異。用ROC曲線及最佳診斷界值點(diǎn)(DCP)評(píng)估以上指標(biāo)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果 M1組Tg1和Tg2均顯著高于M0組(P均<0.001),ROC曲線下面積分別為0.921和0.942,其中Tg2對(duì)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性更高,達(dá)85.71%(DCP=24.30 ng/ml,靈敏度92.11%,特異度83.85%)。兩組間ΔTg及ΔTg/ΔTSH差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.01);△Tg/△TSH對(duì)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性及特異度均優(yōu)于Tg2(分別為87.50% 和86.92%)。結(jié)論131I治療前動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)sTg有助于提高DTC遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性和特異度,△Tg/△TSH所反映的sTg 隨TSH變化比值可作為DTC遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移有效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。

分化型甲狀腺癌;甲狀腺球蛋白;131I治療;外科治療

甲狀腺癌是最常見的內(nèi)分泌惡性腫瘤,近年發(fā)病率逐年上升[1]。甲狀腺癌中約90%為分化型甲狀腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC),其中約1%~23%診斷時(shí)已發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(distant metastasis,DM)[2-4]。甲狀腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)是DTC131I治療后長(zhǎng)期隨訪重要指標(biāo)[5-7]。對(duì)于131I治療前刺激性甲狀腺球蛋白(stimulated thyroglobulin,sTg),由于受殘余甲狀腺組織影響,其在病情評(píng)估方面意義尚待探討[8]。目前研究主要側(cè)重于sTg與 DTC緩解與復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系[9-11],本課題組前期研究顯示131I治療前sTg水平對(duì)DM亦有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[12],但尚未有報(bào)道關(guān)注其動(dòng)態(tài)變化在病情評(píng)估方面的意義。本研究探討了DTC根治術(shù)后131I治療前sTg的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)與DM的關(guān)系。

對(duì)象和方法

對(duì)象及分組 2012年3月至2014年6月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院就診DTC患者168例,其中,男60例,女108例,平均年齡(41.0±11.9)歲,所有患者均行甲狀腺全切或次全切術(shù)及131I治療,術(shù)后病理確診為DTC。根據(jù)影像學(xué)及病理資料綜合判斷是否存在DM,分為DM組(M1,n=38)和非DM組(M0,n=130)。

方法 根據(jù)計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)、131I診斷性全身顯像(diagnostic wholebody scintigraphy,DxWBS)或治療后全身顯像(posttreatment whole-body scintigraphy,RxWBS)、2-氟-2-脫氧-D-葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正電子發(fā)射斷層成像、全身骨顯像結(jié)合病理檢查綜合判斷患者是否存在DM,并通過(guò)術(shù)后DxWBS或RxWBS判斷殘余甲狀腺情況。131I治療前常規(guī)檢查包括胸部CT、頸部超聲,術(shù)后未服甲狀腺激素或停藥后促甲狀腺激素(thyrotropin,TSH)升高(>30 μU/ml)狀態(tài)下測(cè)定的刺激性Tg(stimulated thyroglobulin,sTg)及相應(yīng)TSH、TgAb水平的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)(首次測(cè)量值分別記為Tg1、TSH1、TgAb1,末次記為Tg2、TSH2、TgAb2)。所有患者131I治療準(zhǔn)備均參照美國(guó)甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)(American Thyroid Association,ATA)相應(yīng)指南[8]。為排除TgAb對(duì)Tg測(cè)量值干擾,TgAb測(cè)量值高于參考值范圍上限(>115 U/ml)或未監(jiān)測(cè)相應(yīng)TgAb水平者不納入本研究。Tg和TgAb測(cè)定采用電化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析法(electrochemiluminescence immunoassay,ECLIA)(美國(guó)羅氏公司,E170),檢測(cè)范圍分別為0.1000~1000.0000 ng/ml和10~4000 U/ml。TSH測(cè)定采用化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析法(chemiluminescence immunoassay,CLIA) 法(德國(guó)拜耳公司,ADVIA CENTAVRXP),檢測(cè)范圍為0.004~150.000 μU/ml。Tg和TSH測(cè)量值若超過(guò)其測(cè)定范圍則分別記為1000 ng/ml和150 μU/ml。

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,首先采用t檢驗(yàn)、χ2檢驗(yàn)和Mann-Whitney秩和檢驗(yàn)分別比較兩組患者的年齡、性別及殘余甲狀腺情況等特征差異;采用 Mann-Whitney秩和檢驗(yàn)分析兩組間 Tg1、Tg2、sTg變化值(ΔTg=Tg2-Tg1)和sTg隨TSH變化比值 [ΔTg/ΔTSH= (Tg2-Tg1)/(TSH2-TSH1)]的差異,并建立其與DM關(guān)系的ROC曲線,獲得最佳診斷界值點(diǎn);比較以上指標(biāo)在預(yù)測(cè)DM方面的靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值(positive predictive value,PPV)和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值(negative predictive value,NPV);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

一般資料 兩組患者在年齡(t=-1.35、P= 0.179)、性別(χ2=1.74,P=0.19)和殘余甲狀腺情況(U=2067,P=0.056)方面差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。

不同時(shí)間sTg測(cè)量值與DM的關(guān)系 M1組Tg1 及Tg2水平均顯著高于M0組(P均<0.001)(表2)。Tg1和 Tg2的 AUC分別為0.921(95%CI:0.864~0.978)和0.942(95%CI:0.906~0.977),約登指數(shù)最大值分別為0.732和0.760,對(duì)應(yīng)的最佳診斷界值點(diǎn)分別為12.35 ng/ml和24.30 ng/ml(圖1)。其中,當(dāng)Tg2以24.30 ng/ml為界值時(shí)約登指數(shù)最大,對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度、特異度分別為92.11%和83.85%,預(yù)測(cè)DM的準(zhǔn)確性、PPV、NPV分別為85.71%、62.50% 和97.32%(表3)。

△Tg、△Tg/△TSH與DM的關(guān)系 M1組的△Tg(P=0.002)及△Tg/△TSH(P<0.001)水平均顯著高于 M0組(表2)?!鱐g、△Tg/△TSH>0(變化呈升高趨勢(shì))時(shí) ROC的 AUC分別為 0.884(95%CI:0.807~0.961)和0.903(95%CI:0.829~0.977),約登指數(shù)最大值分別為0.604和0.783,預(yù)測(cè)DM的最佳臨界值分別為21.55 ng/ml和0.44 ng/μU;當(dāng)△Tg、△Tg/△TSH<0(變化呈降低趨勢(shì))時(shí)ROC 的AUC分別為0.800(95%CI:0.629~0.971)和0.867(95%CI:0.000~1.000),約登指數(shù)最大值分別為0.551和0.721,對(duì)應(yīng)的最佳診斷界值點(diǎn)分別為-10.50 ng/ml和-0.40 ng/μU(圖1)。其中,△Tg/ △TSH以-0.40~0.44 ng/μU為界值時(shí)約登指數(shù)最大,對(duì)應(yīng)靈敏度、特異度分別為89.47%和86.92%,預(yù)測(cè)DM的準(zhǔn)確性、PPV和NPV分別為87.50%、66.67%和96.58%(表3)。

表1 兩組患者臨床特征的比較Table 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics between two groups

表2 兩組患者血清學(xué)特征及其變化指標(biāo)的比較Table 2 Comparison of serological characteristics and their changes between two groups

討論

Tg是甲狀腺產(chǎn)生的特異性蛋白,主要由甲狀腺濾泡上皮細(xì)胞分泌。DTC來(lái)源于甲狀腺濾泡細(xì)胞,Tg分泌活躍。目前對(duì)術(shù)后已行131I治療清除甲狀腺組織(簡(jiǎn)稱清甲)的DTC患者,血清Tg變化情況是隨訪過(guò)程中監(jiān)測(cè)患者是否存在腫瘤殘留或復(fù)發(fā)的重要手段[13]。TSH刺激后(通過(guò)停服L-T4或應(yīng)用重組人TSH使血清TSH升高至>30 μU/ml)Tg水平對(duì)于DTC患者術(shù)后清甲治療后病情監(jiān)測(cè)具有較高敏感性和特異度[14]。

表3 131I治療前血清學(xué)指標(biāo)及其變化特征對(duì)DTC遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移診斷價(jià)值的比較Table 3 Serological characteristics and their changes before radioiodine therapy in judging distant metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients

圖1 DTC患者Tg1、Tg2與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系的ROC曲線Fig 1 The ROC curves of Tg1 and Tg2 in predicting distant metastasis in DTC patients

由于絕大多數(shù)DTC患者術(shù)后仍存在殘余甲狀腺組織,多數(shù)研究者認(rèn)為首次131I治療前sTg水平易受殘余甲狀腺影響,在發(fā)現(xiàn)DTC殘留或復(fù)發(fā)方面敏感性和特異性均不高[15-16],區(qū)分正常甲狀腺組織和腫瘤組織的界值不詳[8],在病情評(píng)估方面意義仍不明確。近期研究主要側(cè)重于131I治療前sTg水平與DTC緩解與復(fù)發(fā)之間的關(guān)系[9-11],例如,González等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DTC術(shù)后、首次131I治療前的基線sTg<8.55 ng/ml對(duì)治療后18~24個(gè)月內(nèi)疾病緩解有預(yù)測(cè)作用,而Kim等[10]認(rèn)為131I治療前sTg預(yù)測(cè)疾病緩解的界值為sTg<3.3 ng/ml。此外也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)停藥后sTg>28 ng/ml(或人重組TSH下sTg>2.8 ng/ml)時(shí)即與疾病復(fù)發(fā)或持續(xù)狀態(tài)有關(guān)[11]。本課題組前期研究顯示,首次131I治療前sTg水平對(duì)DM亦有預(yù)測(cè)作用[12]。上述研究均僅以單次靜止sTg測(cè)量值為觀察點(diǎn),尚未有研究探討sTg隨停藥時(shí)間及TSH的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,以及這種動(dòng)態(tài)變化在DTC131I治療前評(píng)估及治療決策中的意義。

本研究通過(guò)對(duì)伴有DM的DTC患者131I治療前sTg水平動(dòng)態(tài)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),131I治療前末次sTg測(cè)量值較其首次測(cè)量值對(duì)DM具有更高預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,本研究得到Tg2的最佳診斷界值點(diǎn)為24.30 ng/ml,這一數(shù)值低于本課題組一項(xiàng)針對(duì)術(shù)后131I清甲治療前sTg的前期研究得到的界值(52.75 μg/L)[12],筆者認(rèn)為這可能與本研究納入了部分已成功行131I清甲治療的患者,避開了殘余甲狀腺組織多少對(duì)sTg的影響有關(guān)[15,17],因此本研究得到的Tg2界值可能更適合于DTC131I治療后長(zhǎng)期隨診過(guò)程中對(duì)DM的監(jiān)測(cè);另外,兩個(gè)研究納入的患者不完全相同,sTg測(cè)量值對(duì)應(yīng)的TSH水平不同也是導(dǎo)致sTg水平差異的原因。

本研究首次從動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)角度進(jìn)一步探究了131I治療前sTg動(dòng)態(tài)變化與DM的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)131I治療前sTg變化值(△Tg)預(yù)測(cè)DM的準(zhǔn)確性、特異度優(yōu)于末次sTg,但其靈敏度仍較低(65.79%)。根據(jù)131I治療前sTg的升高和降低趨勢(shì)不同,將反應(yīng)Tg變化的△Tg分為>0(sTg升高)和<0(sTg降低)兩種情況,在升高者,DM組△Tg較非DM組高,且TSH均呈升高趨勢(shì),提示這部分患者的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶在TSH不斷增高的刺激下Tg合成增加;而在降低者,DM組較非DM組△Tg的絕對(duì)值更大,分析這部分患者的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶在TSH不斷增高的刺激下Tg合成減少,筆者認(rèn)為這可能主要與遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶產(chǎn)生內(nèi)源性甲狀腺激素反饋抑制TSH導(dǎo)致sTg水平相應(yīng)下降有關(guān)。

由于TSH是正常甲狀腺或DTC細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和釋放Tg最重要的刺激因子[18-20],多數(shù)患者TSH水平隨著術(shù)后未服或停服甲狀腺激素時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而升高,不同TSH水平可對(duì)sTg測(cè)量值產(chǎn)生較大影響。為校正TSH水平對(duì)sTg的影響,本研究進(jìn)一步探討了△Tg/△TSH作為sTg變化指標(biāo)的意義,結(jié)果顯示,△Tg/△TSH在預(yù)測(cè)DM方面兼顧了較高的準(zhǔn)確性、靈敏度及特異度,其準(zhǔn)確性、特異度均優(yōu)于末次 sTg;其靈敏度高達(dá)89.47%,顯著高于△Tg,這提示△Tg/△TSH對(duì)臨床DM的判斷更有價(jià)值。

綜上,本研究動(dòng)態(tài)觀察了sTg變化及其與DTC患者是否存在DM之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明,與單次sTg測(cè)量值相比,動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)sTg有助于提高其在判斷DM的準(zhǔn)確性和特異性,△Tg/△TSH所反映的sTg隨TSH變化比值可作為DM有效的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。

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Relationship between Variation of Pre-ablation Stimulated Thyroglobulin and Distant Metastasis in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

ZHAO Teng1,LIANG Jun2,LI Tian-jun2,LI Cong-xin1,CONG Hui2,YANG Ke1,LI Fang1,LIN Yan-song1

1Department of Nuclear Medicine,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China
2Department of Oncology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,Qingdao,Shandong 266003,China

Objective To investigate the relationship between the dynamic variation of pre-ablation stimulated thyroglobulin(sTg)and distant metastasis in patietns with differentiated thyroid cancer(DTC).Methods DTC patients after total or near total thyroidectomy were divided into two groups as M1 group(n= 38)and M0 group(n=130)according to the presence of distant metastases or not.Clinical data including preablation sTg and the corresponding thyrotropin(TSH)values were dynamically measured.The pre-ablation sTg and corresponding TSH collected at the first time were defined as Tg1 and TSH1,while as Tg2 and TSH2 at thelast time.χ2test was used to compare the variation tendency of sTg between these two groups.Tg1,Tg2,preablation sTg variation(ΔTg),and ΔTg/ΔTSH ratio between M0 and M1 were compared by Mann-Whitney ranksum test.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves and diagnostic critical point(DCP)were employed to evaluate the predictive values of the above indicators.Results Both Tg1 and Tg2 of M1 were significantly higher than those of M0(the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test:Tg1 P<0.001,Tg2 P<0.001).The corresponding areas under the ROC curve(AUC)to differentiate the two groups were 0.921 and 0.942,respectively.The cut-off value of Tg2,which was more accurate in predicting distant metastasis,was 24.3 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 92.11%and a specificity of 83.85%.Both ΔTg and ΔTg/ΔTSH between these two groups were significantly different(the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test:ΔTg P=0.002,ΔTg/ΔTSH P<0.001).ΔTg/ΔTSH worked better than Tg2 in predicting distant metastasis with both higher accuracy(87.50%)and higher specificity(86.92%).Conclusions Dynamically tracing pre-ablation sTg may improve the accuracy and specificity of distant metastases prediction in DTC patients.ΔTg/ΔTSH,which means the ratio of sTg variation to TSH variation,may be a useful diagnostic marker for predicting distant metastases in DTC.

differentiated thyroid cancer;thyroglobulin;radioiodine therapy;surgical therapy Acta Acad Med Sin,2015,37(3):315-319

LIN Yan-song Tel:010-69155610,E-mail:linys@pumch.cn

R736.1

A

1000-503X(2015)03-0315-05

10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2015.03.013

2014-09-30)

林巖松 電話:010-69155610,電子郵件:linys@pumch.cn

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(30970850)和衛(wèi)生部行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(201202012)Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(30970850)and the Ministry of Health Industry Special Scientific Research Projects(201202012);第一、二位作者對(duì)本文貢獻(xiàn)一致The first two authors contributed equally to this article

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