賈頤,代曉杰,董素娟,樊同,劉建軍
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10例腦動(dòng)脈夾層患者的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)及治療分析
賈頤,代曉杰,董素娟,樊同,劉建軍
作者單位:710075陜西省西安市,西安高新醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科
【摘要】目的分析10例腦動(dòng)脈夾層(CAD)患者的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)及治療情況。方法收集西安高新醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科2006年6月—2013年1月收治10例CAD患者的臨床資料,回顧性分析其一般資料、影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果、治療結(jié)果及預(yù)后情況。結(jié)果10例患者中男6例,女4例;年齡15~62歲;有高血壓病史者3例,吸煙史者5例,均無(wú)糖尿病家族史;自發(fā)性腦動(dòng)脈夾層6例,創(chuàng)傷性腦動(dòng)脈夾層4例(2例為腦血管介入治療引起的并發(fā)癥,2例為運(yùn)動(dòng)后創(chuàng)傷);6例為頸動(dòng)脈夾層, 2例為大腦中動(dòng)脈夾層,1例為椎動(dòng)脈夾層,1例為大腦后動(dòng)脈夾層。首次數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA)檢查結(jié)果顯示:血管閉塞6例,其中左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(LICA)C1段閉塞3例,左大腦中動(dòng)脈(LMCA)M1段閉塞1例,右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(RICA)C6段閉塞1例,右椎動(dòng)脈(RVA)V1段閉塞1例;重度線樣狹窄2例,其中右大腦中動(dòng)脈(RMCA)M1遠(yuǎn)端狹窄1例,左大腦后動(dòng)脈(LPCA)P2段狹窄1例;局部血管分層狹窄2例,其中LICA C1段分層狹窄1例,LICA C2段內(nèi)膜分層狹窄1例。經(jīng)抗血小板聚集、抗凝、支架植入等治療后,所有患者病變血管全部再通,血管形態(tài)均恢復(fù)正常。隨訪2年,磁共振血管造影(MRA)示所有患者血管形態(tài)穩(wěn)定,未出現(xiàn)再發(fā)卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作。結(jié)論DSA檢查結(jié)果顯示雙腔征和內(nèi)瓣膜是CAD的特征性表現(xiàn)。目前對(duì)于抗凝治療或是抗血小板聚集治療仍存在爭(zhēng)議,抗栓治療仍是CAD確診后的首選方案,治療后需動(dòng)態(tài)隨訪并及時(shí)復(fù)查DSA,血管內(nèi)支架治療可作為藥物治療的補(bǔ)充。
腦動(dòng)脈夾層(CAD)是指頭頸部動(dòng)脈壁因退行性病變、發(fā)育異常或創(chuàng)傷等因素引起的內(nèi)膜撕脫,在壓力的作用下血液成分通過(guò)破損的血管內(nèi)膜進(jìn)入血管壁,使血管壁分層,血管內(nèi)膜和中膜剝離,從而引起管腔狹窄,出現(xiàn)腦缺血癥狀[1-2]。而中膜和外膜的剝離可導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤樣擴(kuò)張,通常稱為假性動(dòng)脈瘤,假性動(dòng)脈瘤破裂容易造成蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血[3-4]。夾層動(dòng)脈瘤易產(chǎn)生血栓,CAD是青年人卒中的常見(jiàn)原因,占45歲以下缺血性卒中的10%~20%[5]。創(chuàng)傷是CAD形成的主要原因,醫(yī)源性損傷所致的CAD是腦血管介入手術(shù)常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥之一,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)CAD引起的缺血性卒中及假性動(dòng)脈瘤的治療并無(wú)明確標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且缺乏研究觀察[6-7]。本研究觀察了近年來(lái)西安高新醫(yī)院收治的10例CAD患者的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)及治療情況,并結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析,旨在為ACD患者的臨床診斷及治療提供參考。
1.1一般資料選取西安高新醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科2006年6月—2013年1月收治CAD患者10例,其中2例患者起病時(shí)有頭痛及運(yùn)動(dòng)史,2例患者為腦血管介入手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,其余6例患者無(wú)明確頭頸部創(chuàng)傷及頭痛史。
1.2方法回顧性分析所有患者的一般資料、影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果、治療結(jié)果及預(yù)后情況。
1.2.1影像學(xué)檢查方法患者均在入院3 d內(nèi)完成頸部血管超聲(Mindrary,深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司生產(chǎn))、經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(TCD,德國(guó)DWL公司生產(chǎn))、1.5T磁共振血管造影(MRA,荷蘭Philips公司生產(chǎn))、數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA,荷蘭Philips公司生產(chǎn))檢查。CAD的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]:(1)DSA檢查結(jié)果為雙腔征、鼠尾征、串珠征、線樣征及假性動(dòng)脈瘤;(2)磁共振成像(MRI)檢查結(jié)果為血管壁間血腫、雙腔或伴管腔狹窄;符合其中一項(xiàng)即可確診為CAD。
1.2.2治療方法患者明確診斷后立即給予雙聯(lián)抗血小板(拜阿司匹林+硫酸氫氯吡格雷)治療,并加用低分子肝素鈉5 000 U抗凝治療,連續(xù)給藥14~21 d,病情穩(wěn)定后繼續(xù)服用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物(拜阿司匹林100 mg+硫酸氫氯吡格雷75 mg)3~6個(gè)月,治療后復(fù)查DSA,并根據(jù)DSA復(fù)查結(jié)果及臨床表現(xiàn)決定后續(xù)治療方案,隨訪2年。
2.1一般資料10例患者中男6例,女4例;年齡15~62歲,其中<30歲2例,30~39歲1例,40~49歲3例,50~59歲3例,≥60歲1例;有高血壓病史者3例,吸煙史者5例,均無(wú)糖尿病家族史;自發(fā)性腦動(dòng)脈夾層6例,創(chuàng)傷性腦動(dòng)脈夾層4例〔(2例為腦血管介入治療引起的并發(fā)癥,1例術(shù)中當(dāng)即予以支架植入,1例復(fù)查DSA顯示假性動(dòng)脈瘤擴(kuò)大遂植入支架治療,詳見(jiàn)圖1),2例為運(yùn)動(dòng)后創(chuàng)傷〕;6例為頸動(dòng)脈夾層,2例為大腦中動(dòng)脈夾層,1例為椎動(dòng)脈夾層,1例為大腦后動(dòng)脈夾層。
2.2影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果及預(yù)后首次DSA檢查結(jié)果顯示:血管閉塞6例,其中左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(LICA)C1段閉塞3例,左大腦中動(dòng)脈(LMCA)M1段閉塞1例,右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(RICA)C6段閉塞1例,右椎動(dòng)脈(RVA)V1段閉塞1例;重度線樣狹窄2例,其中右大腦中動(dòng)脈(RMCA)M1遠(yuǎn)端狹窄1例,左大腦后動(dòng)脈(LPCA)P2段狹窄1例;局部血管分層狹窄2例,其中LICA C1段分層狹窄1例,LICA C2段內(nèi)膜分層狹窄1例。經(jīng)抗血小板聚集、抗凝、支架植入等治療后,病變血管全部再通,血管形態(tài)均恢復(fù)。隨訪2年,MRA示血管形態(tài)穩(wěn)定,均未出現(xiàn)再發(fā)卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)。
CAD分為創(chuàng)傷性和自發(fā)性,有研究顯示,約64%的CAD患者有輕微頭部或頸部機(jī)械性創(chuàng)傷。自發(fā)性CAD的病因較多,如高血壓、感染以及肌纖維發(fā)育不良、遺傳性結(jié)締組織病及α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏癥等[8]。本研究患者均無(wú)相關(guān)家族史,但遺傳性疾病未進(jìn)一步明確檢查。10例患者中除支架治療的2例患者外,其余8例患者初期均采用抗凝治療+雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療,14~21 d后改為雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療,預(yù)后均良好,臨床癥狀明顯改善,隨訪無(wú)卒中和TIA再發(fā),血管再通后形態(tài)穩(wěn)定。
注:A為頸動(dòng)脈因?qū)Ч軗p傷所致夾層;B為頸動(dòng)脈夾層形成假性動(dòng)脈瘤;C為支架治療后血管形態(tài)恢復(fù)
圖11例DSA復(fù)查顯示假性動(dòng)脈瘤擴(kuò)大患者支架治療情況
Figure 1DSA review:stents situation of a patient with expand pseudoaneurysm
起初由于臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)CAD的認(rèn)知不足和影像學(xué)條件的限制,CAD的確診存在一定難度。近些年由于血管影像學(xué)的發(fā)展,CAD逐漸被認(rèn)知,目前MRI不僅能夠顯示血管狹窄、閉塞和擴(kuò)張,還可以顯示壁內(nèi)血腫及假性動(dòng)脈瘤的大小及夾層分離程度。壁內(nèi)血腫MRI顯示為新月形、曲線樣、帶狀、星狀和環(huán)狀高信號(hào),夾層分離所致的內(nèi)膜瓣可見(jiàn)高信號(hào)的斑塊狀結(jié)構(gòu)位于血管腔中,以T2像最明顯。此外,Tof與true-FISP融合成像技術(shù)可用于鑒別夾層和血管壁發(fā)育不全。CTA的軸位上可見(jiàn)動(dòng)脈管腔偏心狹窄,管壁新月形增厚及環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,即所謂“靶征”,重建圖像可見(jiàn)狹窄的位置、長(zhǎng)度,甚至可以看到夾層掀起的內(nèi)膜。DSA目前被認(rèn)為是診斷CAD的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。DSA表現(xiàn)為雙腔征、串珠征、靜脈期造影劑滯留,顯示假腔或內(nèi)膜瓣,都是確診CAD的依據(jù)。其中雙腔征、內(nèi)膜瓣是CAD在DSA上的重要特征性表現(xiàn)。常見(jiàn)的間接征象是動(dòng)脈錐形長(zhǎng)節(jié)段狹窄(即鼠尾征或線樣征)、火焰狀閉塞、假性動(dòng)脈瘤等。DSA可準(zhǔn)確顯示腔內(nèi)是否有血栓形成以及動(dòng)態(tài)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化情況,但并不能評(píng)估血管壁的厚度及其組成,不能發(fā)現(xiàn)壁內(nèi)血腫,且有創(chuàng)、費(fèi)用高,存在一定并發(fā)癥,需結(jié)合其他影像學(xué)檢查以清晰顯示CAD全貌,因此有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行聯(lián)合檢查。
CAD的首選治療方法尚有爭(zhēng)議,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)同藥物治療,但選擇抗凝治療還是抗血小板聚集治療仍存在爭(zhēng)議[9-10]。有臨床研究顯示,抗凝治療和阿司匹林抗血小板聚集治療的復(fù)發(fā)率間無(wú)明顯差異[11]。CAD引起腦卒中的機(jī)制為動(dòng)脈栓塞和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)障礙,閉塞的頸動(dòng)脈夾層可導(dǎo)致腦組織大面積梗死,說(shuō)明血流動(dòng)力學(xué)障礙是引起腦動(dòng)脈夾層所致梗死的重要原因,閉塞的頸動(dòng)脈夾層導(dǎo)致的腦組織大面積梗死可能為側(cè)支循環(huán)未完全建立所致。本研究中6例CAD所致血管閉塞的患者治療后血管均再通,因此單從血管形態(tài)恢復(fù)的角度上分析,夾層所致的血管再通率較高,由于本研究觀察例數(shù)較少,還需進(jìn)一步積累病例進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析。有報(bào)道顯示,無(wú)論抗凝還是抗血小板聚集治療,患者的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均較低,故二者治療顱外頸動(dòng)脈夾層是安全的。CAD尤其是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈夾層可以引起蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血,而對(duì)于無(wú)動(dòng)脈瘤和蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈夾層患者來(lái)說(shuō),抗凝治療是安全的,其不會(huì)增加患者的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。筆者認(rèn)為,當(dāng)藥物治療無(wú)效時(shí),血管內(nèi)介入治療和手術(shù)治療可以被考慮,尤其是在抗凝治療后仍存在復(fù)發(fā)情況,或是存在抗凝禁忌證、假性動(dòng)脈瘤或動(dòng)脈瘤膨大影響腦部血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的患者,因此血管內(nèi)支架治療是藥物治療的一個(gè)有效的補(bǔ)充[13-14];其次,治療后的隨訪時(shí)間應(yīng)是個(gè)體化的,根據(jù)患者的具體情況而定。
綜上所述,DSA檢查結(jié)果顯示雙腔征和內(nèi)瓣膜是CAD的重要特征性表現(xiàn)。目前對(duì)于抗凝治療或是抗血小板聚集治療仍存在爭(zhēng)議,抗栓治療仍是CAD明確診斷后的首選方案,治療后需動(dòng)態(tài)隨訪并及時(shí)復(fù)查DSA,血管內(nèi)支架治療可作為藥物治療的補(bǔ)充。
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(本文編輯:毛亞敏)
·診治分析·
【關(guān)鍵詞】腦動(dòng)脈疾病;磁共振成像,介入性;抗凝藥
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Jia Y,Dai XJ,Dong SJ,et al.Analysis on imaging features and treatment of 10 patients with cerebral artery dissection[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2015,23(9):90-92.
Analysis on Imaging Features and Treatment of 10 Patients with Cerebral Artery DissectionJIAYi,DAIXiao-jie,DONGSu-juan,etal.DepartmentofNeurology,GaoxinHospitalofXi′an,Xi′an710075,China
【Abstract】Objective To analyze the imaging features and treatment of 10 patients with cerebral artery dissection.MethodsClinical data of 10 cerebral artery dissection patients admitted to the Department of Neurology,Gaoxin Hospital of Xi′an from June 2006 to January 2013 was collected,and general information,imaging findings,treatment outcome and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsOf the 10 patients,6 cases were male,4 cases were female,aged at 15 to 62 years old,3 cases had positive hypertension history,5 cases had positive smoking history,but no one of them had positive family diabetic history;6 cases were spontaneous,4 cases were traumatic(2 cases caused by cerebrovascular intervention-induced complications,2 cases caused by post-exercise trauma);6 cases classified as caritid artery dissection,2 cases as middle cerebral artery dissection,1 case as vertebral artery dissection,1 case as posterior cerebral artery dissection.The first DSA examination results showed that:6 cases were with vessel occlusion(including 3 cases with occlusion of left internal carotid artery C1,1 case with occlusion of left main coronary artery M1,1 case with occlusion of right internal carotid artery C6,1 case with occlusion of right vertebral artery V1),2 cases with severe line-like stenosis(including 1 case with distal stenosis of right middle cerebral artery M1,1 case with stenosis of left posterior cerebral artery P2),2 cases with local vessel hierarchical stenosis(including 1 case with hierarchical stenosis of left internal carotid artery C1,1 case with intima hierarchical stenosis of left internal carotid artery C2).After treatment of anti-platelet aggregation,anticoagulation and stent implantation,all of the patients′ affected vessels recanalizated,the shape returned to normal.After 2 years of fellow-up,MRA examination results showed that,all of the patients′ vessel shape was stable,no one occurred recurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attack.ConclusionDouble cavity sign and inside valve are characteristic features of DSA findings;antithrombotic therapy is the first choice of cerebral artery dissection,and dynamic follow-up and timely reexamination are necessary after treatment,but anticoagulation therapy and anti-platelet aggregation therapy are in dispute,intravascular stent implantation can assist the drug therapy.
【Key words】Cerebral arterial diseases;Magnetic resonance imaging,interventional;Anticoagulants
收稿日期:(2015-06-22;修回日期:2015-08-26)
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】R 364.15
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.09.029
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家臨床重點(diǎn)專(zhuān)科建設(shè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)資助(201105)