劉習(xí)文
“說(shuō)明文”在近年的新課標(biāo)卷上所占比例很大,每年必有1到2篇。其話題廣泛,涉及到科普知識(shí)(2015新課標(biāo)卷II,B篇),介紹說(shuō)明(2015新課標(biāo)卷I,C篇;2014新課標(biāo)卷I,B篇,卷II,B篇)及社會(huì)文化(2015新課標(biāo)卷I,D篇;2014新課標(biāo)卷I,D篇;2014新課標(biāo)卷II,C篇)等題材,文長(zhǎng)均在300詞左右,題目設(shè)置中等難度,要求考生在7分鐘左右完成。
基本特點(diǎn)
說(shuō)明文一般由導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、背景、主體和結(jié)尾四部分構(gòu)成,它有明確的主題,論證主題的事實(shí)以及嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu),層次分明,段落清晰。主題句常出現(xiàn)在句首和句尾。盡管有專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語(yǔ),但可以通過(guò)上下文、構(gòu)詞法等來(lái)理解詞義。
解題技巧
一、科普文傳播科學(xué),解題要“遵循科學(xué)的內(nèi)在邏輯”。利用科學(xué)規(guī)律可以快速排除閱讀題的干擾選項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)巧妙,但往往觀點(diǎn)偏頗、片面或夸大其詞。如:
例1 (2013年高考湖北卷·閱讀理解E)
A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
...
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (預(yù)防措施),” the authors wrote.
Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people .
A. to fully enjoy their present life
B. to estimate their contribution accurately
C. to take measures against potential risks
D. to value health more highly than wealth
解析 C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
本文說(shuō)明一份科學(xué)研究的結(jié)果:過(guò)于樂(lè)觀的人實(shí)際上比悲觀的人在10年內(nèi)有更高的殘疾或死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。題目考查的是pessimism積極方面的作用。悲觀主義者凡事都往壞的一面想。從辯證的角度看,其積極的一面就是有利于對(duì)潛在的危險(xiǎn)有比較充分的認(rèn)識(shí)并采取措施。
根據(jù)第6段中的may be more careful about their actions和第7段中的may contribute to taking improved precautions (預(yù)防措施),就知道C是正確的。選項(xiàng)A,充分享受現(xiàn)有的生活,文中沒(méi)有提及;選項(xiàng)B(悲觀主義讓人準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)他們的貢獻(xiàn)),選項(xiàng)D(更看重身體,而不是財(cái)富),這些都不是科學(xué)規(guī)律,而且與原文無(wú)關(guān)。
二、說(shuō)明文主旨明確,位置一般在首尾。即:文章主旨在首尾段;段落主旨在首尾句。如:
例2 (2015年高考新課標(biāo)I卷·閱讀理解C)
Salvador Dali was one of the most popular of modern artists. The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more ...
Which of the following best describes Dali to Paragraph 1?
A. Optimistic B. Productive
C. Generous D. Traditional
解析 B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
首段講述了達(dá)利的200多幅油畫(huà)、雕塑和繪畫(huà)作品等將在巴黎的The Pompidou Centre展出,對(duì)其生平和貢獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了總體概括,用數(shù)字體現(xiàn)了他的作品之多,所以選擇B(多產(chǎn)的)。其他選項(xiàng),A(樂(lè)觀的),C(慷慨的),D(傳統(tǒng)的),在首段和全文中都沒(méi)有提及。
例3 (2015年高考重慶卷·閱讀理解E)
首段 The values of artistic works, according to cultural relativism (相對(duì)主義), are simply reflection of local social and economic conditions. Such a view, however, fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries ...
第三段首句 In a 1757 essay, the philosopher argued that because “the general principles of taste are uniform (不變的) in human nature”...
尾段 Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art. ...
Which of the following can best serve as the title of passage?
A. Are Artistic Values Universal?
B. Are Popular Arts Permanent?
C. Is Human Nature Uniform?
D. Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?
解析 A。主旨大意題。
首段先提出觀點(diǎn),根據(jù)文化相對(duì)主義,藝術(shù)作品的價(jià)值只不過(guò)是當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的一種反映;然后觀點(diǎn)一轉(zhuǎn),說(shuō)這樣的觀點(diǎn)不能解釋一些藝術(shù)作品能夠跨越文化與時(shí)間地使人產(chǎn)生興趣;尾段談到現(xiàn)在研究者正在運(yùn)用科學(xué)的方法來(lái)研究藝術(shù)的普適性。
關(guān)鍵詞universality和選項(xiàng)A的universal同根,核心詞values,可提煉主旨為選項(xiàng)A(藝術(shù)作品的價(jià)值是普適的嗎?)。選項(xiàng)B中的popular arts指流行藝術(shù),偷換概念,指涉的范圍明顯變小,且parmanent與文章主題無(wú)關(guān)。選項(xiàng)C講人性是否不變,外延擴(kuò)大;the general principles of taste are uniform in human nature(普遍的品味原則是不變的),本文主要是談藝術(shù)作品的價(jià)值上的普適性,不是談人性的不變。選項(xiàng)D問(wèn)文化相對(duì)主義是否科學(xué),文化相對(duì)主義只是一種引用的理論,引用的目地在于談?wù)撍囆g(shù)作品的價(jià)值問(wèn)題,而不在于談?wù)撈浔旧硎欠窨茖W(xué)。
三、說(shuō)明文側(cè)重邏輯思維能力的考查。思維能力包括發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題的能力和抽象概括的能力。邏輯思維能力可以體現(xiàn)在:
1. 尋找顯性目標(biāo),順藤摸瓜,發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。如:
例4 (2015年高考新課標(biāo)I卷·閱讀理解C)
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning, the world of birth. The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.
How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?
A. By popularity.
B. By importance
C. By size and shape.
D. By time and subject.
解析 D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
根據(jù)同義異構(gòu)的原則,即命題選項(xiàng)一般會(huì)用與原文意思相同或相近的不同的詞,如原文中用follow,exhibitions,題干用arrange,exhibits,可直接定位在第二段最后一句話The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor existing through the brain. (按照時(shí)間和主題來(lái)組織作品展覽)。
文章說(shuō)觀眾從雞蛋形狀的入口進(jìn)去(enter ... through an egg),從大腦形狀的出口出來(lái)(exiting through the brain),里面的作品是(follow a path of time and subject)。故選項(xiàng)C中提到的大小和形狀不是展覽安排的方式,應(yīng)排除。文章沒(méi)有說(shuō)到展出作品的重要性,更不是按照重要性來(lái)安排展覽的,故選項(xiàng)B應(yīng)排除。選項(xiàng)A,按照流行度安排,文中沒(méi)有提及,故排除。
2. 分析事物的相關(guān)性,判斷各對(duì)象之間的關(guān)系來(lái)挖掘隱性目標(biāo);或通過(guò)多個(gè)對(duì)象的共同元素來(lái)抽象概括,提煉目標(biāo)。
例5 (2015年高考新課標(biāo)I卷·閱讀理解D)
... Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger gernerationss desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.
33. How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A. They are less frequently visited.
B. They stay open for longer hours.
C. They have bigger night crowds.
D. They start to serve fast food.
解析 A。推理判斷題。
根據(jù)題干中的French lifestyle, 要找到cafes如何受法國(guó)生活方式變化的影響,首先定位到原文第二段,“多年來(lái),巴黎的咖啡館成了法國(guó)生活方式改變的受害者”。句中破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容就是說(shuō)明生活方式具體發(fā)生了什么變化,更長(zhǎng)的工作時(shí)間,快餐的興起和年輕人更喜歡花更多的時(shí)間待在家里”。找準(zhǔn)定位信息,尤其是a younger generations desire to spend more time at home,然后把題干、選項(xiàng)和文中定位信息三結(jié)合,弄清他們之間的邏輯關(guān)系,可以概括出,這些生活方式導(dǎo)致了人們不再經(jīng)常去咖啡館,故選A。
選項(xiàng)B中講他們延長(zhǎng)營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間,而原文中l(wèi)onger working hours是唯一的定位點(diǎn),但是講的卻是工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng),不符合題意;選項(xiàng)C“他們晚上有更多的顧客”,與年輕人更喜歡花更多的時(shí)間待在家里矛盾,故排除C;選項(xiàng)D“他們開(kāi)始提供快餐”,定位信息a fast-food boom,快餐的興起繁榮,是法國(guó)人生活方式的變化,不是說(shuō)咖啡館開(kāi)始提供快餐,故排除D。
四、密切關(guān)注文中的轉(zhuǎn)折,作者的觀點(diǎn)往往在轉(zhuǎn)折后。如:
例6 (2015 年高考新課標(biāo)I卷·閱讀理解D)
A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself. Its trying to help the citys troubled neighbourhood cafes ... Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.
34. What are theme cafes expected to do?
A. Create more jobs
B. Supply better drinks.
C. Save the cafe business
D. Serve the neighbourhood
解析 C。推理判斷題。難度為中上等。
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theme cafes,考查它被期望做到什么?根據(jù)文題順序一致的原則,直接定位到第二段含有theme cafes的倒數(shù)第二句話,這是我們思考問(wèn)題的切入點(diǎn)。本段話主旨在第二句話,即but轉(zhuǎn)折后的Its trying to help the citys troubled neighbourhood cafes. 前面提出問(wèn)題,話題一轉(zhuǎn),主旨出現(xiàn)了:心理學(xué)咖啡館致力于幫助陷入困境的neighborhood cafes。以心理學(xué)咖啡館為例,本文講述了很多主題咖啡館的出現(xiàn)被期望能幫助那些處于困境中的neighbourhood cafes,所以選項(xiàng)C符合文意。
選項(xiàng)D最具迷惑性。雖然最后一段說(shuō)的是主題咖啡館給人們提供了一個(gè)能夠敞開(kāi)心扉暢談的地方,客觀上確實(shí)提供了服務(wù),但這并不是問(wèn)題本身所需要的回答,因?yàn)榉?wù)社區(qū)并不是人們對(duì)主題咖啡館的期待。至于選項(xiàng)A(創(chuàng)造更多工作),選項(xiàng)B(提供更好的飲品),同樣不屬于文中提到的人們對(duì)它們的期待。做題時(shí)要注意題干本身所問(wèn)的意思是什么,要確切地明白作者所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。