涂霽
441300 湖北 隨州,湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院附屬隨州醫(yī)院(隨州市中心醫(yī)院)心電圖室
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120例房顫患者24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖分析
涂霽
441300 湖北 隨州,湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院附屬隨州醫(yī)院(隨州市中心醫(yī)院)心電圖室
[摘要]目的分析房顫患者12導(dǎo)聯(lián)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖,探討其伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)與年齡、疾病診斷情況及心臟器質(zhì)性病變的關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)陣發(fā)性房顫。方法收集我院動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢測診斷為房顫(AF)及陣發(fā)性房顫(PAF)的120例患者的動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖,采用回顧性分析方法,根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖記錄房顫中伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn),結(jié)合臨床資料進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)。結(jié)果① 120例房顫患者中,動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢測顯示68例伴發(fā)有不同類型的心電圖異常,異常發(fā)生率為68/120(56.7%),其中以快速心室率及室性早搏最多見,分別占37/120(30.8%)和35/120(29.2%),其次分別為:ST-T改變占32/120(26.7%);傳導(dǎo)阻滯占29/120(24.2%);>2.0 s的長R-R間期占23/120(19.2%)和室性心動(dòng)過速7/120(4.2%)。在65歲以上的房顫患者中,心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)在同一患者有時(shí)可達(dá)兩種或兩種以上。② 120例房顫患者中陣發(fā)性房顫有18例,占15%(18/120),多由房性早搏觸發(fā)所致。肺心病組、冠心病組、外科檢查組和風(fēng)心病組都以室性早搏最多見,分別占45%(5/11)、50.0%(11/22)、42.9%(2/7)和30.0%(3/10);高血壓組以ST-T改變最多見,占44.1%(15/34);胸悶、心悸組、甲亢組及糖尿病組都以快速心室率最多見,分別占38.0%(8/21)、33.3%(1/3)和22.2%(2/9);暈厥組中1例伴發(fā)快速心室率,1例伴發(fā)>2.0 s的長R-R間期。有器質(zhì)性心臟病房顫患者動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)異常表現(xiàn)率可高達(dá)67.4%。結(jié)論動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖可準(zhǔn)確顯示房顫患者伴發(fā)的心電圖異常表現(xiàn),在合并器質(zhì)性心臟病和/或65歲以上的房顫患者中有時(shí)達(dá)兩種甚至更多,可確定陣發(fā)性房顫的心電始動(dòng)因素及其部位。
[關(guān)鍵詞]動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖;房顫;陣發(fā)性房顫
心房顫動(dòng)簡稱房顫(atrial fibrillation,AF),是一種以心房不協(xié)調(diào)活動(dòng)而導(dǎo)致心房機(jī)械功能惡化為特征的快速心律失常,常發(fā)生于有器質(zhì)性心臟病的患者,且隨著年齡增大,發(fā)病率會(huì)隨之升高。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[1]報(bào)道,房顫的發(fā)病率約為0.5%,陣發(fā)性房顫(paroxysmal atrial fibrillation,PAF)中部分最終將轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌掷m(xù)性房顫。早期陣發(fā)性房顫患者由于臨床癥狀不明顯,常規(guī)心電圖檢查難以捕獲,動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查可增加房顫的檢出率近5%[2]。本研究通過12導(dǎo)聯(lián)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖對(duì)我院2012年6月至2014年6月診斷的120例房顫患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析和總結(jié),根據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖記錄房顫情況,結(jié)合臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,探討其臨床意義。
1資料與方法
1.1對(duì)象
本文研究的心電圖資料均來自2012年6月至2014年6月在我院門診或住院的就診患者,原發(fā)性高血壓(簡稱高血壓)34例,胸悶、心悸21例,外科術(shù)前檢查7例,冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(簡稱冠心病)22例,糖尿病9例,肺心病11例,風(fēng)濕性心臟病(簡稱風(fēng)心病)10例,暈厥3例,甲亢3例。其中男68例、女52例,年齡15~84(52.5±12)歲。
房顫發(fā)作時(shí)心電圖特征:P波消失,代之以波幅大小不一、波形不一、間隔不等、極速顫動(dòng)的f波,下傳的R-R間期極度不規(guī)則,粗波型房顫f波>0.10 mV,細(xì)波型房顫f波<0.10 mV。
1.2方法
使用深圳博英動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖工作站的同步12導(dǎo)聯(lián)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖記錄儀,連續(xù)監(jiān)測23.5~24.0 h,將采集的心電信息輸入計(jì)算機(jī)處理系統(tǒng),對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)分析的結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢查、修改、編輯,最后分析寫出報(bào)告。
2結(jié)果
2.1 房顫患者的年齡與動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)的異常 表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系
在120例房顫患者中,動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖監(jiān)測顯示68例伴發(fā)有不同類型的心電圖異常,異常發(fā)生率為68/120(56.7%),其中以快速心室率及室性早搏最多見,分別占37/120(30.8%)和35/120(29.2%);其次分別為:ST-T改變占32/120(26.7%);傳導(dǎo)阻滯占29/120(24.2%);>2.0 s的長R-R間期占23/120(19.2%)和室性心動(dòng)過速7/120(4.2%)。在65歲以上的房顫患者中,心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)在同一患者有時(shí)可達(dá)兩種或兩種以上,說明房顫患者隨年齡增長,其心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)也增多,病情也相應(yīng)更重(表1)。
2.2 房顫患者動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)與疾病 診斷情況
120例房顫患者中陣發(fā)性房顫有18例,占15%(18/120),多由房性早搏觸發(fā)所致。在37例伴有快速心室率的房顫患者中,當(dāng)心室率>100 次/min,持續(xù)時(shí)間>3.0 s時(shí),臨床表現(xiàn)為氣短、心悸、頭暈或胸部不適,甚至?xí)炟?。?dòng)態(tài)心電圖結(jié)果中,房顫患者伴發(fā)的其他心電圖異常表現(xiàn)與疾病診斷情況。見表2。
肺心病組、冠心病組、外科術(shù)前檢查組和風(fēng)心病組都以室性早搏最多見,分別占45%(5/11)、50.0%(11/22)、42.9%(2/7)和30.0%(3/10);高血壓組以ST-T改變最多見,占44.1%(15/34);胸悶、心悸組、甲亢組及糖尿病組都以快速心室率最多見,分別占38.0%(8/21)、33.3%(1/3)和22.2%(2/9);暈厥組中1例伴發(fā)快速心室率,1例伴發(fā)>2.0 s的長R-R間期,均占33.3%(1/3)。
表1 房顫患者的年齡與動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)
表2 房顫患者動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)與疾病診斷情況
2.3 有無器質(zhì)性心臟病房顫患者心電圖伴發(fā)異常 表現(xiàn)不同
有器質(zhì)性心臟病房顫患者動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)異常表現(xiàn)率可高達(dá)67.4%,遠(yuǎn)高于無器質(zhì)性心臟病房顫患者的29.4%,兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見表3。
表3 有無器質(zhì)性心臟病房顫患者動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)異常比較
3討論
12導(dǎo)聯(lián)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖作為一種無創(chuàng)檢查診斷方法,在進(jìn)行長達(dá)24 h的12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖同步連續(xù)記錄后,應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)分析軟件分析心律失常及ST段動(dòng)態(tài)變化,明確診斷房顫并檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)隱匿性的陣發(fā)性房顫,還可研究陣發(fā)性房顫的始動(dòng)因素。目前,此項(xiàng)技術(shù)已在國內(nèi)外廣泛應(yīng)用。
房顫分為三種類型[3-4]:陣發(fā)性房顫、持續(xù)性房顫和永久性房顫。陣發(fā)性房顫可能是持續(xù)性房顫的前驅(qū)表現(xiàn),隨著陣發(fā)性房顫發(fā)作頻率的增加及持續(xù)時(shí)間的延長等“房顫負(fù)荷”增大,最終可發(fā)展為持續(xù)性房顫[5]。心房無序的顫動(dòng)使其有效地收縮和舒張功能喪失,泵血功能也隨之惡化進(jìn)而喪失。由于房室結(jié)對(duì)快速心房激動(dòng)的遞減傳導(dǎo),引起心室極不規(guī)則的反應(yīng),使心室律紊亂。當(dāng)心室率極快時(shí),患者會(huì)自感心悸、胸悶、頭暈,有時(shí)甚至昏倒,心功能受損嚴(yán)重時(shí)可發(fā)展至心力衰竭。心房附壁血栓的形成又可致缺血性腦中風(fēng)。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[6],房顫是卒中的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,它將發(fā)生缺血性卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提高了近5倍。輕者影響生活質(zhì)量,重者可致殘、致死。
本文120例房顫患者中陣發(fā)性房顫有18例,且多為房性早搏所觸發(fā),這與鄒月蛾等[7]的研究相一致。進(jìn)一步的研究表明[7],誘發(fā)房顫的房早聯(lián)律間期明顯短于未誘發(fā)房顫的房早聯(lián)律間期,誘發(fā)房顫的房早前周期長于未誘發(fā)房顫的房早前周期。
房顫主要發(fā)生在中老年人,在合并器質(zhì)性心臟病時(shí)發(fā)生率明顯增高。本文120例房顫患者在動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖中發(fā)現(xiàn)了68例伴發(fā)其他心電圖異常,如快速心室率、室性早搏、ST-T改變和傳導(dǎo)阻滯,這種伴發(fā)的心電圖異常表現(xiàn)在同一患者有時(shí)達(dá)兩種甚至更多,尤其在65歲以上的房顫患者中。有器質(zhì)性心臟病患者伴發(fā)的異常心電圖表現(xiàn)率達(dá)67.4%。提示臨床醫(yī)師在做出治療房顫的決策時(shí)要全面評(píng)估患者,重視分析誘因和病因,對(duì)年輕的沒有器質(zhì)性心臟病或有器質(zhì)性心臟病但改變較輕的患者,應(yīng)及早去除病因,盡可能糾正房顫和控制心室率。青年人中,風(fēng)心病是最常見的病因,所引起的房顫以粗波型為主,其次為甲亢。老年人群中,冠心病、高血壓是房顫發(fā)生的基礎(chǔ)疾病[8],所引起的房顫以細(xì)波型為主。房顫波越大,心房率越慢;房顫波越小,心房率越快。本文120例房顫患者動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖伴發(fā)的異常表現(xiàn)中,室性早搏和ST-T改變最多見于冠心病組、高血壓組和肺心病組,這與這三組已有器質(zhì)性心臟病密切相關(guān)。隨著年齡的增長,心肌出現(xiàn)不同程度纖維化、退行性及缺血性改變,脂肪浸潤、纖維增生和退行性變等又引起心臟傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的沖動(dòng)及傳導(dǎo)障礙,使其功能減退及迷走神經(jīng)張力增高。
因此,我們要積極治療心血管疾病,對(duì)年齡較大、有器質(zhì)性心臟病且心臟結(jié)構(gòu)改變明顯的永久性房顫,應(yīng)著力于控制心室率及抗凝治療,糾正伴發(fā)的心律失常和ST-T改變,以改善房顫患者的生存質(zhì)量,延長壽命。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
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Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiography analysis of 120 atrial fibrillation patientsTuJi(Department of Electrocardiogram, Suizhou Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou Central Hospital, Suizhou Hubei 441300, China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo analyze the 12 lead ambulatory electrocardiography(AECG) of patients with atrial fibrillation(AF), and to explore the relationship between the concomitant abnormal manifestations and ages, disease diagnosis and organic heart disease, respectively, in order to know about paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(PAF) further. MethodsThe AECG data of 120 patients were collected who were diagnosed with AF or PAF by Holter examination. Those data were retrospectively analysed and summarized against the background of baseline, according to the concomitant abnormal manifestations during AF recorded by AECG. Results(i) There were 68 out of 120 AF cases complicating various types of ECG abnormalities by Holter examination, with an incidence rate of 56.7%(68/120). The most common ECG abnormalities were rapid ventricular rate and ventricular premature beats, accounting for 30.8%(37/120) and 29.2%(35/120), respectively. ST-T changes, conduction block and long R-R intervals (>2.0 s) successively took the next places, accounting for 26.7%(32/120), 24.2%(29/120), and 19.2%(23/120) , respectively. Among the AF patients over 65, there were sometimes two or more types of concomitant ECG abnormalities in the same case. (ii) There were 18 out of 120 AF cases diagnosed with PAF, accounting for 15%(18/120), mostly triggered by atrial premature beats. In pulmonary heart disease group, coronary disease group, surgery examination group and rheumatic heart disease group, ventricular premature beat was common, accounting for 45%(5/11), 50.0%(11/22),42.9%(2/7) and 30.0%(3/10), respectively. In hypertension group, ST-T changes were more common, accounting for 44.1%(15/34). Rapid ventricular rate was mostly seen in chest suppression-palpitation group, hyperthyreosis group and diabetes group, accounting for 38.0%(8/21), 33.3%(1/3), and 22.2%(2/9), respectively. In syncope group, there was one case complicating rapid ventricular rates, and one with long R-R intervals (>2.0 s). The incidence of concomitant AECG abnormality can be as high as 67.4% among patients with organic heart disease. ConclusionHolter can accurately reveal the concomitant AECG abnormalities among AF patients, which may be two or even more types in the AF patients complicating organic heart disease and(or) the ones over 65, and determine the initiating factors and site of PAF.
[Key words]ambulatory electrocardiography; atrial fibrillation; paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
收稿日期:(2015-03-16)(本文編輯:李政萍)
DOI:10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2015.03.013
[中圖分類號(hào)]R540.41
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]2095-9354(2015)03-0200-04
作者簡介:涂霽,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事臨床心電圖分析診斷,E-mail:1320041656@qq.com