?
維生素D3與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展
沈穎李曄白潔
(昆明理工大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,云南昆明650500)
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡;維生素D3;自身免疫疾病
第一作者:沈穎(1968-),女,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事臨床腎臟疾病與分子生物學(xué)研究。
系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)在不同國家和地區(qū)的患病率和發(fā)病率差異明顯,流行病學(xué)調(diào)查證實(shí),美國、英國、澳大利亞、日本、瑞典人群患病率為0.5%~0.7%〔1〕,我國的患病率約為1%。SLE多發(fā)生于育齡期女性,男女之比為1∶7~1∶13〔2〕。SLE的發(fā)病原因和機(jī)制還不十分清楚,與遺傳缺陷、環(huán)境危險因子、性激素異常等因素有關(guān);目前,該病不能徹底根治,需長期反復(fù)的激素及免疫抑制劑治療,發(fā)病機(jī)制不清楚,因此,進(jìn)一步明確SLE的發(fā)病機(jī)制可為其提供新的治療靶點(diǎn)。
1SLE發(fā)病機(jī)制
抗雙鏈DNA抗體(anti-dsDNA)和核小體及細(xì)胞因子增高,可造成多系統(tǒng)損傷。大量自身抗體的產(chǎn)生是SLE的特征,anti-dsDNA是一類抗染色質(zhì)抗體,是SLE活動的血清標(biāo)記抗體。在SLE中存在免疫反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)異常,這些因素相互作用可導(dǎo)致B淋巴細(xì)胞增加,B細(xì)胞在T細(xì)胞輔助下產(chǎn)生損傷性抗體和免疫復(fù)合物,繼而作用于各臟器組織,導(dǎo)致組織器官如腎臟、皮膚、骨髓等損傷;SLE患者除B淋巴細(xì)胞活化外,免疫系統(tǒng)對免疫復(fù)合物的吞噬清除作用也存在缺陷,抗體與免疫復(fù)合物進(jìn)一步大量堆積。因此,DNA、抗DNA抗體或核小體、層粒蛋白、干燥綜合征A型抗原(SSA/R0)、染色質(zhì)C1q和核粒體的聚合等組成的免疫復(fù)合物沉積在臟器組織如腎臟系膜,最終引起狼瘡膜性腎病。
SLE的自身抗體結(jié)合細(xì)胞的表面自身抗原,誘導(dǎo)炎癥及細(xì)胞凋亡〔3〕。并且自身抗原可經(jīng)過翻譯后修飾導(dǎo)致自身抗原的免疫原性增加,繼而促使自身抗體的生成增強(qiáng),進(jìn)一步加重炎癥反應(yīng)。凋亡細(xì)胞可釋放DNA或核糖核蛋白至胞外,提供胞外DNA,可以通過刺激Toll樣受體(TLR)或(和)不通過TLR的先天免疫,誘導(dǎo)抗原特異性反應(yīng),在相應(yīng)組織形成免疫復(fù)合物的沉積,并刺激Ⅰ型干擾素生產(chǎn)〔4〕。脫氧核糖核酸和核糖核蛋白在微粒表面與SLE血清抗體結(jié)合〔5〕,這表明細(xì)胞凋亡釋放蛋白復(fù)合DNA在SLE發(fā)病中起重要作用。此外,細(xì)胞凋亡途徑Apo-1/Fas通路是機(jī)體防止發(fā)生自身免疫反應(yīng)的重要途徑,Apo-1/Fas通路可以清除機(jī)體具有自身免疫性的淋巴細(xì)胞,在狼瘡動物模型MRL/lpr中,發(fā)現(xiàn)Fas介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡通路缺陷,巨噬細(xì)胞對凋亡細(xì)胞的吞噬清除存在缺陷,導(dǎo)致核小體積累,增加自身抗體的產(chǎn)生。
2維生素(V)D3與SLE的相關(guān)性
VD3的水平在中國SLE患者顯示低下〔6〕。VD3缺乏在沙特阿拉伯的SLE病人中也很普遍〔7〕。在抗核抗體陽性患者中,VD3水平與SLE關(guān)系更為密切,VD3與SLE活動性呈負(fù)相關(guān)并與anti-dsDNA呈負(fù)相關(guān)〔8〕。57.7%的SLE患者發(fā)現(xiàn)有25-羥基VD3〔25-(OH)D3〕缺失〔9〕,并且VD3缺失與狼瘡性腎損傷關(guān)系密切〔10〕。在治療SLE患者時,增加1,25二羥VD3〔1,25-(OH)2D3〕劑量,可以抑制SLE活動〔11〕。此外,盡管有些SLE患者補(bǔ)充1,25-(OH)2D3治療后,仍然存在著1,25-(OH)2D3不足,原因是由于高皮質(zhì)醇治療后1,25-(OH)2D3敏感性降低〔12〕。在SLE患者中呈現(xiàn)出25-(OH)D3缺失及C3、C4降低,而anti-dsDNA水平較高〔13〕。Abou-Raya等〔14〕研究表明補(bǔ)充VD3可以改善SLE患者的炎癥反應(yīng)和臨床癥狀。Sakthiswary 等〔15〕就有關(guān)SLE和VD相關(guān)研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜述,證實(shí)SLE和VD確實(shí)存在負(fù)相關(guān)。也有研究報道VD3受體單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)與SLE關(guān)系密切相關(guān)〔16〕。VD受體(VDR)多樣性與SLE相關(guān)〔17〕。然而,不同的SNP多樣性在不同的種族表現(xiàn)不同,例如在波蘭人群中,限制性內(nèi)切酶(FokⅠ)的VDRF/F和F/f基因型與SLE關(guān)系密切〔17〕,在中國漢族人群中,VD3受體基因多樣性與SLE有關(guān),并且與抗核抗體水平相關(guān)〔18〕。VD3受體BB基因型可以引發(fā)SLE的發(fā)展,而且BB基因型與狼瘡性腎炎相關(guān)〔19〕。
3VD在SLE中作用的分子機(jī)制
VD3是脂溶性維生素,屬于類固醇化合物,可以從食物中攝取,也可由皮膚中的7-脫氫膽固醇經(jīng)中波紫外線照射異構(gòu)而成。VD3被血漿中的VD結(jié)合蛋白運(yùn)送至肝臟,首先經(jīng)肝細(xì)胞線粒體內(nèi)的25-羥化酶羥化形成25-(OH)D3,這是VD3在血液循環(huán)中的主要形式,25-(OH)D3轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到腎臟后,被近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞線粒體25-(OH)D3的1α羥化酶(即細(xì)胞色素P450)羥化,形成1,25-(OH)2D3,1,25-(OH)2D3又稱作活性VD,是體內(nèi)最重要的VD活性代謝產(chǎn)物。其主要通過細(xì)胞內(nèi)特異性受體,核VD受體(nVDR)介導(dǎo)來發(fā)揮生物效應(yīng)。在人體中nVDR存在于30個靶細(xì)胞內(nèi),除經(jīng)典的小腸上皮細(xì)胞、甲狀腺細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞、腎細(xì)胞之外,還包括T淋巴細(xì)胞、B淋巴細(xì)胞、抗原呈遞細(xì)胞、肌細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、腫瘤細(xì)胞等,提示1,25-(OH)2D3除調(diào)節(jié)鈣磷代謝之外,還存在免疫調(diào)節(jié)的作用〔20〕。
自從發(fā)現(xiàn)激活的T細(xì)胞有VDR的表達(dá)后,1,25-(OH)2D3對T細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用開始被證實(shí):CD4+T細(xì)胞是1,25-(OH)2D3作用的直接靶點(diǎn),CD4+T細(xì)胞在功能上可分為兩個子集:Th1和Th2。Th1細(xì)胞主要分泌白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-2、干擾素(IFN)γ、腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死因子(TNF)β,介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞免疫,誘導(dǎo)免疫排斥;Th2細(xì)胞主要分泌IL-6、IL-4、IL-5、IL-10,介導(dǎo)體液免疫,誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受,Th1和Th2互為抑制性T細(xì)胞。有研究表明當(dāng)VD3缺乏或者VDR傳遞信號減弱時,Th1細(xì)胞活動會增強(qiáng),而Th2細(xì)胞和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞活動減弱,由此可誘導(dǎo)出Th1優(yōu)勢免疫應(yīng)答〔20,21〕。1,25-(OH)2D3能夠直接抑制Th1細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子,如IL-2、IFN-γ,1,25-(OH)2D3還能特異地抑制IFN-γ的分泌,配體VDR復(fù)合體能與IFN-γ啟動子區(qū)的VD反應(yīng)元件(VDRE)結(jié)合,直接抑制其表達(dá)〔22〕。并且1,25-(OH)2D3能夠促進(jìn)CD4+T細(xì)胞分化時偏向Th2細(xì)胞,即1,25-(OH)2D3能調(diào)控Th1/Th2免疫偏移〔23,24〕,誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受的產(chǎn)生,抑制自身免疫疾病。1,25-(OH)2D3通過VDR介導(dǎo),下調(diào)IL-12并且促進(jìn)IL-10產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)成熟樹突細(xì)胞(DCs)的凋亡,抑制其呈遞抗原,最終導(dǎo)致免疫活性降低〔25〕。VD3可以通過抑制脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)的活性,從而抑制DCs的分化〔25〕。所以,VD3總體反映了免疫抑制的作用,如果VD3水平降低,免疫活性增強(qiáng),容易導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病。VD3抑制狼瘡血液導(dǎo)致的抗原提呈細(xì)胞(APC)成熟及抑制主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(MHC)Ⅱ表達(dá)、CD40和CD86的表達(dá)〔26〕,從而減低SLE的免疫刺激作用,抑制抗原抗體產(chǎn)生。VD3可以維持免疫內(nèi)環(huán)境平衡,抑制SLE患者DC的變異與激活,抑制IFN-α的活性〔27〕。此外,1,25-(OH)2D3治療SLE患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)T調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞效應(yīng)Th1和Th17下降、B細(xì)胞降低及抗DNA抗體降低,同時抑制SLE的DCs成熟,阻礙SLE病程的進(jìn)展,證明1,25-(OH)2D3可以抑制SLE的發(fā)展〔28〕。SLE患者VD3水平較低,骨密度也低,在1,25-(OH)2D3治療后,SLE患者的骨密度增加并且療效好〔29〕。VD3水平下降時,可以導(dǎo)致B細(xì)胞的胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(ERK)1,25-(OH)2D3可以增加熱休克蛋白(HSP)60的表達(dá),進(jìn)而提高Fas的表達(dá)及含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Caspase)的活性,增強(qiáng)自然殺傷細(xì)胞的敏感性〔30〕。p38MAPK是誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的重要途徑,研究報道,VD3具有上調(diào)p38MAPK的表達(dá)作用,因此,可以激活細(xì)胞凋亡,清除核小體〔31〕。
綜上,VD3水平、維生素受體與SLE關(guān)系密切,并且1,25-(OH)2D3獨(dú)特的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用〔32〕,在抑制SLE發(fā)展過程中起著重要作用。隨著對VD3作用機(jī)制不斷深入研究,VD3將成為臨床治療SLE重要方法。
4參考文獻(xiàn)
1Cameron JS.Systemic lupus erythematosus/Neilson EG,immunological renal diseases〔M〕.2nd ed.Philadephia:Lippincott-Raven Williams,2001:1057-104.
2李結(jié)華,葉冬青,胡以松,等.系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡住院人群臨床病學(xué)調(diào)查分析〔J〕.中國預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2004;5(1):13-5.
3Munoz LE,Janko C,Chaurio RA,etal.IgG opsonized nuclear remnants from dead cells cause systemic inflammation in SLE〔J〕.Autoimmunity,2010;43(3):232-5.
4Finke D,Eloranta ML,Ronnblom L.Endogenous type Ⅰ interferon inducers in autoimmune diseases〔J〕.Autoimmunity,2009;42(4):349-52.
5Reich CF 3rd,Pisetsky DS.The content of DNA and RNA in microparticles released by Jurkat and HL-60 cells undergoing in vitro apoptosis〔J〕.Exp Cell Res,2009;315(5):760-8.
6Mok CC,Birmingham DJ,Leung HW,etal.Vitamin D levels in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:relationship with disease activity,vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis〔J〕.Rheumatology(Oxford),2012;51(4):644-52.
7Damanhouri LH.Vitamin D deficiency in Saudi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.Saudi Me J,2009;30(10):1291-5.
8Mok CC,Birmingham DJ,Ho LY,etal.Vitamin D deficiency as marker for disease activity and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus:a comparison with anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q〔J〕.Lupus,2012;21(1):36-42.
9Fragoso TS,Dantas AT,Marques CD,etal.25-Hydroxyivitamin D3 levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its association with clinical parameters and laboratory tests〔J〕.Rev Bras Reumatol,2012;52(1):60-5.
10Kamen DL,Cooper GS,Bouali H,etal.Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.Autoimmun Rev,2006;5(2):114-7.
11Petri M,Bello KJ,F(xiàn)ang H,etal.Vitamin D in SLE:modest association with disease activity and urine protein/creatinine ratio〔J〕.Arthritis Rheum,2013;65(7):1865-71.
12Chaiamnuay S,Chailurkit LO,Narongroeknawin P,etal.Current daily glucocorticoid use and serum creatinine levels are associated with lower 25(OH)vitamin D levels in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.J Clin Rheumatol,2013;19(3):121-5.
13Attar SM,Siddiqui AM.Vitamin d deficiency in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.Oman Med J,2013;28(1):42-7.
14Abou-Raya A,Abou-Raya S,Helmii M.The effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory and hemostatic markers and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:a randomized placebo-controlled trial〔J〕.J Rheumatol,2013;40(3):265-72.
15Sakthiswary R,Raymond AA.The clinical significance of vitamin D in systemic lupus erythematosus:a systematic review〔J〕.PLoS One,2013;8(1):e55275.
16Monticielo OA,Teixeira Tde M,Chies JA,etal.Vitamin D and polymorphisms of VDR gene in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.Clin Rheumatol,2012;31(10):1411-21.
17Mostowska A,Lianeri M,Wudarski M,etal.Vitamin D receptor gene BsmI,F(xiàn)okI,ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.Mol Biol Rep,2013;40(2):803-10.
18Luo XY,Yang MH,Wu FX,etal.Vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphism B allele,but not BB genotype,is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Han Chinese population〔J〕.Lupus,2012;21(1):53-9.
19Wu S,Liao AP,Xia Y,etal.Vitamin D receptor negatively regulates bacterial-stimulated NF-kappaB activity in intestine〔J〕.Am J Pathol,2010;177(2):686-97.
20Cantorna MT,Zhu Y,F(xiàn)roicu M,etal.Vitamin D status,1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3,and the immune system〔J〕.Am J Clin Nutr,2004;80(6 Suppl):1717S-1720S.
21Cantorna MT,Mahon BD.Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence〔J〕.Exp Biol Med(May wood),2004;229(11):1136-42.
22Boonstra A,Barrat FJ,Crain C,etal.1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+)T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells〔J〕.J Immunol,2001;167(9):4974-80.
23Mahon BD,Wittke A,Weaver V,etal.The targets of vitamin D depend on the differentiation and activation status of CD4 positive T cells〔J〕.J Cell Biochem,2003;89(5):922-32.
24Mattner F,Smiroldo S,Galbiati F,etal.Inhibition of Th1 development and treatment of chronic-relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a non-hypercalcemic analogue of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)〔J〕.Eur J Immunol,2000;30(2):498-508.
25Penna G,Adorini L.1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation,maturation,activation,and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation〔J〕.J Immunol,2000;164(5):2405-11.
26Lerman M,Burnham J,Behrens E.1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 limits monocyte maturation in lupus sera〔J〕.Lupus,2011;20(7):749-53.
27Ben-Zvi I,Aranow C,Mackay M,etal.The impact of vitamin D on dendritic cell function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus〔J〕.PLoS One,2010;5(2):e9193.
28Terrier B,Derian N,Schoindre Y,etal.Restoration of regulatory and effector T cell balance and B cell homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients through vitamin D supplementation〔J〕.Arthritis Res Ther,2012;14(5):R221.
29Yeap SS,Othman AZ,Zain AA,etal.Vitamin D levels:its relationship to bone mineral density response and disease activity in premenopausal Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients on corticosteroids〔J〕.Int J Rheum Dis,2012;15(1):17-24.
30Lee JH,Park S,Cheon S,etal.1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances NK susceptibility of human melanoma cells via Hsp60-mediated FAS expression〔J〕.Eur J Immunol,2011;41(10):2937-46.
31Buitrago C,Pardo VG,Boland R.Role of VDR in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent non-genomic activation of MAPKs,Src and Akt in skeletal muscle cells〔J〕.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2013;136:125-30.
32Ritterhouse LL,Crowe SR,Niewold TB,etal.Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased autoimmune response in healthy individuals and in patients with systemic lupus erythematsus〔J〕.Ann Rheum Dis,2011;70(9):1569-74.
〔2014-07-06修回〕
(編輯王一涵)
通訊作者:白潔(1966-),女,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事醫(yī)學(xué)神經(jīng)生物學(xué)研究。
基金項(xiàng)目:云南省應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)項(xiàng)目(2009ZC165M);昆明理工大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)神經(jīng)生物學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室項(xiàng)目(14078142)
〔中圖分類號〕R3
〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼〕A
〔文章編號〕1005-9202(2016)04-1009-03;doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2016.04.116