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實時三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖測定房間隔缺損最大徑的價值評估

2016-02-09 09:08:48郭麗娜吳衛(wèi)華謝曉奕
中國臨床醫(yī)學 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:房間隔心動圖腰部

郭麗娜, 吳衛(wèi)華, 馬 蘭, 陸 靜, 宮 霞, 謝曉奕

上海交通大學附屬胸科醫(yī)院超聲科,上海 200030

論 著

實時三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖測定房間隔缺損最大徑的價值評估

郭麗娜, 吳衛(wèi)華*, 馬 蘭, 陸 靜, 宮 霞, 謝曉奕

上海交通大學附屬胸科醫(yī)院超聲科,上海 200030

目的:探討實時三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖(real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, RT3D-TEE)在測量房間隔缺損(atrial septal defect,ASD)最大徑中的應用價值。方法:前瞻性分析2011年1月至2014年6月單中心篩查的繼發(fā)孔中央型單孔ASD并接受封堵術(shù)患者的臨床資料。比較RT3D-TEE、二維經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖(two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography,2D-TTE)、二維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖(two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography,2D-TEE) 測得的ASD最大徑,并將三者與封堵器釋放后的實際腰部直徑進行相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果:共31例患者入選,經(jīng)RT3D-TEE[(21.81±8.57) mm]、2D-TEE[(20.31±8.50) mm]、2D-TTE[(23.08±10.89) mm]測得的缺損最大徑與封堵器釋放后實際腰部直徑[(20.99±8.15) mm]比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。經(jīng)RT3D-TEE、2D-TEE、2D-TTE測得的缺損最大徑與實際腰部直徑均高度相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)(r值)分別為0.902、0.981、0.897(P=0.000)。結(jié)論:RT3D-TEE在測定ASD最大徑方面較二維超聲并無明顯優(yōu)勢。

實時三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖;房間隔缺損;最大徑;封堵器

經(jīng)皮介入房間隔缺損(atrial septal defect, ASD)封堵術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小、患者恢復快,逐步替代外科手術(shù)成為繼發(fā)孔、中央型ASD的首選治療方法。術(shù)前準確測量缺損大小是封堵手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵,能夠指導心臟專科醫(yī)師選擇合適的封堵器,從而避免如封堵器脫落等嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。目前,二維經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖(two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography,2D-TTE)、二維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖(two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography,2D-TEE)已成為經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù)及外科微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)術(shù)前測量ASD最大徑的常規(guī)檢查方法[1-4]。而實時三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖(real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, RT3D-TEE)技術(shù)能清晰、直觀地顯示ASD的立體形態(tài),理論上應較上述2種方法在測量ASD最大徑方面更準確、更有優(yōu)勢,但目前尚缺乏相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)支持。

因此,本研究將這3種方法所測得的ASD最大徑與封堵器釋放后的實際腰部直徑進行相關(guān)性分析,以期明確RT3D-TEE在ASD最大徑測量方面的應用價值。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選擇2011年1月至2014年6月在上海交通大學附屬胸科醫(yī)院診治的ASD患者,經(jīng)2D-TTE篩選出繼發(fā)孔、中央型ASD,缺損為單孔,體質(zhì)量>30 kg的患者。排除因其他先天性心臟病需要同期行外科手術(shù)者。共有31例ASD患者入選。其中,男性8例,女性23例;平均年齡(36.5±16.6)歲。31例患者接受微創(chuàng)封堵手術(shù),均獲成功,并于術(shù)中先后接受2D-TEE及RT3D-TEE檢查。術(shù)后即刻及隨訪期[平均(31.17±11.33)個月]內(nèi),TTE檢查均未見殘余分流。所有患者均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。本研究通過醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會審核。

1.2 超聲圖像分析 采用Philips iE33彩色多譜勒超聲診斷儀,配備S5-1經(jīng)胸探頭(頻率為1~5 MHz)和X7-2t經(jīng)食管探頭(頻率為7~2 MHz)。微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)在超聲引導下完成。術(shù)前采用2D-TTE觀察胸骨旁大動脈短軸觀、心尖四腔觀、劍下腔靜脈觀及胸骨旁四腔觀等,術(shù)中采用2D-TEE在食管中段水平獲取雙心房觀、主動脈短軸觀及腔靜脈長軸觀。于收縮末期分別測量各切面ASD直徑,取最大值。行RT3D-TEE檢查時同步記錄心電圖,適當調(diào)整增益、時間增益補償、壓縮控制等設置,以獲得最佳圖像質(zhì)量,然后在食管中段雙心房觀以3D-Zoom及全容積模式采集實時三維圖像。三維影像資料均用DVD儲存,后期導入Qlab 7.1工作站分析,于收縮末期測量ASD最大徑。患者均先由3位超聲科醫(yī)師(互不知道結(jié)果)分別采用2D-TTE、2D-TEE、RT3D-TEE測定并記錄 ASD最大徑,然后由第4位醫(yī)師在留存的封堵術(shù)后2D-TEE圖像中測定并記錄封堵器釋放后的腰部直徑(圖1)。

圖1 不同測量方法中ASD患者的超聲影像圖

A:2D-TTE顯示心尖四腔觀,測量ASD最大徑;B:2D-TEE顯示主動脈短軸觀,測量ASD最大徑;C:RT3D-TEE檢查中測量ASD最大徑;D:封堵器釋放后,2D-TEE檢查中測量實際腰部直徑

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 3種超聲心動圖測得的ASD最大徑與放置封堵器后測得的腰部直徑的比較 經(jīng)RT3D-TEE測得的ASD平均最大徑為(21.81±8.57)mm,經(jīng)2D-TEE、2D-TTE測得的ASD平均最大徑分別為(20.31±8.50) mm、(23.08±10.89)mm。31例患者放置封堵器后測得的實際腰部直徑平均為(20.99±8.15)mm。3種超聲方法測得的最大徑與封堵器腰部直徑比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義,但是2D-TEE的測值更接近腰部直徑,而2D-TTE更遠離腰部直徑(表1)。

表1 3種超聲方法測得的ASD最大徑與封堵器腰部直徑的比較 n=31

直徑差值為封堵器腰部平均直徑減經(jīng)超聲方法測得的ASD平均最大徑;差值率為該差值占封堵器腰部平均直徑的百分比

2.2 3種超聲心動圖測得的ASD最大徑與放置封堵器后測得的腰部直徑的相關(guān)性分析 經(jīng)RT3D-TEE、2D-TEE、2D-TTE測得的ASD與封堵器腰部直徑均高度相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)(r值)分別達0.902、 0.981、 0.897(P=0.000)。相關(guān)性散點圖及布蘭德-奧特曼散點圖(圖2~4)顯示:2D-TEE測得的ASD最大徑與封堵器腰部直徑差異最小,其次為RT3D-TEE,與2D-TTE的差異最大。

圖3 經(jīng)2D-TEE測得的ASD最大徑與封堵器腰部直徑的相關(guān)性及一致性分析A:相關(guān)性散點圖;B:布蘭德-奧特曼散點圖

3 討 論

ASD是發(fā)病率位居第二的先天性心臟病。與外科手術(shù)相比,ASD封堵術(shù)由于其創(chuàng)傷性小、住院時間短、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低及中遠期療效好等優(yōu)勢而被醫(yī)師和患者廣泛接受。大多數(shù)繼發(fā)孔型ASD可通過介入封堵治療[5]。為了提高封堵治療的成功率、降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,應選擇合適尺寸的封堵器。而術(shù)前準確測量ASD最大徑能幫助介入醫(yī)師選擇合適尺寸的封堵器。

球囊伸展直徑(balloon-stretched diameter, SBD)是測量ASD大小的金標準。國外研究[6-11]表明,用球囊法測得的ASD直徑與各種超聲方法(包括2D-TTE、2D-TEE、RT3D-TEE等)的測值間具有較好的相關(guān)性與一致性。但是,球囊擴張法可能會撐大部分患者的缺損,造成測值偏大。與之相比,超聲的測值更準確,而且超聲能通過引導術(shù)中操作提高手術(shù)成功率[7],同時還可減少放射性傷害。

常用的測量ASD直徑的超聲方法有2D-TTE及2D-TEE。實時三維經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖(real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography,RT3D-TTE)及心腔內(nèi)超聲心動圖(intracardiac echocardiography, ICE)等技術(shù)由于圖像質(zhì)量欠佳及醫(yī)療成本高等因素,臨床較少使用。而RT3D-TEE技術(shù)因其優(yōu)越的圖像質(zhì)量使臨床醫(yī)師可以更直觀地了解心臟內(nèi)各結(jié)構(gòu)的病理解剖改變,并進行三維定量分析,目前已越來越多地應用于臨床工作中[1-2]。已有報道比較了其與2D-TEE在ASD最大徑評估中的作用。研究結(jié)果[8,12]顯示,RT3D-TEE、2D-TEE兩者間及兩者與封堵器尺寸間的一致性及相關(guān)性均較好。本研究結(jié)果與上述結(jié)果基本一致。本研究未將RT3D-TEE測得的ASD最大徑與SBD或封堵器尺寸進行相關(guān)性分析,主要原因如下:部分ASD患者的SBD法測值偏大;ASD封堵器的大小選擇范圍較廣,且不同介入醫(yī)師選擇的封堵器的尺寸也會有差異。

本研究中,RT3D-TEE與2D-TTE、2D-TEE相比較,在ASD最大徑測量方面并無優(yōu)勢,可能與以下因素相關(guān):(1)為了盡可能完整顯示ASD的全貌,RT3D-TEE在圖像采集時多啟用全容積模式,其是由數(shù)個心動周期的窄角三維圖像融合而成,而這導致圖像質(zhì)量一定程度的下降;(2)應用該技術(shù)時不能直接在三維圖像上進行實時測量,而需將數(shù)據(jù)導入工作站后進行脫機分析,這可能會影響數(shù)據(jù)的準確性;(3)房間隔在TEE模式下處于圖像近場,如遇小左房或大ASD的患者,三維圖像可能無法完整顯示間隔甚至缺損,造成最大徑測值誤差。雖然本研究中RT3D-TEE在測量ASD最大徑方面較其他超聲技術(shù)無優(yōu)勢,但多項研究[5,13-17]顯示,其能更直觀立體地顯示ASD大小、形狀、數(shù)目及其解剖結(jié)構(gòu),尤其對于觀察復雜ASD更有利,在引導封堵方面也更有效。

本研究中,2D-TEE的測值與封堵器腰部直徑的相關(guān)性最高,可能是由于2D-TEE檢查能避免氣體及胸壁等因素干擾而可獲得高質(zhì)量的圖像,同時可使醫(yī)師在任意切面上測量ASD并獲取最大徑。該結(jié)果與既往研究[9,18-19]相一致。雖然2D-TTE的測值與封堵器腰部直徑的相關(guān)性在3種超聲方法中最小,但仍與封堵器腰部直徑高度相關(guān)。Bartakian等[18]也發(fā)現(xiàn),2D-TTE與2D-TEE評估ASD以及對于引導ASD封堵術(shù)同樣安全、有效。由于2D-TTE檢查無創(chuàng)、可重復,在手術(shù)中使用具有操作時間、X線下暴露時間短于2D-TEE等優(yōu)勢,仍應作為ASD最大徑的首選測量方法。此外,McGhie等[20]研究了二維經(jīng)胸實時多平面同步成像技術(shù) (simultaneous multiplane imaging, SMPI)在29例繼發(fā)孔ASD封堵術(shù)中的應用,結(jié)果顯示,與2D-TEE比較,該技術(shù)評估繼發(fā)孔ASD及其邊緣大小的結(jié)果可靠,有望在ASD術(shù)前評估中取代TEE。

綜上所述,雖然RT3D-TEE可以立體顯示房間隔的形態(tài)、部位,進而有利于醫(yī)師準確測量缺損大小,但本結(jié)果顯示其在測定ASD最大徑方面較二維超聲并無優(yōu)勢。本研究的局限性在于:樣本量較少,標準差較大,未比較RT3D-TEE對不同大小、形狀ASD直徑的測值。

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[本文編輯] 姬靜芳

Evaluation of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in detecting maximum diameter of atrial septal defect

GUO Li-na, WU Wei-hua*, MA Lan, LU Jing, GONG Xia, XIE Xiao-yi

Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China

Objective:To study the application value of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D-TEE) in measuring the maximal atrial septal defect (ASD) diameter.Methods:The clinical data of patients diagnosed as central, secundum-type, single-hole ASD and hospitalized for transcatheter closure from January 2011 to June 2014 in a single center were prospectively analyzed.The maximal ASD diameters measured by RT3D-TEE, two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D-TTE) and two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D-TEE) were compared.Correlation between the maximal ASD diameters measured by three methods and occluder waist diameter after release were analyzed.Results:A total of 31 ASD patients were included.There was no significant difference between the maximal ASD diameters measured by RT3D-TEE ([21.81±8.57] mm), 2D-TEE ([20.31±8.50] mm), and 2D-TTE ([23.08±10.89] mm) and occluder waist diameter after release ([20.99±8.15] mm).The maximal ASD diameters measured by RT3D-TEE, 2D-TEE, and 2D-TTE were all highly correlated with the occluder waist diameter (r=0.902, 0.981, 0.897, respectively,P=0.000).Conclusions:Compared with two-dimensional echocardiography, RT3D-TEE has no advantage in measuring the maximal ASD diameter.

real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography; atrial septal defect; maximal diameter; occluder device

2016-09-21[接受日期]2016-10-16

上海市胸科醫(yī)院科技發(fā)展基金重大重點項目(2014YZDH10301).Supported by Science and Technology Development Foundation of Shanghai Chest Hospital (2014YZDH10301).

郭麗娜, 碩士,住院醫(yī)師.E-mail:linaguo85@126.com

*通信作者(Corresponding author).Tel: 021-22200000-1411,E-mail: liu987@vip.sina.com

10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2016.20160898

R 540.4+5

A

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