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難治性高血壓中睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征與血漿醛固酮水平的相關(guān)性

2016-02-21 00:19梁二鵬綜述張慧敏審校
心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展 2016年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:醛固酮拮抗劑內(nèi)酯

梁二鵬 綜述 張慧敏 審校

(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 阜外心血管病醫(yī)院, 北京100037)

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難治性高血壓中睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征與血漿醛固酮水平的相關(guān)性

梁二鵬綜述張慧敏審校

(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 阜外心血管病醫(yī)院, 北京100037)

睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征是引起高血壓的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)難治性高血壓患者約80%患有睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征,且難治性高血壓患者中有超過20%的患者血漿醛固酮水平升高。現(xiàn)將對難治性高血壓患者中睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征與醛固酮水平的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行綜述。

睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征;血漿醛固酮水平;難治性高血壓

1 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征與難治性高血壓

睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征是指各種原因?qū)е滤郀顟B(tài)下反復(fù)出現(xiàn)呼吸暫停和/或低通氣,引起低氧血癥、高碳酸血癥、睡眠中斷,從而使機(jī)體發(fā)生一系列病理生理改變的臨床綜合征。可分為三型:中樞型、阻塞型和混合型,臨床以阻塞型睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)多見。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OSAS與高血壓有密切關(guān)系。30%~40%的高血壓患者患有OSAS,而OSAS患者中50%~56%患有高血壓[1]。Sleep Heart Health Study(SHHS)納入了6 132例未患高血壓的患者,經(jīng)過平均3年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)基線呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)>30次/h的患者比基線AHI<1.5次/h的患者發(fā)生高血壓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高1.37倍(95%CI 1.03~1.38,P=0.005)[2]。Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study(WSCS)納入709例受試者,經(jīng)過4年隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓的發(fā)病率隨OSAS的程度加重而增加,與基線AHI=0次/h的患者相比,基線AHI為0.1~4.9、5.0~14.9、≥15次/h的受試者隨訪時發(fā)生高血壓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增高1.42倍(95%CI 1.13~1.78)、2.03倍(95%CI 1.29~3.17)、2.89倍(95%CI 1.46~5.64)[3]。JNC 7也將OSAS列為引起高血壓的繼發(fā)因素之一,指出OSAS可以引起難治性高血壓(resistant hypertension, RH)[4]。

Logan等[5]的研究結(jié)果顯示:41例RH的患者中有34例(83%)經(jīng)多導(dǎo)睡眠儀檢測被診斷為OSAS。Muxfeldt等[6]的研究結(jié)果顯示:422例RH患者中有347例達(dá)到OSAS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Dernaika等[7]的研究共納入了98例OSAS合并高血壓的患者,分為RH組(n=42)與可控高血壓組(n=56)。經(jīng)過持續(xù)正壓通氣治療(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)1年,RH組平均動脈壓下降5.6 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 3 kPa)(95%CI -2.0~-8.7 mm Hg,P=0.03),其血壓下降程度顯著高于可控高血壓組(-0.8mm Hg,95%CI -2.9~3.3 mm Hg,P =0.53),且RH組71%的患者治療后降壓藥物停用或減量,可控高血壓組治療前后降壓藥物種類和數(shù)量無明顯改變。以上研究表明OSAS與RH的關(guān)系密切。

綜上所述,RH人群中OSAS的患病率高,經(jīng)過針對OSAS的特異性治療后RH患者血壓得到明顯改善,因此,RH患者中OSAS在血壓升高機(jī)制中扮演著重要角色。這對臨床治療RH有指導(dǎo)意義。

2 醛固酮與RH

在RH患者中,有超過20%的患者血漿醛固酮質(zhì)量濃度(plasma aldosterone concentration,PAC)偏高。Calhoun等[8]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在所納入的88例RH患者中有20%被診斷為原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥(primary aldosteronism, PA)。Eide等[9]的研究運(yùn)用PAC和尿醛固酮分泌量作為診斷PA的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),發(fā)現(xiàn)在90例RH患者中,有23%被診斷為PA。Sang等[10]調(diào)查了1 656例RH患者后發(fā)現(xiàn),有494例(29.8%)患者ARR(aldosterone renin ratio)>20。Pimenta等[11]納入97例RH患者,定義PA為血漿腎素活性(plasma renin activity,PRA)<1 ng/(mL·h)且24 h尿醛固酮水平≥12 μg/24 h,最終28例(28.9%)患者達(dá)到PA診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

運(yùn)用醛固酮受體拮抗劑可以有效改善RH患者的血壓情況并減少所用降壓藥物種類。Chapman等[12]納入1 141例RH患者,加用螺內(nèi)酯治療,經(jīng)過平均1.3年隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓下降21.9/9.5 mm Hg(95%CI 20.8~23.0/9.0~ 10.1 mm Hg,P<0.010)。Vaclavik等[13]探究了小劑量螺內(nèi)酯對于RH患者血壓的影響,該試驗(yàn)納入161例RH患者,給予25 mg螺內(nèi)酯治療8周,最終150例完成試驗(yàn),包括螺內(nèi)酯治療組(n=74)和安慰劑組(n=76),經(jīng)過對比,螺內(nèi)酯治療組血壓下降明顯:收縮壓-10.5 mm Hg(P<0.001),舒張壓-3.5 mm Hg(P<0.05),且診室收縮壓<140 mm Hg的比率在螺內(nèi)酯組為73%,而在對照組為41%(P<0.001)。Williams等[14]的研究納入335例RH患者,在基線降壓藥物基礎(chǔ)上分別加用螺內(nèi)酯、多沙唑嗪、比索洛爾以及安慰劑,最終230例患者完成隨訪,經(jīng)過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),螺內(nèi)酯降低家庭自測血壓方面優(yōu)于其他。Dahal等[15]的meta分析顯示,醛固酮受體拮抗劑可以有效降低RH患者的血壓。

綜上所述,在RH患者中部分患者PAC升高,針對醛固酮受體拮抗劑治療可以有效改善患者的血壓情況,PAC在RH的發(fā)生與發(fā)展中起到重要作用。

3 OSAS與PAC

目前有證據(jù)顯示OSAS和PAC在RH患者中有一定的相關(guān)性。Pratt-Ubunama等[16]納入了71例RH患者和29例患有相同程度OSAS但不伴有RH的患者,對其進(jìn)行PAC檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),在71例RH患者中PAC和AHI有相關(guān)性[相關(guān)系數(shù)(spearman,ρ)=0.44、P=0.000 2],而在29例不伴有RH的患者中PAC和AHI不具有相關(guān)性。Calhoun等[17]的研究中納入了114例RH患者,根據(jù)Berlin評分將其中的72例患者列為高度可能性的OSAS患者和低可能性的OSAS患者,對兩組患者分別進(jìn)行PRA以及24 h尿醛固酮含量測定,前者診斷PA的比率是后者的近似2倍(36% vs 16%,P<0.05)。

針對RH患者中OSAS和PAC的關(guān)系可以有兩種假設(shè):(1)可能是OSAS的間斷性低氧血癥激活了腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致PAC升高;(2)可能是PAC升高加重了OSAS。

針對第一種假設(shè),有研究證實(shí)低氧可以引起PAC升高,Raff等[18]所進(jìn)行的動物試驗(yàn)(n=39)證明高碳酸血癥和低氧血癥可以增加PAC,且與PRA無關(guān)。袁春華等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過8周間斷性夜間缺氧和睡眠剝奪刺激后,試驗(yàn)組SD大鼠(n=8)的PRA、PAC較對照組(n=8)明顯升高[PRA:(1.30±0.10)μg/(L·h) vs (0.24±0.08)μg/(L·h),P<0.01;PAC:(164.38±14.21)ng/L vs (85.76±7.83)ng/L,P<0.01]。Lykouras等[20]納入了19例AHI>10次/h的OSAS患者,檢測PAC并與健康對照組相比,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者PAC沒有明顯差異[(140.6 ±25.2)pg/mL vs (133.2±18.5)pg/mL,P=0.223],但針對OSAS進(jìn)行CPAP治療后PAC并未降低。Meston等[21]的研究將101例男性O(shè)SAS患者分為CPAP治療組(n=52)和對照組(n=49),經(jīng)過30 d后發(fā)現(xiàn),不論是治療組還是對照組相比于治療前PAC均有所升高。Lloberes等[22]運(yùn)用CPAP治療RH合并OSAS患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過CPAP治療,58例RH患者PAC無明顯下降[(692.5±240.99)pmol/L vs (628.79±249.3)pmol/L,P<0.182。Svatikova等[23]的研究納入21例中、重度OSAS患者和19例未患OSAS健康人,經(jīng)過檢測,PAC水平不受OSAS本身以及CPAP治療的影響,并做出推斷:OSAS的早期間斷性的低氧不引起腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)的激活,但不排除長時間間斷性低氧或高血壓及其他合并癥會引起PRA和PAC的增加。綜上所述,OSAS是否會引起PAC的增加并不十分明確,仍需更多的研究證實(shí)這一推論。

針對第二種假設(shè)有研究證實(shí)PAC可能是引起OSAS加重的原因。Gonzaga等[24]的研究中納入了109例RH患者,根據(jù)PRA質(zhì)量濃度以及24 h尿醛固酮分泌量將其分為高PAC組和低PAC組,經(jīng)過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高PAC組有更高的AHI(19.9次/h vs 10.0次/h,P=0.049 1),且在高PAC組中PAC和24 h尿醛固酮質(zhì)量濃度與AHI有相關(guān)性(ρ=0.568,P=0.000 9;ρ=0.533,P=0.002)。此外有研究證實(shí)運(yùn)用醛固酮受體拮抗劑可以改善合并OSAS的RH患者的AHI,Gaddam等[25]的研究納入了12例RH合并OSAS患者(平均年齡56歲,平均身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)36.8 kg/m2),在利尿劑和血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑/血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑治療不中斷的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過8周螺內(nèi)酯治療后患者的AHI[(39.8±19.5)次/h vs (22.0±6.8)次/h,P<0.05]、低氧指數(shù)[(13.6±10.8)次/h vs (6.7±6.6)次/h,P<0.05]、體質(zhì)量、診室以及動態(tài)血壓均有明顯改善。對此的解釋:醛固酮可以引起水鈉潴留,夜間液體重新分布導(dǎo)致咽周水腫引起上呼吸道狹窄,加重OSAS,對此國外學(xué)者進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的研究,Shiota等[26]對27例非肥胖患者運(yùn)用抗休克褲下肢加壓后測量頸圍及上呼吸道橫截面積的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)下肢加壓引起液體回流增多時,頸圍增加,而上呼吸道橫截面積減少。White等[27]進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)共納入46例AHI>10次/h的OSAS患者,分為穿彈力襪組(n=22)和不穿彈力襪組(n=23),經(jīng)過比較發(fā)現(xiàn)前者AHI有明顯下降[(32.4±20.0)~(23.8±15.5)次/h vs (31.2±25.0)~(30.3±23.8)次/h,P=0.042],下肢液體潴留量明顯減少(P=0.028),而上氣道橫截面積明顯增加(P=0.006)。

4 總結(jié)

目前研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)在RH患者中OSAS與PAC呈正相關(guān),但經(jīng)過CPAP治療的OSAS并未見PAC降低。運(yùn)用醛固酮受體拮抗劑治療RH伴有OSAS的患者發(fā)現(xiàn)AHI有所降低,因此血漿醛固酮的增高導(dǎo)致RH人群OSAS的嚴(yán)重程度可能增加,其中的機(jī)制可能是醛固酮增加引起水鈉潴留,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致上氣道阻力增加引起OSAS加重;但是目前仍然需要大規(guī)模的臨床試驗(yàn)來證實(shí)。

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The Relationship Between Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome in Resistant Hypertension

LIANG Erpeng, ZHANG Huimin

(StateKeyLaboratoryofCardiovascularDisease,FuwaiHospitalNationalCenterforCardiovascularDisease,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciencesandPekingUnionMedicalCollege,Beijing100037,China)

Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome is an independent risk factor that can cause hypertension. It has a strong relationship with cardiovascular disease. Resistant hypertension is a problem that is hard to resolve. Previous studies have found that about 80% of patients with resistant hypertension are suffering sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and there are also a few studies which identified that the increase of plasma aldosterone concentration is common in resistant hypertension, with a prevalence of 20%. This review aims to discuss the relationship between sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and plasma aldosterone concentration in the patients with resistant hypertension.

Sleep apnea hyponea syndrome;Plasma aldosterone concentration;Resistant hypertension

2015-06-18修回日期:2016-01-28

梁二鵬(1989—),在讀碩士,主要從事高血壓的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。Email:epliang@sina.cn

張慧敏(1961—),主任醫(yī)師,碩士導(dǎo)師,碩士,主要從事高血壓的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。Email:zhanghuimin@medmail.com.cn

R544.1;R563.9

A【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2016.04.008

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