沈琴琴,李國平
(瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)一科,四川瀘州646000)
血管活性腸肽/垂體腺苷酸環(huán)化酶激活肽對支氣管哮喘作用的研究進(jìn)展
沈琴琴,李國平
(瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)一科,四川瀘州646000)
血管活性腸肽(VIP)和垂體腺苷酸環(huán)化酶激活肽(PACAP)同屬于胰泌素-胰高血糖素家族,具有舒張平滑肌、調(diào)節(jié)免疫和炎癥反應(yīng)的作用,對支氣管哮喘發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。本文對VIP/PACAP作用機(jī)制及其在支氣管哮喘中的作用進(jìn)行綜述。
哮喘;血管活性腸肽;垂體腺苷酸環(huán)化酶激活肽
支氣管哮喘是由多種細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞組分參與的氣道慢性炎性反應(yīng)疾病,主要特征為可逆性氣流受限、氣道不可逆性縮窄和氣道重塑,其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,可概括為免疫-炎癥反應(yīng)、神經(jīng)機(jī)制和氣道高反應(yīng)性及其相互作用。血管活性腸肽(Vasoaetive intestinal peptide,VIP)和垂體腺苷酸環(huán)化酶激活肽(Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide,PACAP)通過舒張氣道平滑肌、調(diào)節(jié)免疫和炎癥反應(yīng)對支氣管哮喘發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用,使得VIP/PACAP成為支氣管哮喘治療的新途徑。
1969年Said和Mutt首先從豬小腸組織分離得到的VIP,由28個氨基酸殘基組成的一單鏈線性肽類結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì),1989年Miyata從羊下丘腦提取神經(jīng)肽PACAP,包括PACAP-38和PACAP-27兩種形式,它們分別由38個和27個氨基酸組成。VIP和PACAP有68%的同源序列,同屬于胰泌素-胰高血糖素家族;VIP/PACAP主要通過與G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體(VPAC1、VPAC2、PAC1)結(jié)合發(fā)生生物效應(yīng),其中VPAC1、VPAC2對VIP和PACAP有同等的親和力,PAC1為PACAP的特異性受體[1]。
平滑肌廣泛分布于人體消化道、呼吸道、血管和泌尿、生殖系統(tǒng)等。VIP/PACAP主要通過啟動以下雙信號通路舒張平滑?。?1)與VPAC2和PAC1受體結(jié)合后激活G蛋白(Gs)、活化腺苷酸環(huán)化酶(Adenylate cyclase,AC),提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)磷酸腺苷(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)水平,繼而活化蛋白激酶A及蛋白激酶G,降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+水平而松弛平滑肌;(2)與VPAC1受體和鈉尿肽C型受體(Natriuretic peptide C receptor,NPR-C)結(jié)合后激活G蛋白(Gi1和 Gi2),促進(jìn)Ca2+內(nèi)流,隨著細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度增高,鈣調(diào)蛋白與Ca2+結(jié)合形成Ca2+/鈣調(diào)蛋白復(fù)合物,從而激活內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS),增加NO合成,進(jìn)一步激活鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶(Guanylate cyclase,GC),提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)磷酸鳥苷(Cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)水平,繼而活化蛋白激酶G,介導(dǎo)平滑肌舒張,VPAC1受體亦可不依賴eNOS舒張平滑肌[2-3]。另有文獻(xiàn)報道,電壓門控K+通道也介導(dǎo)VIP/PACAP松弛平滑肌[4]。
慢性炎癥常伴有固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫的參與。巨噬細(xì)胞是固有免疫的主要參與者,通過吞噬作用殺滅病原體而啟動炎癥反應(yīng),釋放毒性氧、氮中間體和TNF-α,同時釋放細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子,募集和激活其他免疫細(xì)胞。巨噬細(xì)胞不僅執(zhí)行固有免疫的效應(yīng)功能,也在適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答的各階段發(fā)揮作用,在免疫反應(yīng)中起著關(guān)鍵作用。VIP/PACAP主要與VPAC1受體結(jié)合,抑制NF-κB、Jak1/2-STAT1及MEKK1/MEK4/JNK信號傳導(dǎo)通路并增加環(huán)磷酸腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP responsive element-binding protein,CREB)磷酸化,使誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子活化蛋白-1(Activator protein-1,AP-1)的生成受到抑制,減少NO生成、抑制活化的巨噬細(xì)胞釋放炎癥細(xì)胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-12)及表達(dá)趨化因子(MIP-2、IL-8、MIP-1α、MIP-1β、MCP-1、RANTES)并促進(jìn)抗炎因子(IL-10)分泌,從而對活化巨噬細(xì)胞發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用[5]。
樹突狀細(xì)胞(Dendritic cell,DC)是功能最強(qiáng)的抗原提呈細(xì)胞,能顯著刺激初始T細(xì)胞增殖,是機(jī)體適應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答的始動者。Delgado等[6-7]早期發(fā)現(xiàn)VIP/PACAP上調(diào)DC表面CCL22(Th2細(xì)胞趨化因子)表達(dá),下調(diào)CXCL10(Th1細(xì)胞趨化因子)表達(dá),使DC獲得誘導(dǎo)Th0細(xì)胞向Th2分化而抑制向Th1分化的能力,引起炎癥因子IL-2、IFN-γ的表達(dá)下降,抗炎因子IL-10的表達(dá)上調(diào),表現(xiàn)為抗炎作用。VIP/PACAP還通過抑制活化的巨噬細(xì)胞釋放促Th1細(xì)胞因子IL-12使CD4+T細(xì)胞向Th1分化受到抑制。此外,VIP/ PACAP通過降低顆粒酶B、穿孔素及FasL在Th2細(xì)胞表達(dá)來提高Th2生存率,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)生記憶性Th2細(xì)胞,而在Th1中無該作用[8]。研究表明,VIP/PACAP能下調(diào)LPS/IFN-γ活化的樹突狀細(xì)胞表面CD80和CD86表達(dá)形成耐受型DC,該耐受型DC誘導(dǎo)失能T細(xì)胞和CD4+CD25+Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)生成[9]。Treg通過與靶細(xì)胞直接接觸和分泌IL-10、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)抑制效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞增殖和合成細(xì)胞因子,TGF-β又參與誘導(dǎo)Treg細(xì)胞生成,從而發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)[10]。Th17細(xì)胞是一類新發(fā)現(xiàn)的輔助性T細(xì)胞,該細(xì)胞能分泌多種細(xì)胞因子,其中最主要的是促炎因子IL-17。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)VIP/PACAP能減少Th1和Th17細(xì)胞數(shù)量,增加Th2和Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量,降低IFN-γ、IL-17水平,增加IL-10、TGF-β的分泌[11]。
支氣管哮喘以氣道高反應(yīng)性及炎癥反應(yīng)為特征。已有文獻(xiàn)報道,VIP/PACAP能引起人離體氣道平滑肌松弛,較異丙腎上腺素更有效,且該作用不被普萘洛爾和吲哚美辛所抑制[12]。研究表明,對穩(wěn)定型哮喘患者分別吸入VIP類似物和β2腎上腺受體激動劑,VIP有和β2腎上腺受體激動劑程度相當(dāng)?shù)闹夤軘U(kuò)張作用[13]。Szema等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)VIP基因敲除(KO)小鼠與野生型(WT)小鼠相比表現(xiàn)出哮喘的基本特征:氣道高反應(yīng)性和氣道炎癥。對VIP基因敲除小鼠予以外源性VIP處理后,其氣道高反應(yīng)性明顯減輕,肺組織細(xì)胞浸潤受到極大限制、肺泡灌洗液中中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯下降,與野生型無差異,表明VIP對哮喘有治療作用。由卵蛋白致敏并誘發(fā)的支氣管哮喘大鼠模型組與對照組相比,肺泡灌洗液中細(xì)胞總數(shù)、巨噬細(xì)胞及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)均增加,血漿中髓過氧化物酶升高;而預(yù)先吸入粉狀長效VIP衍生制劑(IK312532/ns)的哮喘大鼠,細(xì)胞總數(shù)、巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)及髓過氧化物酶水平均較模型組明顯下降,表明VIP可減輕氣道炎癥[15]。最近證明在卵蛋白致敏并誘發(fā)的哮喘小鼠模型中PAC1受體mRNA表達(dá)增加,較假致敏組有差異,然而PAC1相關(guān)受體VPAC1受體mRNA在過敏性肺組織中的表達(dá)與假致敏組差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[16]。在這項研究中,卵蛋白致敏PAC1受體缺陷小鼠和野生型小鼠后,前者與后者相比,肺泡灌洗液中細(xì)胞總數(shù)、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)增加,IL-4及eotaxin-2增高,血漿中IgE也升高,前者予以PAC1受體激動劑治療后,小鼠的炎癥明顯減輕,可能與細(xì)胞總數(shù)、巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)減少、IL-4及eotaxin-2明顯下降有關(guān),因此PAC1受體激動劑可作為抗炎治療[17]。另有文獻(xiàn)報道,煙曲霉分別致敏VPAC2基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠后均表現(xiàn)為過敏性氣道炎癥(肺泡灌洗液中單核/巨噬細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞均增高)、杯狀細(xì)胞化生、平滑肌細(xì)胞增生和血清IgE升高,VPAC2基因敲除小鼠較野生型小鼠嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)減少由VIP缺失所致,而非VPAC2受體缺乏,但VPAC2受體介導(dǎo)氣道內(nèi)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞遷移;許多報告表明,VIP促進(jìn)Th2表型,但此項研究證實VIP阻遏肺內(nèi)CD4+T細(xì)胞中活化T細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Nuclear factor of activated T cells,NFAT)活化,抑制Th2型免疫的發(fā)展[18]。很明顯,VIP在免疫調(diào)節(jié)中的作用依賴疾病狀態(tài)及所屬組織。已有研究結(jié)果顯示哮喘小鼠急性發(fā)作及非急性發(fā)作時肺泡灌洗液中VIP的含量明顯低于正常對照組,支氣管哮喘患兒較健康兒童血漿中VIP含量降低,予以外源性VIP及PACAP治療能使VIP/PACAP抗炎及對支氣管的擴(kuò)張作用增強(qiáng),緩解哮喘癥狀[19-20]。Voedisch等[21]證明VIP/PACAP可抑制肺內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞的吞噬能力,介導(dǎo)樹突狀細(xì)胞表面分子的表達(dá),抑制氣道內(nèi)炎癥。VIP/PACAP還能抑制肺肥大細(xì)胞釋放介質(zhì)和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞遷移及產(chǎn)生IL-16[22],增加體內(nèi)CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg細(xì)胞生成,誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受,表現(xiàn)為抗炎作用[23-24]。此外,血管活性腸肽有抑制哮喘氣道重塑作用,其機(jī)制可能與減少TGF-β1表達(dá)有關(guān)[25]。
VIP/PACAP作為具有支氣管擴(kuò)張和抗炎作用的神經(jīng)肽,在呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病中具有重要的作用。尤其是以氣道高反應(yīng)和炎癥反應(yīng)為特征的支氣管哮喘,VIP/PACAP治療哮喘較常規(guī)的哮喘治療藥物有其特有的優(yōu)勢。然而哮喘動物的肺部并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)介導(dǎo)抗炎作用的VPAC1受體mRNA高表達(dá),VIP/PACAP在肺內(nèi)的抗炎機(jī)制仍不十分清楚,作為藥物治療支氣管哮喘的同時是否存在潛在的副作用,尚未見更多的報道,其作用機(jī)制及安全性還有待通過進(jìn)一步的實驗明確。
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R562.2+5
A
1003—6350(2016)01—0097—03
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2016.01.034
2015-03-22)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(編號:81170032)
李國平。E-mail:lzlgp@163.com