李明珍 聶秀玲 孫麗榮
·高尿酸血癥/痛風(fēng)相關(guān)代謝性疾病專欄·
高尿酸血癥與糖代謝異常的關(guān)系
李明珍 聶秀玲 孫麗榮
生活方式及飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的顯著改變,使得高尿酸血癥患病率明顯增加。尿酸在體內(nèi)作用相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,目前的臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究結(jié)果提示,高尿酸可通過(guò)多種信號(hào)通路影響β細(xì)胞及其功能、參與胰島素抵抗的發(fā)生,與糖代謝異常密切相關(guān),并可獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)2型糖尿病的發(fā)生。關(guān)注二者之間的關(guān)系將有益于臨床診治。
高尿酸血癥;糖代謝;胰島素抵抗;β細(xì)胞
尿酸作為嘌呤代謝的終產(chǎn)物,對(duì)機(jī)體的生理狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生重要作用。高尿酸狀態(tài)下,體內(nèi)尿酸鹽不僅會(huì)沉積于關(guān)節(jié)導(dǎo)致痛風(fēng)發(fā)作,也是代謝綜合征(MS)、2型糖尿病、高血壓、慢性腎病等疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。研究提示,高尿酸血癥(HUA)可影響糖尿病發(fā)生的多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),威脅人們的生活質(zhì)量和生命健康,二者關(guān)系復(fù)雜,本文僅就HUA引起糖代謝紊亂作一綜述。
人類尿酸是嘌呤代謝的終產(chǎn)物。血尿酸濃度基于嘌呤吸收、生成及排泄的平衡。尿酸在肝臟、脂肪、肌肉的合成基本類似,其排泄主要通過(guò)腎臟。很多因素包括高果糖飲食、藥物或酒精可能導(dǎo)致HUA。由于人類缺乏尿酸酶,因而更容易出現(xiàn)HUA。HUA屬于MS的組分之一。HUA與血糖紊亂同屬于代謝性疾病,且嚴(yán)重影響機(jī)體組織器官功能,因此二者的關(guān)系越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注。
一些研究認(rèn)為,空腹血糖與血尿酸呈反U型。Li等[1]橫斷面研究納入100 348名無(wú)糖尿病者,年齡18~89歲,其結(jié)果支持該觀點(diǎn);同時(shí)也對(duì)反U型的切點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)空腹血糖不同(<6.1, 6.1~6.9, ≥7.0 mmol/L),女性平均血尿酸水平分別為240.9,260.2,259.6 μmol/L,男性平均血尿酸水平SUA為349.0,360.8,331.0 μmol/L,反U型曲線空腹血糖切點(diǎn)女性為7.5 mmol/L,男性為6.5 mmol/L。而在特定人群中,Tromso研究認(rèn)為,超重改變尿酸與MS組分的縱向聯(lián)系,他們觀察了3 087名女性、2 996名男性,依據(jù)體重指數(shù)分層,隨訪7年,結(jié)果提示,尿酸是所有觀察人群發(fā)生MS的預(yù)測(cè)因子,尿酸值每升高59 μmol/L,MS的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加1.29倍(95%CI:1.18~1.41),超重改變了基線尿酸值與血糖升高的相關(guān)性[2]。Mol?da等[3]觀察199例既往被診斷為妊娠糖尿病的女性,隨訪5~12年后43.2%發(fā)生糖代謝異常(對(duì)照組為12%),表現(xiàn)為空腹血糖升高或糖尿病;Logistic回歸分析顯示,尿酸水平升高是其發(fā)生糖代謝異常的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其OR值為3.62。值得注意的是,其尿酸水平幾乎均在正常范圍[(258±58) μmol/Lvs. (230±50) μmol/L]。美國(guó)2007—2008年全國(guó)健康營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)查顯示,26%的20歲以上痛風(fēng)患者合并糖尿病[4]。而我國(guó)青島學(xué)者調(diào)查了年齡35~74歲的6 894名受試者 (39.4%為男性),依據(jù)HbA1c≥6.5%作為糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),5.7%~6.5%為糖尿病前期,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病前期者尿酸水平較糖耐量正常者、新診糖尿病及既往糖尿病患者均高,分別為325.1(82.5) μmol/L,310.9(84.2) μmol/L,291.3(81.7) μmol/L, 305.2 (83.6) μmol/L,二元Logistic回歸分析顯示,尿酸可能預(yù)測(cè)經(jīng)HbA1c確診的2型糖尿病的發(fā)生[5]。
Jia等[6]對(duì)尿酸與血糖關(guān)系進(jìn)行薈萃分析,納入12項(xiàng)臨床隊(duì)列研究,參加研究者共 62 834名。結(jié)果顯示,高尿酸者發(fā)生空腹血糖異常和2型糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,校正后的RR為1.54 (95%CI:1.41~1.68)。 但二者并非線性關(guān)系,尿酸值在2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5和 8.5 mg/dl,其發(fā)生空腹血糖異常和2型糖尿病的校正后RR(95%CI)分別為1.02 (0.95~1.10), 1.04 (0.94~1.15), 1.10 (0.99~1.22), 1.25 (1.16~1.35), 1.43 (1.31~1.55), 1.50 (1.38~1.63) 和1.49 (1.34~1.67)。HUA者發(fā)生2型糖尿病的RR(95%CI)為1.67 (1.51~1.86),非線性關(guān)系。上述結(jié)果提示,當(dāng)血尿酸高于6.5 mg/dl時(shí),其發(fā)生糖代謝異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加了43%~50%。綜上所述,血尿酸水平與血糖異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加呈正相關(guān),但具體切點(diǎn)尚未統(tǒng)一。
2.1 遺傳易感性 既往研究顯示,PDK2和ABCG2基因在歐洲人群痛風(fēng)的發(fā)生中起重要作用,但基因型和表型分析不明確。有研究納入來(lái)自風(fēng)濕科門診的316例西藏痛風(fēng)患者,檢測(cè)到PDK2和ABCG2基因的6個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)。PDK2基因rs2728109不同基因型攜帶者血糖水平有明顯差異;同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)ABCG2基因rs3114018不同基因型攜帶者尿酸水平差異顯著。上述結(jié)果提示,PDK2和ABCG2的基因型不同,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致痛風(fēng)患者M(jìn)S表型不同[7]。
Sun等[8]研究2 199例正常糖耐量的住院患者,結(jié)果也提示,尿酸相關(guān)基因SF1 rs606458與2型糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān);男性LRRC16A與2 h胰島素分泌相關(guān), SLC22A11與穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評(píng)估-β細(xì)胞功能指數(shù)和胰島素分泌有關(guān),SLC2A9 rs3775948與 2 h血糖相關(guān);女性 LRP2 rs2544390和rs1333049與空腹胰島素、 穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評(píng)估-胰島素抵抗指數(shù)和胰島素分泌相關(guān),SLC2A9 rs11722228 與 2 h血糖、2 h胰島素和胰島素分泌相關(guān)。
2.2 HUA與胰島素抵抗密切相關(guān) 研究認(rèn)為,HUA是與胰島素抵抗密切相關(guān)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子,甚至認(rèn)為其可以作為評(píng)判胰島素抵抗的標(biāo)志物之一[9-10]。其機(jī)制可能為:(1)NLRP3炎性反應(yīng)小體途徑:Wan等[11]應(yīng)用小鼠模型及HepG2、LO2細(xì)胞模型研究尿酸對(duì)胰島素抵抗的作用,體內(nèi)和體外結(jié)果表明,尿酸誘導(dǎo)NLRP3炎性反應(yīng)小體的活化,直接引起胰島素抵抗和胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)受損,而應(yīng)用別嘌呤醇降低尿酸水平可抑制小體的活化、使NLRP3表達(dá)下調(diào),可明顯減輕兩種細(xì)胞模型的尿酸誘導(dǎo)的脂肪積聚、同時(shí)對(duì)胰島素信號(hào)損傷有所恢復(fù),提示尿酸通過(guò)NLRP3炎性小體依賴機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)胰島素抵抗。 (2)氧化應(yīng)激途徑:Zhi等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),在細(xì)胞水平,高尿酸會(huì)抑制原代心肌細(xì)胞和大鼠心肌細(xì)胞H9C2的葡萄糖攝取,增加活性氧簇產(chǎn)生,并影響胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,增加胰島素受體底物1磷酸化,抑制蛋白激酶B磷酸化。高尿酸會(huì)導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞胰島素抵抗。而急性HUA小鼠模型(以尿酸酶抑制劑氧嗪酸鉀制備)提示,糖耐量受損及胰島素耐量受損,使磷酸化胰島素受體底物1增加,磷酸化蛋白激酶B對(duì)胰島素的反應(yīng)受抑制??寡趸瘎㎞AC可逆轉(zhuǎn)上述異常。由此可見,高尿酸可通過(guò)氧化應(yīng)激誘發(fā)心肌細(xì)胞胰島素抵抗。 (3)慢性炎性反應(yīng):不表現(xiàn)為痛風(fēng)的HUA患者常存在尿酸鹽結(jié)晶引起的全身低度炎性反應(yīng),包括血C反應(yīng)蛋白、單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1、白細(xì)胞介素-6、白細(xì)胞介素-1ra、白細(xì)胞介素-18及 腫瘤壞死因子-α等炎性因子的升高[13-14]。經(jīng)別嘌呤醇治療3個(gè)月后,尿酸水平降低的同時(shí),空腹血糖、空腹胰島素、穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評(píng)估-胰島素抵抗指數(shù)以及C反應(yīng)蛋白水平得到改善??崭寡钱惓U弑壤陆怠?yīng)用別嘌呤醇降尿酸能改善無(wú)癥狀HUA者的全身炎性反應(yīng)及胰島素抵抗?fàn)顟B(tài)[15]。
2.3 HUA可影響胰島β細(xì)胞功能 研究顯示,尿酸是葡萄糖處置指數(shù)的主要預(yù)測(cè)因子。Shimodaira等[16]對(duì)570名(216名女性)日本非糖尿病者進(jìn)行75 g 口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)女性的血尿酸水平與胰島素早時(shí)相分泌呈負(fù)相關(guān),尿酸可能是預(yù)測(cè)β細(xì)胞功能的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。同時(shí),動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果表明,HUA會(huì)通過(guò)氧化應(yīng)激抑制胰島β細(xì)胞增殖或增加其凋亡,可能通過(guò)核因子-κB-誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶-一氧化氮信號(hào)通路或激活A(yù)MP活化蛋白激酶和細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn);尿酸還可能增強(qiáng)MafA(胰島素合成的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之一)蛋白降解而下調(diào)其水平,從而減少葡萄糖刺激的胰島素合成和分泌[17-18]。
綜上所述,HUA與糖代謝異常密切相關(guān),可預(yù)測(cè)2型糖尿病的發(fā)生;具體機(jī)制尚不明確。目前結(jié)果表明,高尿酸可能通過(guò)多種信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑影響胰島素抵抗和胰島β細(xì)胞功能。但由于尿酸同時(shí)具有抗氧化和促氧化的雙重性,其在人體內(nèi)的作用相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,關(guān)注二者之間的關(guān)系將有利于臨床診治。
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Relationshipbetweenhyperuricemiaandabnormalitiesofglucosemetabolism
LiMingzhen,NieXiuling,SunLirong.
DepartmentofDiabetesandGout,TianjinMetabolicDiseasesHospital,TianjinInstituteofEndocrinology,TianjinKeyLaboratoryofMetabolicDiseases,KeyLaboratoryofHormonesandDevelopment(MinistryofHealth),TianjinMedicalUniversity,Tianjin300070,China
Correspondingauthor:SunLirong,Email:sunlirong10@sina.com
The prevalence of hyperuricemia has been increasing dramatically, with the modern changing of diet and lifestyle. The role of uric acid in the body is very complex and mixed. Up to now, studies from clinic and rodents show that high uric acid is strongly correlated with impaired glucose metabolism, and also is an independent predictor for type 2 diabetes. Hyperuricemia could possibly affect β cells in pancreas and involve in insulin resistance through many signal pathways. It will be good for clinical management to keep an eye on relating researches.
Hyperuricemia; Glucose metabolism; Insulin resistance; β cells
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2016.04.01
300070 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)代謝病醫(yī)院糖尿病痛風(fēng)科,天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)代謝病醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌研究所,衛(wèi)生部激素與發(fā)育重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津市代謝性疾病重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
孫麗榮,Email:sunlirong10@sina.com
2016-06-06)