周歡歡 徐書杭 劉超 樓青青
臨床研究
·綜述·
腸促胰素類降糖藥物對(duì)體重的作用
周歡歡 徐書杭 劉超 樓青青
胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)受體激動(dòng)劑和二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制劑是新型的2型糖尿病治療藥物。普遍認(rèn)為,GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑可顯著減輕患者體重,DPP-4抑制劑對(duì)體重的作用為中性。然而,這兩類藥物與不同藥物聯(lián)用,患者體重可不同程度增加,尤其是與磺脲類或噻唑烷二酮類藥物聯(lián)用時(shí)。臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)了解GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑和DPP-4抑制劑對(duì)體重的影響,為2型糖尿病患者制定更合理、安全和有效的治療方案。
2型糖尿??;胰高血糖素樣肽-1受體激動(dòng)劑;二肽基肽酶-4抑制劑;體重
磺脲類等傳統(tǒng)糖尿病治療藥物能降低血糖,但同時(shí)也是引起體重增加常見的原因。而隨著體重增加,總膽固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白-膽固醇水平逐漸升高。因此,對(duì)于2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者而言,體重管理是非常重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),它不僅能改善血糖管理、降低血壓,而且能改善血脂代謝異常[1]。作為治療糖尿病的一類新藥物,胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)受體激動(dòng)劑和二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-4)抑制劑等腸促胰素類藥物已在臨床得到使用,其對(duì)體重的影響也一直很受關(guān)注。本文就腸促胰素類降糖藥物對(duì)體重作用的效果作一綜述。
1.1 艾塞那肽 艾塞那肽是一種腸促胰島素類似物,具有類似哺乳動(dòng)物的激素GLP-1調(diào)節(jié)葡萄糖的作用,通過結(jié)合胰GLP-1受體增強(qiáng)其葡萄糖依賴性胰島素分泌,抑制不適當(dāng)?shù)母咭雀哐撬胤置?,延緩胃排空時(shí)間,增加飽腹感,降低食欲,從而減少能量攝入,達(dá)到減輕體重的作用[2]。Moretto等[3]研究證實(shí),對(duì)生活干預(yù)血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,加用艾塞那肽5 μg、10 μg 24周后,各組患者體重,與基線相比,分別減輕(2.8±0.3)kg,(3.1±0.3)kg,均顯著高于對(duì)照組的(1.4±0.3)kg。惡心、嘔吐等胃腸道不良反應(yīng)是體重減輕的重要原因之一,而Liutkus等[4]認(rèn)為,與艾塞那肽治療相關(guān)的體重減輕是獨(dú)立于惡心和嘔吐的。這可能與惡心等大多發(fā)生在藥物干預(yù)的初期,而體重是在30周內(nèi)漸進(jìn)性減輕有關(guān)[2]?;请孱愃幬锸荰2DM患者體重增加的常見原因,Buse等[2]和Kendall等[5]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)單用磺脲類或磺脲類聯(lián)合二甲雙胍血糖控制不良的T2DM患者,加用艾塞那肽 5 μg、10 μg,30周后各組患者體重減輕,與基線相比,均高于對(duì)照組,顯示艾塞那肽與磺脲類聯(lián)用時(shí),可使體重減輕;同時(shí),10 μg組的減重作用顯著高于 5 μg組,提示艾塞那肽減輕體重的作用具有劑量依賴性[2]。
1.2 利拉魯肽 GLP-1是由大腸和小腸黏膜L細(xì)胞分泌。進(jìn)餐后,體內(nèi)釋放GLP-1和葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素肽(GIP),相反地以葡萄糖依賴性的方式刺激胰島素和胰高血糖素抑制釋放,延遲胃排空,并增加飽足感以減少食物的攝入量。但是,人GLP-1的穩(wěn)定性較差,體內(nèi)DPP-4可使其迅速失去活性,因而限制其在臨床的廣泛應(yīng)用。利拉魯肽是一種長(zhǎng)效人GLP-1類似物,不會(huì)被DPP-4迅速滅活,在體內(nèi)起到增加飽腹感、延緩胃排空時(shí)間,降低食欲,從而減少能量攝入達(dá)到減輕體重的作用[6-7]。Vilsboll等[6]對(duì)生活方式干預(yù)或藥物干預(yù)血糖控制不良的T2DM患者,加用利拉魯肽,與基線相比,1.90 mg利拉魯肽組體重減輕 2.99 kg,與對(duì)照組相比,體重下降1.21 kg。全球性的利拉魯肽對(duì)糖尿病的療效與作用(LEAD)系列研究項(xiàng)目之一LEAD-6證明,利拉魯肽減輕體重的機(jī)制與艾塞那肽一致。該研究對(duì)464例單用二甲雙胍/磺脲類或二甲雙胍聯(lián)合磺脲類血糖控制不良的T2DM患者,分別加用艾塞那肽與利拉魯肽,與基線相比,利拉魯肽組體重減輕(3.34±0.33)kg,艾塞那肽組減輕(2.87±0.33)kg,利拉魯肽組比艾塞那肽組多減輕0.38 kg,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[7]。而在LEAD-1中,對(duì)1 041例單用格列美脲血糖控制不良的T2DM患者分別加用0.6,1.2,1.8 mg利拉魯肽和4 mg羅格列酮;與基線相比,羅格列酮組(羅格列酮+格列美脲)體重增加2.1 kg,1.8 mg利拉魯肽組(利拉魯肽+格列美脲)體重減輕0.2 kg,0.6 mg、1.2 mg利拉魯肽組體重分別增加0.7 kg、0.3 kg;與羅格列酮組相比,二者之間存在顯著差異(P<0.000 1),但與對(duì)照組(安慰劑+格列美脲)的0.1 kg相比,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這可能與樣本人群的體重指數(shù)值基線低有關(guān)[8]。為了進(jìn)一步觀察利拉魯肽減輕體重的作用,2012年Astrup等[9]對(duì)564例T2DM患者進(jìn)行2年的藥物干預(yù),在飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的輔助下,1年后,與對(duì)照組相比,劑量增加至 3 mg利拉魯肽組體重減輕 5.8 kg,與奧利司他組相比,利拉魯肽組體重下降 3.8 kg;其后,維持利拉魯肽組劑量2.4~3.0 mg,2年后,利拉魯肽組體重共減輕 7.8 kg,比奧利司他組多下降3.0 kg。這一結(jié)果表明,利拉魯肽減輕體重的作用不僅具有劑量依賴性,而且在飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)輔助下效果更佳。
2.1 西格列汀 西格列汀是第一個(gè)批準(zhǔn)用于治療T2DM的DPP-4抑制劑。Aschner等[10]選取741例口服降糖藥血糖控制不良的T2DM患者,分別加用100 mg、200 mg西格列汀,24周后,100 mg西格列汀組體重下降0.2 kg,200 mg西格列汀組下降0.1 kg,低于對(duì)照組的1.1 kg。Bergenstal等[11]和Pratley等[12]研究表明,西格列汀減重效果沒有艾塞那肽和利拉魯肽明顯。一項(xiàng)單盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的試驗(yàn)中,對(duì)格列美脲或格列美脲聯(lián)合二甲雙胍血糖控制不良的T2DM患者,加用西格列汀100 mg,24周后,西格列汀組(西格列汀+格列美脲±二甲雙胍)體重增加0.8 kg,顯著高于對(duì)照組(安慰劑+格列美脲±二甲雙胍,0.4 kg)[13]。這一結(jié)果表明,西格列汀與磺脲類聯(lián)用時(shí),體重增加。
2.2 維格列汀 GIP和GLP-1是維持體內(nèi)葡萄糖濃度的重要激素,都具有腸促胰島素作用。2型糖尿病患者GIP的促胰島素分泌作用受損,僅有GLP-1能發(fā)揮促胰島激素分泌作用,它通過作用于胰島β細(xì)胞膜上的受體,促進(jìn)胰島素的分泌。維格列汀通過與DPP-4結(jié)合形成DPP-4復(fù)合物而抑制該酶的活性,提高GLP-1濃度,對(duì)體重?zé)o明顯影響[14]。一項(xiàng)雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的平行試驗(yàn)中,對(duì)血糖控制不良的日本T2DM患者加用10,25,50 mg維格列汀,12周后,各組體重未明顯減輕,這可能與受試者體重指數(shù)基線在25左右有關(guān)[14]。Rosenstock等[15]對(duì)786例血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者分別加用100 mg維格列汀、8 mg羅格列酮,24周后,維格列汀組體重下降(0.3±0.2)kg,羅格列酮組增加(1.6±0.3)kg,二者相比,維格列汀組體重多減輕(1.9±0.3)kg(P<0.001),可能與高體重指數(shù)基線值有關(guān)。一項(xiàng)為期52周隨機(jī)、雙盲、多中心研究,對(duì) 2 789例單用二甲雙胍血糖控制不良的患者分別加用100 mg維格列汀、6 mg格列美脲,維格列汀組體重減輕(0.23±0.11)kg,比格列美脲組多減輕1.79 kg(P<0.001)[16]。以上研究結(jié)果表明,維格列汀不論是單用時(shí)還是與二甲雙胍聯(lián)用時(shí),對(duì)體重均有輕微的減輕作用。
2.3 沙格列汀 沙格列汀是一種高效DPP-4抑制劑,通過選擇性抑制DPP-4,升高內(nèi)源性GLP-1和GIP水平,從而調(diào)節(jié)血糖,不增加體重[17]。Hollander等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)565例單用噻唑烷二酮血糖控制不良的患者分別加用2.5 mg、5 mg沙格列汀,76周后沙格列汀組(沙格列汀組+噻唑烷二酮)體重分別增加 2.0 kg、2.2 kg,均高于對(duì)照組(安慰劑+噻唑烷二酮)的1.6 kg,體重增加大多發(fā)生在前24周內(nèi)。在另一項(xiàng)雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的研究中,對(duì)743例單用二甲雙胍血糖控制不良的T2DM患者加用2.5,5,10 mg沙格列汀,干預(yù)24周后,沙格列汀組與基線相比,體重分別減輕1.43,0.87,0.53 kg,只有2.5 mg沙格列汀組減去的體重多于對(duì)照組的0.92 kg,這可能與二甲雙胍本身具有減輕體重作用有關(guān)[18]。在某種條件下血糖控制得到改善,尿糖減少,表現(xiàn)為體重增加,Chacra等[19]的研究說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn),該研究對(duì)單用 7.5 mg格列本脲血糖控制不良的T2DM患者分別加用 2.5 mg、5 mg沙格列汀,對(duì)照組(安慰劑+格列本脲)的格列本脲劑量增至10 mg,24周后與對(duì)照組相比,2.5 mg沙格列汀組(沙格列汀+格列本脲)體重增加0.7 kg(P=0.012 0), 5 mg沙格列汀組增加0.3 kg;總之,沙格列汀組與對(duì)照組相比,體重增加0.7 kg(P=0.038 1)。有研究表明,沙格列汀與二甲雙胍和磺脲類藥物聯(lián)用時(shí),對(duì)體重有輕微的增加作用。一項(xiàng)雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的研究中,對(duì)257例二甲雙胍聯(lián)合磺脲類血糖控制不良的T2DM患者加用 5 mg沙格列汀,24周后沙格列汀組(沙格列汀+二甲雙胍+磺脲類)體重增加(2.2±0.2)kg,低于對(duì)照組(安慰劑+二甲雙胍+磺脲類)減輕的(0.6±0.21)kg(P=0.027)[20]。
2.4 利格列汀 利格列汀是一種新型的黃嘌呤基DPP-4抑制劑,具有特別長(zhǎng)的持續(xù)作用時(shí)間(>80%的DPP-4抑制,給藥24 h后)[21]。2011年,Taskinen等[21]對(duì)二甲雙胍血糖控制不良的患者加用 5 mg利格列汀,24周后,利格列汀組(利格列汀+二甲雙胍)體重減輕0.4 kg,與對(duì)照組(安慰劑+二甲雙胍)的-0.5 kg相近。同年,在另一項(xiàng)雙盲、安慰劑平行對(duì)照研究中,對(duì)二甲雙胍聯(lián)合磺脲類血糖控制不良的患者加用5 mg利格列汀,24周后,利格列汀組(利格列汀+二甲雙胍+磺脲類)體重增加(0.27±0.09)kg,高于對(duì)照組(安慰劑+二甲雙胍+磺脲類)的(0.16±0.06)kg[22]。在一項(xiàng)為期24周的研究中,對(duì)單用匹格列酮血糖控制不良的T2DM患者加用 5 mg利格列汀,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),利格列汀組(利格列汀+匹格列酮)體重增加 2.3 kg,高于對(duì)照組(安慰劑+匹格列酮)的1.1 kg,兩組相比,體重相差1.1 kg[23]。以上研究表明,利格列汀聯(lián)合治療時(shí)減輕的體重可能因所聯(lián)合藥物的不同出現(xiàn)差異。為進(jìn)一步觀察利格列汀對(duì)體重的作用,Yki-J?rvinen等[24]對(duì)單用胰島素血糖控制不良的T2DM患者加用5 mg利格列汀,24周后,利格列汀組(利格列汀+胰島素)體重減輕(0.16±0.12)kg,對(duì)照組(安慰劑+胰島素)增加(0.12±0.11)kg,52周后,利格列汀組體重變化不大,減輕(0.18±0.04)kg,對(duì)照組減輕(0.30±0.19)kg。
綜上所述,GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑、DPP-4抑制劑單藥使用時(shí)體重分別減輕2.80~3.24 kg、0.10~0.45 kg,與《中國(guó)T2DM防治指南》推薦相一致。與二甲雙胍聯(lián)合用藥時(shí),GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑體重減輕1.2~2.9 kg,DPP-4抑制劑則減輕0.23~1.43 kg;而與磺脲類藥物聯(lián)用時(shí)GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑體重增加0.3~0.7 kg,DPP-4抑制劑增加0.27~0.8 kg,體重輕微增加;與噻唑烷二酮聯(lián)合用藥時(shí),GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑體重減輕1.4 kg,而DPP-4抑制劑則增加 2.00~2.31 kg,體重顯著增加。
T2DM患者多伴有血脂代謝異常,而合并血脂異常特別是高膽固醇血癥是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。因此,對(duì)于T2DM患者而言,體重管理具有重要臨床意義。熟悉并合理選擇降糖藥物,是合理管理體重的重要方法之一。臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)了解GLP-1受體激動(dòng)劑和DPP-4抑制劑對(duì)體重的影響,尤其是沙格列汀、利格列汀與噻唑烷二酮類聯(lián)合用藥時(shí)體重顯著增加,值得警惕。應(yīng)結(jié)合T2DM患者自身體重、體重指數(shù)值及對(duì)藥物的耐受性,為其制定更合理、安全和有效的治療方案。
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Effectsofincretindrugsonbodyweight
ZhouHuanhuan*,XuShuhang,LiuChao,LouQingqing.
*CollegeofNursing,NanjingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Nanjing210023,China
Incretins including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ (DPP-4) inhibitors are a new type of anti-hyperglycemic drugs. Generally speaking, GLP-1 analogues are associated with significant weight loss, and DPP-4 inhibitors have a neutral effect on body weight. However, they still cause weight gain, particularly when combined with sulfonylureas or thiazolidinedione. Clinicians should be aware of the influence on body weight of GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors, which can lay the foundation for developing more rational, safe and effective treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists; Dipepidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; Body weight
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2016.03.007
210023 南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院(周歡歡);210028 江蘇省中醫(yī)藥研究院,南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝病院區(qū)(徐書杭,劉超),健康教育科(樓青青)
樓青青,Email: lqq188@yahoo.com
Correspondingauther:LouQingqing,Email:lqq188@yahoo.com
2015-05-13)