湖北 楊 武

從高考考點來看冠詞復習要點

湖北 楊 武

冠詞雖然在高考試卷中所占分值不大，但幾乎歷屆高考均有對它的考查，且主要體現(xiàn)在短文改錯題中。根據(jù)答卷分析，此類題失分率較高。原因是冠詞的使用是英語較大異于漢語的一個語言現(xiàn)象，用法較復雜。中國學生掌握起來有一定的困難。但高考并不是“窮其而考”，除了考查常見的、基本的用法之外，變化性的考題也有其“熱”的規(guī)律所在，下面我們先來看看高考題。

1.（2015全國卷Ⅱ，短文改錯）Tony saw a toy in a shop window....A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.

【解析】outside a shop中的a改為the。由上下文可知，此處的“shop”是第二次出現(xiàn)，應用定冠詞修飾，故將a改為the。

2.（2015陜西卷，短文改錯）My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party....At a party，my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth，asked surprisingly...

【解析】at a party應改為at the party?！皃arty”在本句中不是首次提到，故應將此處的a改為the。

3.（2015浙江卷，短文改錯）I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.

【解析】“in a hurry”是英語的習慣表達法，故hurry前應加上不定冠詞a。

要點歸納：

要點一：不定冠詞的用法

1.不定冠詞分為a和an兩種形式，a用在輔音音素開頭的名詞前；an用在元音音素開頭的名詞前，意為“一（個）”“某（個）”或“某一類（人或物）”。如：

an honest merchant/an 800-word essay

注意：a University scholarship/a European country

2. 用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前，指人或事物的種類。如：

A pig is a domestic animal.

Katy is a surgeon.（而不是護士或其他）

【鏈接高考】

（1）（2014上海卷，語法填空）Peter Fox，who is（33）_______electrical engineer，spent two and a half years working on the project.

【解析】此處的“engineer”指的是Peter Fox的身份，是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，且空格后的“electrical”是元音音素開頭的單詞，故此處應填不定冠詞an。

（2）（2014陜西卷，短文改錯）That day I didn’t learn much about animals，insects or trees，but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!

【解析】根據(jù)意思 “一堂課”可知，此處應用不定冠詞，且impressive是元音音素開頭的單詞，故應將a改為an。

（3）（2014遼寧卷，短文改錯） Besides，Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.

【解析】average前的a應改為an。average是元音音素開頭的單詞，an average of 意為“平均”，故應將a改為an。

3. 指某人或某物，但不具體說明何人或何物，用于首次提到的人或事物。如：

An indecisive man could never run the country.

4. 表示某事物的單位，相當于every或per，意為“每一”。如：

Take these tablets three times a day after meals.

5．序數(shù)詞前加不定冠詞a/an，表示“再一個”或“又一個”。如：

I need to have a second test to confirm the diagnosis．

6. 用于某些抽象名詞前，使抽象名詞具體化。如：

As a poet he is a success，but as a father he is a failure.

7. 表示“同一”，相當于“the same”。如：

Cotton of a kind was stored together in a house．

8. 用于某些固定詞組中。如：

（1）have a swim/walk/talk/dance/look=swim/walk/talk/ dance/look

（2）on a large scale，at a distance，at a loss，once upon a time，with a will，in a temper，all of a sudden，it’s a pity that...，keep a diary，do sb. a favor，tell a lie，make a fortune，make a fool of，keep an eye on，put an end to

【鏈接高考】（2014全國卷Ⅰ，短文改錯）As result，the plants are growing everywhere.

【解析】“as a result”是固定短語，意為“結(jié)果是”。故應在result之前加a。

（3）what/such/quite/rather +a（n）+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；

too/as/so/how/however+adj.+a（n）+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；

“many+a（n）+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”意為“許多……”

要點二：定冠詞的用法

1. 用于可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前，表類別。如：

In many places in China，the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation.

2. 表示上文提到的人或物。如：

She sent me a brochure. The brochure has all the information you need.

【鏈接高考】

（1）（2014浙江卷，短文改錯）A passenger realized he couldn’t find his ticket...which was eventually found under a seat several rows from the owner. The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success.

【解析】句中“who found a ticket”中的ticket即是上文提到的“couldn’t find his ticket”中的ticket，故此處應用the而非a。

（2）（2014四川卷，短文改錯）Today，I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off....Don’t panic or get out of line，and try to remain quiet and calm. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire.

【解析】句末的fire與上文的“when a fire alarm goes off”中的fire是復指，故應將文末的fire前的a改為the。

3. 表示說話人和聽話人都知道的人或物。如：

Give me the album，please. I want to add some new pictures to it.

4. 用在表示世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：

the sun/the atmosphere/the globe/the earth/the North Pole/ the universe

5. 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級前。如：

Do you know when the first artificial satellite in the world was launched?

【鏈接高考】（2015全國卷Ⅱ，語法填空） The adobe dwellings built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even_62_most modern of architects and engineers.

【解析】此處“most modern”是形容詞最高級，故其前應有定冠詞the。

6. 用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前以及江河、海洋、山脈、群島等名詞前。如：

the United States/the Summer Palace/the United Nations/ the Middle Ages/the Qing Dynasty/the Himalayas/the Suez Canal/the Pacific

7. 用在表示方位或樂器的名詞前。如：

the southwest/play the piano（violin/guitar）

8. 用在某些形容詞或過去分詞前，使之名詞化，用以表示一類人或事物。如：

the learned/the unemployed/the cautious/the ordinary/the capable

9. 用于姓氏的復數(shù)前，表示“夫婦二人”或“全家”。如：

The Greens say they now live a happier life than when they were in the United States.

10. 用在逢十的復數(shù)名詞前，指世紀的某個年代。如：

in the 1990s/1990’s

in the middle of the 90s/90’s

11. 用于一些固定搭配的短語中：

（1）與時間、地點有關(guān)的短語。如：

in the morning/in the end/all the year round/the other day/ in the distance/the next morning/for the time being/at the same time/on the right/go to the cinema/go to the theatre/in the way

【鏈接高考】（2015全國卷Ⅰ，短文改錯）Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside.

【解析】在countryside前加the?！癷n the countryside”是固定用法，意為“在鄉(xiāng)下（農(nóng)村）”。

（2）在句型“動詞+sb.+介詞+the+表身體部位的名詞”中。如：

seize sb. by the sleeve/pat sb. on the shoulder/strike sb. in the face/take sb. by the arm（hand）

（3）在其他搭配中。如：

be red in the face/ be lame in the right leg/ be blind in the left eye

要點三：零冠詞的用法

1. 零冠詞用于不可數(shù)名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞以及復數(shù)名詞之前。如：

Some people fear that air pollution may bring about changes in the weather around the world.

The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for a new Jiangsu.

2. 零冠詞使用的口訣是：“月、季、星期、節(jié)假、洲；呼語、頭銜、職務前；三餐、球類、慣用語；學科、棋類名詞前。”如：

What’s this，F(xiàn)ather?

3. 系動詞“turn，go”表示“變成，成為” ，其后用作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前應用零冠詞。如：

What made us surprised was that the man turned ambassador.

4. 在某些習語中應使用零冠詞。如：

in effect/out of question/by air/under way/give rise to/face to face/by accident/in advance/by coach/on purpose/body and soul/come to light

【練習】觀察下列句子中冠詞的使用情況，若有錯誤請改正。

1. In fact no one in the community ever heard of him again. That is，until one evening，almost 20 years later，when Armand opened a American sports magazine and came across the shocking headline“，Millionaire jockey，Stanley Vine，ex-British soldier and 5-time horse riding champion，began life in the North America as a farmhand in Canada.”

2. At an age of 16，Clara Barton was advised to become a teacher since she was quite shy. She taught in Massachusetts for ten years，and was invited to Bordentown，New Jersey to teach in a private school. She saw that these communities needed complimentary education for their citizens，and she took action by creating the free school，one of the first in her state. But later，officials named a male as the head teacher instead of her. Disappointed，she left her job and moved to Washington D.C.，becoming the first woman employed by US Patent Office.

3. As an young girl，Margaret“ Mattie” Knight never played with dolls，preferring to make toys for her brothers instead. In 1849，Knight went to work in a cotton factory where she witnessed a“ shuttle（梭子），” the device that carries thread back and forth across the textile loom（紡織機），fly off the machine when the thread broke，striking and killing a young boy about her own age.

The 12-year-old Knight developed a safety mechanism that made it impossible for the shuttle to leave a loom. The design was so effective，soon virtually every new power loom carried her invention，saving countless workers from injury or death. Being so young，she didnt’ bother to patent device，so she never received the payment.

【參考答案】

1. a American→an American；the shocking headline→a shocking headline；the north America→north America

2. an age→the age；the free school→a free school；by U.S. Patent Office→by the U.S. Patent Office

3. an young girl→a young girl；the device→a device；the textile loom→a textile loom；for the shuttle→for a shuttle；a loom→the loom；to patent device→to patent the device；received the payment→received payment

（作者單位：湖北省麻城市教科院）