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血清三葉因子3在胃癌中表達(dá)的臨床研究*
張謝1#宋毓飛1張學(xué)松1黃志剛2&
寧波市醫(yī)療中心李惠利醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科1(315040)上海市東方醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科2
背景:在中國惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率和死亡率排序中,胃癌分居第二和第三位。探索方法簡便、敏感性高的非侵入性指標(biāo)以篩選出胃癌高危人群接受胃鏡檢查是胃癌普查的有效途徑。目的:探討三葉因子3(TFF3)作為胃癌篩查血清生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物的臨床價(jià)值。方法:收集寧波市醫(yī)療中心李惠利醫(yī)院2013年7月—2014年1月49例胃癌患者和29名健康體檢者的血清標(biāo)本,采用ELISA法檢測(cè)血清TFFs濃度,以ROC曲線及其曲線下面積(AUC)分析血清TFF1、TFF2、TFF3對(duì)胃癌的診斷性能,并進(jìn)一步分析三者與胃癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:胃癌組TFF3血清濃度顯著高于健康對(duì)照組[(43.57±19.49) ng/mL對(duì)(29.97±14.20) ng/mL,P<0.01],兩組間TFF1、TFF2血清濃度差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。血清TFF1、TFF2、TFF3診斷胃癌的AUC分別為0.56、0.56和0.83,TFF3診斷性能最高;以33.0 ng/mL為TFF3 cut off值,相應(yīng)敏感性和特異性分別為63.3%和82.8%,預(yù)測(cè)胃癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的OR值為8.27。TFF3血清濃度與胃癌TNM分期、分化程度和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:血清TFF3是一個(gè)有應(yīng)用前景的非侵入性胃癌篩查生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。
關(guān)鍵詞胃腫瘤;篩查;生物學(xué)標(biāo)記;三葉因子3
Clinical Research of Serum Trefoil Factor 3 Expression in Gastric Cancer
ZHANGXie1,SONGYufei1,ZHANGXuesong1,HUANGZhigang2.1DepartmentofGastroenterology,NingboMedicalTreatmentCenterLihuiliHospital,Ningbo,ZhejiangProvince(315040);2DepartmentofGastroenterology,ShanghaiEastHospital,Shanghai
Correspondence to: HUANG Zhigang, Email: huangzg@foxmail.com
Background: Gastric cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third cause of cancer death in China. Selection of candidates in high risk of gastric cancer by a simple and non-invasive marker with high sensitivity and then undergoing endoscopy is an optimal approach for large scale gastric cancer screening. Aims: To evaluate the clinical value of using trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) as a serum biomarker for gastric cancer screening. Methods: Serum samples of 49 gastric cancer patients and 29 healthy subjects were collected for measurements of serum TFFs by ELISA from Jul. 2013 to Jan. 2014 at Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital. ROC curve and the area under curve (AUC) were used to verify the diagnostic performance of serum TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 for gastric cancer. Correlations between TFFs and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer were further analyzed. Results: Serum concentration of TFF3 in gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in healthy controls [(43.57±19.49) ng/mLvs. (29.97±14.20) ng/mL,P<0.01], but no significant differences were found in serum concentrations of TFF1 and TFF2 between the two groups (P>0.05). AUC of serum TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 for diagnosis of gastric cancer were 0.56, 0.56 and 0.83, respectively, which indicated that the performance of TFF3 was the best. Taken 33.0 ng/mL as the cut off value of TFF3, the sensitivity and specificity were 63.3% and 82.8%, respectively, and the odds ratio for predicting gastric cancer was 8.27. Significant correlations were existed between serum concentration of TFF3 and TNM stage, differentiation and lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer (P<0.05). Conclusions: Serum TFF3 is a promising non-invasive biomarker for gastric cancer screening.
Key wordsStomach Neoplasms;Screening;Biological Markers;Trefoil Factor 3
胃癌是最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,全球每年確診例數(shù)約為100萬例[1]。在大多數(shù)國家(包括中國),胃癌患者確診時(shí)多已處于進(jìn)展期,預(yù)后相對(duì)較差。日本從20世紀(jì)60年代開始應(yīng)用X線鋇餐和內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)開展胃癌篩查,成功檢出大量早期胃癌,使胃癌相關(guān)死亡率降低40%~60%[2-4]。然而,胃鏡檢查過程較痛苦,令很多患者望而卻步,故不適合作為無癥狀人群的普查手段。探索方法簡便、敏感性高的非侵入性指標(biāo)以篩選出胃癌高危人群接受胃鏡檢查是適用于胃癌普查的有效途徑。
近年來,腫瘤標(biāo)記物的研究和應(yīng)用已成為惡性腫瘤研究中引人注目的新領(lǐng)域。三葉因子(trefoil factors, TFFs)家族是一組由胃腸道黏液細(xì)胞分泌的含保守三葉結(jié)構(gòu)域、耐熱、耐蛋白酶的小分子多肽,哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的TFFs包括TFF1、TFF2、TFF3三種[5]。正常情況下,TFF1和TFF2主要表達(dá)于胃,TFF3則表達(dá)于小腸和結(jié)腸杯狀細(xì)胞,同時(shí)在胰管、乳腺、唾液腺、呼吸道、下丘腦等組織器官中亦有表達(dá)[6-7]。TFFs在胃腸道黏膜上皮的修復(fù)、重建以及腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[8],本課題組前期研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)較之胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogens, PGs)Ⅰ/Ⅱ比值,血清TFF3可能是一個(gè)更好的胃癌預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。本研究旨在進(jìn)一步探討TFF3作為胃癌篩查血清生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物的臨床價(jià)值。
對(duì)象與方法
一、標(biāo)本來源
收集寧波市醫(yī)療中心李惠利醫(yī)院2013年7月—2014年1月胃小腸外科收治的49例胃癌患者的血清標(biāo)本。入選條件:①經(jīng)胃鏡活檢病理檢查確診為胃癌;②患者未接受任何放、化療;③無其他器官系統(tǒng)腫瘤病史。胃癌臨床病理分期參照第7版AJCC胃癌TNM分期系統(tǒng)[10]。另收集同一醫(yī)院同期29名無上消化道疾病史健康體檢者的血清標(biāo)本作為對(duì)照。入組研究對(duì)象均排除有嚴(yán)重合并癥(包括心、肺、肝、腎、血液系統(tǒng)疾病)、有上消化道手術(shù)史或迷走神經(jīng)切斷史者。研究方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),參與者均簽署知情同意書。
二、血清TFFs檢測(cè)
取血清標(biāo)本,按相應(yīng)ELISA試劑盒(武漢優(yōu)爾生科技股份有限公司)說明書進(jìn)行操作,檢測(cè)TFF1、TFF2、TFF3濃度。每一樣品設(shè)2個(gè)復(fù)孔,結(jié)果取均值。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
結(jié)果
一、基本臨床特征
49例胃癌患者中男32例,女17例,男女比例1.88∶1,平均年齡(60.35±8.47)歲;29例健康對(duì)照者中男17例,女12例,男女比例1.42∶1,平均年齡(56.93±7.41)歲。兩組間性別、年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.35,P>0.05;t=1.80,P>0.05)。胃癌組早期胃癌(TNM分期0、ⅠA、ⅠB期)27例(55.1%),進(jìn)展期胃癌(TNM分期Ⅱ~Ⅳ期)22例(44.9%);39例(79.6%)腫瘤直徑≤5 cm,10例(20.4%)>5 cm;26例(53.1%)為高中分化胃癌,23例(46.9%)為低分化胃癌;23例(46.9%)無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,26例(53.1%)有1~5個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)。
二、TFFs血清濃度
胃癌組TFF1、TFF2、TFF3平均血清濃度分別為(0.83±0.40)ng/mL(95% CI: 0.72~0.94)、(0.80±0.69)ng/mL(95% CI: 0.60~0.99)和(43.57±19.49)ng/mL(95% CI: 37.97~49.17),而健康對(duì)照組分別為(0.72±0.30)ng/mL(95% CI: 0.72~0.94)、(0.61±0.46)ng/mL(95% CI: 0.43~0.78)和(29.97±14.20)ng/mL(95% CI: 24.57~35.38),兩組間TFF1(t=1.24,P>0.05)、TFF2(t=1.33,P>0.05)濃度差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,TFF3在胃癌組中的濃度顯著高于健康對(duì)照組(t=3.27,P<0.01)(圖1)。進(jìn)一步按胃癌TNM分期作分組分析,早期胃癌TFF3平均血清濃度為(37.09±10.20)ng/mL(95% CI: 32.97~41.21),仍顯著高于健康對(duì)照組(t=2.11,P<0.05)。
三、血清TFFs診斷性能的ROC曲線分析
圖1 胃癌組和健康對(duì)照組TFFs血清濃度比較
血清TFF1、TFF2、TFF3診斷胃癌的ROC曲線見圖2,三者的AUC分別為0.56(95% CI: 0.43~0.69)、0.56(95% CI: 0.43~0.69)和0.83(95% CI: 0.72~0.93)(圖2),TFF3診斷性能最高。
圖2 血清TFFs診斷胃癌的ROC 曲線
根據(jù)ROC曲線,血清TFF1、TFF2、TFF3診斷胃癌 的臨界值(cut off值)分別為0.56、0.60和33.0 ng/mL,TFF3相應(yīng)敏感性和特異性分別為63.3%(31/49)和82.8%(24/29),OR值為8.27,提示TFF3血清濃度與胃癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)(表1)。
四、TFFs血清濃度與胃癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
根據(jù)胃癌TNM分期、腫瘤大小、分化程度和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況分組,比較組間TFFs血清濃度差異,結(jié)果顯示TFF1血清濃度與上述胃癌臨床病理特征均無明顯聯(lián)系(P>0.05),TFF2血清濃度僅與胃癌分化程度顯著相關(guān)(P<0.05),TFF3血清濃度與胃癌TNM分期、分化程度和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān),早期胃癌、 高中分化胃癌、 無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌TFF3血清濃度分別顯著低于進(jìn)展期胃癌、低分化胃癌和有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌(P均<0.05) ,而與胃癌大小無明顯相關(guān)性(P>0.05)(表2)。
表2 TFFs血清濃度與胃癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
表1 血清TFFs對(duì)胃癌診斷性能的分析
討論
在中國惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率和死亡率排序中,胃癌分居第二和第三位[11]。早期診斷和早期治療是降低胃癌死亡率的惟一途徑,但我國胃癌患者確診時(shí)尚處于早期者不足10%,日本則高達(dá)60%,這可能得益于日本對(duì)無癥狀人群的普查策略,目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的是血清幽門螺桿菌(Hp)抗體和PGⅠ/Ⅱ聯(lián)合檢測(cè)[12-14]。然而本課題組前期研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清PGⅠ/Ⅱ比值預(yù)測(cè)胃癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的敏感性僅為37.5%,特異性為81.1%,與日本研究[15]報(bào)道的敏感性(67%)相比相對(duì)較低,可能與研究對(duì)象的地域來源、胃癌組織學(xué)類型以及Hp感染情況等有關(guān),提示PGs單項(xiàng)檢測(cè)并不是理想的胃癌篩查指標(biāo)。
Kaise等[15]于2011年首次報(bào)道TFFs(特別是TFF3)血清濃度與胃癌顯著相關(guān),并通過進(jìn)一步的研究[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),TFF3血清濃度不受Hp根除狀態(tài)的影響,較之TFF1、TFF2和PG試驗(yàn),是預(yù)測(cè)胃癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的穩(wěn)定生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。本課題組前期研究[9]亦表明,與PG試驗(yàn)相比,血清TFF3可能是一個(gè)更好的胃癌預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),其敏感性和特異性分別為66.7%和83.8%。因此,本研究收集胃癌患者和健康體檢者的血清標(biāo)本行TFFs檢測(cè),對(duì)TFF3作為中國人群胃癌篩查指標(biāo)的可行性進(jìn)行了探討。研究結(jié)果顯示,在所檢測(cè)的TFFs中,僅TFF3血清濃度顯著高于健康對(duì)照組,ROC曲線分析亦顯示血清TFF3對(duì)胃癌的診斷性能最高(AUC 0.83),敏感性和特異性分別為63.3%和82.8%,預(yù)測(cè)胃癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的OR值為8.27,與前期研究結(jié)果相符,但TFFs的cut off值有所不同(前期研究TFF1、TFF2、TFF3 cut off值分別為0.44、0.14和52.0 ng/mL,本次分別為0.56、0.60 和 33.0 ng/mL),可能與試劑盒批次不同以及研究對(duì)象之間的差異有關(guān),前期研究血清標(biāo)本多源自進(jìn)展期胃癌(77.8%)、低分化胃癌(69.4%)患者,而本次血清標(biāo)本早期胃癌(55.1%)、高中分化胃癌(53.1%)均占半數(shù)以上。
本研究進(jìn)一步分析了TFFs血清濃度與胃癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)TFF1血清濃度與之無明顯聯(lián)系,既往研究[17]亦顯示胃癌組織中的TFF1表達(dá)僅與腫瘤生長范圍有關(guān),與其他臨床病理特征均無相關(guān)性。TFF1的主要作用是參與正常胃黏膜細(xì)胞的分化、更新,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人胃癌組織中的TFF1表達(dá)較正常組織顯著下調(diào)[18],TFF1基因敲除小鼠可發(fā)生胃腺瘤甚至上皮內(nèi)或黏膜內(nèi)癌[19],這在一定程度上可以解釋TFF1血清濃度與胃癌臨床病理特征無明顯相關(guān)性。本課題組前期研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)TFF2血清濃度與胃癌分化程度顯著相關(guān)(高中分化胃癌低于低分化胃癌),本次研究亦得到相同結(jié)果。既往關(guān)于TFF2與胃癌關(guān)系的研究結(jié)果并不十分一致。有研究[20]顯示TFF2陽性表達(dá)與腫瘤直徑大、彌漫型胃癌、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤微血管數(shù)量以及患者預(yù)后不良相關(guān),另一項(xiàng)研究[21]則報(bào)道,盡管胃癌組織周圍可觀察到TFF2表達(dá)陽性的腸化生黏膜,但 83.3%的原發(fā)性胃癌組織中TFF2表達(dá)下調(diào)。TFF3已被報(bào)道在包括原發(fā)性胃癌在內(nèi)的多種惡性腫瘤中表達(dá)上調(diào),并與胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、淋巴管和血管浸潤、進(jìn)展期腫瘤等臨床病理特征以及預(yù)后不良相關(guān)[18,20-23],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TFF3血清濃度與胃癌TNM分期、分化程度和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān),與既往研究結(jié)果相符。
綜上所述,血清TFF3是一個(gè)有應(yīng)用前景的非侵入性胃癌篩查生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。為進(jìn)一步評(píng)估其作為以人群為基礎(chǔ)的胃癌篩查指標(biāo)的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,后續(xù)將擴(kuò)大樣本量,探索更為合理、實(shí)用的cut off值,同時(shí)追蹤隨訪本組胃癌患者的術(shù)后/化療后5年生存率,檢測(cè)、分析術(shù)后/化療后TFF3血清濃度與胃癌預(yù)后的關(guān)系。并擬開展以一般人群為研究對(duì)象、以血清TFF3為篩查指標(biāo)的胃癌篩查,對(duì)篩查出的胃癌高危人群進(jìn)行胃鏡檢查,為TFF3作為胃癌篩查的血清生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物提供臨床依據(jù)。
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(2015-07-20收稿;2015-08-06修回)
*基金項(xiàng)目:浙江省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)臨床科研基金項(xiàng)目(2013ZYC-A65);寧波市科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(2013B82010)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.02.007
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