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新輔助化療后中低位直腸癌的腹腔鏡治療評(píng)價(jià)

2016-05-14 22:30但操劉雪君盧建華程新豹
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2016年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:術(shù)中出血量近期療效新輔助化療

但操 劉雪君 盧建華 程新豹

[摘要] 目的 探討新輔助化療后中低位直腸癌的腹腔鏡治療效果。 方法 選取2014年7月~2015年6月我院收治的100例中低位直腸癌患者,隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組各50例,所有患者均行新輔助化療,對(duì)照組在化療后實(shí)施開(kāi)腹手術(shù),觀察組患者在化療后實(shí)施腹腔鏡治療,對(duì)比兩組患者的手術(shù)指標(biāo)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況。結(jié)果 觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間分別為(209.7±44.2)min、(55.1±5.5)mL、(1.9±0.6)d、(11.4±3.2)d,與對(duì)照組的(205.4±39.6)min、(109.4±22.6)mL、(3.5±0.7)d、(12.1±4.0)d相比,術(shù)中出血量、肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為20.0%,顯著低于對(duì)照組的34.0%(P<0.05);觀察組清掃淋巴結(jié)數(shù)量為(8.7±2.4)枚,對(duì)照組清掃數(shù)量為(9.1±3.0)枚,兩組對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組近端切除長(zhǎng)度為(13.4±0.6)cm,遠(yuǎn)端切除長(zhǎng)度為(3.0±0.4)cm,對(duì)照組近端切除長(zhǎng)度為(13.1±0.6)cm,遠(yuǎn)端切除長(zhǎng)度為(2.8±0.3)cm,兩組對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 中低位直腸癌患者在新輔助化療后實(shí)施腹腔鏡手術(shù)的近期療效確切,具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少的優(yōu)勢(shì),值得在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 中低位直腸癌;新輔助化療;腹腔鏡手術(shù);近期療效;術(shù)中出血量

[中圖分類號(hào)] R574.6 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2016)09-0043-03

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic treatment of middle and low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods 100 patients with middle and low rectal cancer who were admitted in our hospital from July 2014 to June 2015 were selected as the subjects and randomly assigned into observation group and control group with 50 patients in each group. All the patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients from observation group received laparotomy after the chemotherapy while patients from control group received laparoscopic treatment. Operative indexes and postoperative complications of the patients from both groups were compared. Results The operation time, bleeding amount during the operation, the time of anal exsufflation and hospitalization time of the observation group were respectively (209.7±44.2) min, (55.1±5.5) mL, (1.9±0.6) d and (11.4±3.2) d, while those of the control group were (205.4±39.6) min, (109.4±22.6) mL, (3.5±0.7) d and (12.1±4.0) d. Compared with the control group, observation group had obviously less bleeding amount and shorter time of anal exsufflation(P<0.05); the occurrence of postoperative complications was 20.0%, significantly lower than the 34.0% of the control group (P<0.05); the number of lymph node dissection of the observation group were 8.7±2.4 while the number of the control group were 9.1±3.0 and there was no significant differences(P>0.05); the length of proximal resection and distal resection of the observation group were respectively 13.4±0.6cm and(3.0±0.4) cm, while the length of the proximal resection and distal resection of the control group were respectively (13.1±0.6) cm and (2.8±0.3) cm and there was no significant difference(P<0.05). Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery have definite short-term clinical efficacy in the treatment of patients with middle and low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with advantages like small injury, quick recover and less complications, which deserves clinical recommendation and application.

[Key words] Middle and low rectal cancer; Neoadjuvant chemotherapy; Laparoscopic surgery; Short-term efficacy; Bleeding amount during the operation

直腸癌是常見(jiàn)的消化道惡性腫瘤之一,大量的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)表明新輔助化療能夠有效降低直腸癌的局部復(fù)發(fā),提高根治性切除效果,同時(shí)也提高了低位直腸癌的保肛率,改善了患者的生存質(zhì)量[1]。在手術(shù)方案選擇上,腹腔鏡手術(shù)是否安全可行臨床尚存在一定爭(zhēng)議,但也有研究表明直腸癌新輔助化療后行腹腔鏡手術(shù)是可行的。本文就新輔助化療后腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療中低位直腸癌的近期療效進(jìn)行分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

本次采用前瞻性研究,研究對(duì)象選取為2014年7月~2015年6月我院收治的100例中低位直腸癌患者,男52例,女48例,年齡44~76歲,平均(65.1±6.9)歲。采用數(shù)字表法隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組各50例,兩組年齡、性別等一般資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),均知情同意參與本次研究。

1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡44~76歲;②病理檢驗(yàn)確診為直腸癌;③腫瘤下緣距肛緣≤10 cm;④術(shù)前行新輔助化療且可行根治性手術(shù);⑤首次接受手術(shù)治療;⑥知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腺瘤性息肉病、大腸多源癌;②惡性淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤;③發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移;④合并其他嚴(yán)重臟器功能障礙。

1.3 治療方法

1.3.1 新輔助化療 兩組患者均給予同樣方案的新輔助化療,包括奧沙利鉑(江蘇奧賽康藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20064297)130 mg/m2靜脈輸注2 h,d1,卡培他濱(上海羅氏制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字J20080101)1000 mg/(m2·次),2次/d,d1~14,休息7 d,每3周為1個(gè)周期。

1.3.2 手術(shù)方案 觀察組實(shí)施腹腔鏡手術(shù),患者取膀胱截石位,氣管插管全麻,臍上1 cm穿刺建立氣腹,維持負(fù)壓12 mmHg,在右下腹髂前上棘內(nèi)2橫指部位穿刺做12 mm主操作孔,平臍位置向右5 cm穿刺做5 mm輔助操作孔,可根據(jù)患者體型適當(dāng)將操作孔上移2~3 cm,根據(jù)從遠(yuǎn)到近的原則進(jìn)行腹腔探查,最后觀察病灶部位,中央入路,將右結(jié)腸旁溝進(jìn)行切開(kāi),沿著間隙進(jìn)行分離,游離腹主動(dòng)脈,向上逐層剝離腸系膜、膜下動(dòng)靜脈,夾閉后離斷血管,沿著Toldt間隙逐漸將乙狀結(jié)腸及其系膜進(jìn)行分離,過(guò)程中注意避免損傷尿管,遵循先后、再側(cè)、最后前的順序進(jìn)行盆壁筋膜、直腸前壁和生殖器組織的分離,最后游離提肛肌平面,根據(jù)術(shù)式不同完成腸段切除和重建。手術(shù)過(guò)程中如果發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤無(wú)法完整切除或首先無(wú)法安全切緣者,則立刻轉(zhuǎn)為開(kāi)腹手術(shù)。對(duì)照組患者實(shí)施開(kāi)腹手術(shù),手術(shù)過(guò)程略。

1.4 觀察指標(biāo)

手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、排氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、保肛率、清掃淋巴結(jié)總數(shù)、腫瘤段切除長(zhǎng)度及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS19.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間對(duì)比采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組手術(shù)指標(biāo)比較

兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但觀察組患者的術(shù)中出血量、肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 兩組患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況比較

觀察組術(shù)后腸梗阻、肺部感染及總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

2.3 兩組腫瘤根治性比較

所有患者術(shù)后均未發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)周及遠(yuǎn)端切緣陽(yáng)性病例,均為R0切除。觀察組清掃淋巴結(jié)數(shù)量為(8.7±2.4)枚,對(duì)照組清掃數(shù)量為(9.1±3.0)枚,兩組對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.706,P>0.05);觀察組近端切除長(zhǎng)度為(13.4±0.6)cm,遠(yuǎn)端切除長(zhǎng)度為(3.0±0.4)cm,對(duì)照組近端切除長(zhǎng)度為(13.1±0.6)cm,遠(yuǎn)端切除長(zhǎng)度為(2.8±0.3)cm,兩組對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.468、0.913,P>0.05)。

3 討論

新輔助化療的提出為直腸癌的治療提供了更多的選擇。新輔助化療不但能夠進(jìn)一步降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率,更能提高直腸癌的保肛率和生存質(zhì)量,衛(wèi)生部制定的《結(jié)直腸癌診療規(guī)范(2010版)》[2]中明確指出新輔助化療屬于局部進(jìn)展期而無(wú)綜合治療禁忌直腸癌患者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療法。近年來(lái)的研究也證實(shí)了,新輔助化療后中低位直腸癌采用根治術(shù)治療的療效。但臨床對(duì)于新輔助化療后中低位直腸癌是否可行腹腔鏡治療仍存在爭(zhēng)議。有學(xué)者[3]認(rèn)為術(shù)前的新輔助化療除了會(huì)引發(fā)骨髓抑制、消化系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)等外,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致局部組織炎性浸潤(rùn),纖維組織增生,導(dǎo)致解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不清,腹腔鏡手術(shù)難度增大。但也有學(xué)者[4]進(jìn)行了新輔助放化療后直腸癌患者的手術(shù)方案研究對(duì)照,結(jié)果顯示腹腔鏡手術(shù)的近期療效與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相當(dāng),且具有并發(fā)癥少的優(yōu)勢(shì)。從本次研究對(duì)比來(lái)看,觀察組患者的手術(shù)出血量、肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),說(shuō)明腹腔鏡手術(shù)損傷更小,術(shù)后腸道恢復(fù)更早。

在術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的研究方面,臨床報(bào)道腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)的發(fā)生率分別在20%~65%、24%~56%之間[5],從本研究情況來(lái)看,觀察組患者的術(shù)后總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為20.0%,對(duì)照組為34.0%,與報(bào)道基本一致,但兩組對(duì)比結(jié)果顯示,觀察組術(shù)后腸梗阻、肺部感染及總體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),考慮原因一方面是由于腹腔鏡手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,相對(duì)于開(kāi)腹手術(shù)對(duì)組織的而干擾更小,所以腹膜和漿膜的炎性反應(yīng)更小,術(shù)后梗阻的可能性降低,而腹腔鏡患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快,患者能夠早期拔管、下床活動(dòng),便于咳嗽,減少了呼吸道感染的發(fā)生率[6]。從根治性對(duì)比來(lái)看,兩組患者的淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)量、腸管切除長(zhǎng)度對(duì)比均無(wú)顯著差異,這個(gè)研究結(jié)論和Sebag等[7-15]的研究相一致,肯定了腹腔鏡手術(shù)在腫瘤學(xué)根治性上的價(jià)值。

綜上所述,中低位直腸癌患者在新輔助化療后實(shí)施腹腔鏡手術(shù)的近期療效確切,具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少的優(yōu)勢(shì),值得在臨床上推廣和應(yīng)用。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2] 衛(wèi)生部醫(yī)政司,結(jié)直腸癌診療規(guī)范專家工作組. 結(jié)直腸癌診療規(guī)范(2010年版)[J]. 中華胃腸外科雜志,2010,13(11):865-875.

[3] 黃美近,彭慧,王輝,等. 直腸癌腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)腫瘤清除及遠(yuǎn)期療效的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)薈萃分析[J]. 中華胃腸外科雜志,2011,14(8):606-610.

[4] Roh MS,Colangelo LH,O'Connell MJ,et al. Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum:NSABP R-03[J]. J Clin Oncol,2009,27(31):5124-5130.

[5] 陳一林,池畔. 腹腔鏡和開(kāi)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)的安全性及遠(yuǎn)期療效比較[J]. 中華消化外科雜志,2012,11(5):462-466.

[6] Sauer R,Liersch T,Merkel S,et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer:Results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase Ⅲ trial after a median follow-up of 11 years[J]. J Clin Oncol,2012,30(16):1926-1933.

[7] Sebag-Montefiore D,Stephens RJ,Steele R,et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer(MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016):A multicentre,randomised trial[J]. Lan-cet,2009,373(9666):811-820.

[8] Louhimo J,Carpelan-Holmstrom M,Alfthan H,et al. Serum HCG beta,CA72-4 and CEA are independent prognostic factors in colorectal cancer[J]. Int J Cancer,2012,101(6):545-548.

[9] Gunkel L,Mylonas I,Richter DU,et al. Immunohistochemical studies of mucinous mammary carcinomas and their metastases[J]. Anticancer Res,2015,25(3A) :1755-1759.

[10] Nakagoe T,Sawai T,Tsuji T,et al. Preoperative serum level of CA199 predicts recurrence after curative surgery in node-negative colorectal cancer patients[J]. Hepatogastroenterology,2013,50(51):696-699.

[11] Sari R,Yildirim B,Sevinc A,et al. The importance of serum and ascites fluid alphafetoprotein carcinoembryonic antigen,CA199 and CA125 levels in differential diagnosis of ascites etiology[J]. Hepatogastroenterology,2011, 48(12):1616-1621.

[12] Zhan T,Gu J,Li M,et al. Intermediate-fraction neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer[J]. Dis Colon Rectum,2013,56(4):422-432.

[13] Heald RJ. Total mesorectal excision is optimal surgery for rectal cancer:A Scandinavian consensus[J]. Br J Surg,2015,82(10):1297-1299.

[14] 陳金湖. 中低位直腸癌新輔助放化療后行腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹根治術(shù)的療效比較[D]. 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué),2013.

[15] Julien LA,Thorson AG. Current neoadjuvant strategies in rectal cancer[J]. J Surg Oncol,2014,101(4):321-326.

(收稿日期:2016-01-07)

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