By Jennifer Graham 楊雪/譯注
“Whenever you do a thing, act as if all the world were watching,” Thomas Jefferson said, never envisioning that two centuries later, the whole world would be watching indeed.1
From license-plate cameras to secret videotapes, from white-hat hacking to social-media checks by employers,2 never have Americans been so exposed. Corporate computer experts scrutinize our buying habits, even at the supermarket; technologically savvy police as well as car-rental companies and insurers track our driving habits; and hackers can expose our banking and email transactions with impunity.3
Weve become a Santa Claus society year round: That is, they see us when were sleeping and they know when were awake. So will this make us good for goodness sake?
Jefferson presumed that if the world were watching, people would behave better; we would strive to be our noblest selves. And there is evidence that he is right. A few years ago, Scientific American reported on a study at Newcastle University in England, in which subjects behaved better when there were no real eyes, but posters with images of eyes in the rooms. Even the subliminal suggestion of being watched, it turned out, nudged people into more ethical behavior.4 In other settings, posters depicting watching eyes deterred bike thieves and encouraged people to clean up after themselves at lunch.
“The researchers found that during periods when the posters of eyes, instead of flowers, overlooked the diners, twice as many people cleaned up after themselves,” Sander van der Linden wrote in the magazine.
Extrapolate, and you might assume that in the Orwellian state to which were devolving,5 the national character will improve. With license-plate cameras mounted on poles, no one will speed, run red lights, or tailgate6. With white-hat hackers on the prowl, no one will join Ashley Madison or slither around the seedier parts of Tinder.7
In 1913, Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis said as much in a now-famous article in Harpers Weekly.8 “Publicity is justly commended as a remedy for social and industrial diseases,” he wrote. “Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants9; electric light the most efficient policeman.”
It is too early to tell if 24-7 sunlight will substitute for the rapidly shrinking church and religious faith in the business of morality and ethics, as were just a few years into this inadvertent10 social experiment.
Moreover, the sunlight itself can be complicated, striped as it is with 50 shades of black. While they seem to do good in bringing misdeeds to light, white-hat hacks, like the Impact Groups takeover of Ashley Madison data and Edward Snowdens11 leak of U.S. government classified data, too often break laws or dart unthinkingly across bright moral lines.
When my youngest daughter was three years old and unable to grasp that she could be seen even if she closed her eyes, shed cover her eyes with her hands and shriek “Dont see me!” when Id come across her doing something wrong. Like a good comedian, she conveyed a truth hidden behind a laugh.
To feel remorse or shame, and to instinctually try to conceal it, requires a moral base on which we can build.
Unfortunately, there will always dwell among us—as we witnessed in the horrific shootings in Virginia—miserably broken people who purposefully seek sunlight for their rank deeds.12 The prospect of the whole world watching does not discourage, but in fact motivates their kind, and even as a society of watchers compels others to behave better, they will behave worse. For them, publicity is not remedy but motive, and the threat of punishment—whether by immediate exposure or eventual judgment by an angry God—is irrelevant.
Ultimately, however, morality is shaped not by either invisibility or exposure, but by personal will. We would do better to place our hope not in more speed cameras and “ethical” hackers, but in the more difficult work of promoting strong values. As C. S. Lewis13 so powerfully observed about the foundation of a truly ethical life: “Integrity is doing the right thing, even when no one else is watching.”
“不管做什么,都要感覺全世界都在看著你。”托馬斯·杰斐遜這么說的時候,一定想不到兩百年后,整個世界真的都處于監(jiān)視之中。
從交通違章拍照到秘密錄像,從白帽黑客到雇主對員工社交媒體的核查,美國人從未被置于如此公開監(jiān)視之下。企業(yè)電腦專家監(jiān)視著我們的購物習慣,連超市購物也不放過;專業(yè)技術警察、租車公司、保險公司追蹤著我們的駕駛習慣;黑客則可以公開我們的銀行賬戶信息和郵件往來卻不受任何懲罰。
我們仿佛處在一個一年到頭都被圣誕老人看著的社會:睡著時被其注視,醒了也逃不過其法眼。這種密切關注真的能讓我們變得更好嗎?
杰斐遜認為如果全世界都在看著,人們就會表現(xiàn)得更好;我們會努力做最高尚的自己。確實有證據(jù)可以證明他的觀點。幾年前,《科學美國人》雜志報道了英國紐卡斯爾大學進行的一項研究,研究表明當屋子里沒有真人的眼睛,而掛著畫有眼睛的海報時,人們表現(xiàn)得更好。事實證明,即使只是潛意識里感到被注視,人們的行為舉止也會更符合道德規(guī)范。在其他場合,畫有眼睛的海報還會威懾偷自行車的賊,也使人們在午餐后更主動地清理餐桌。
“研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),當畫有眼睛的海報注視著用餐者時,飯后清理餐桌的人多出了一倍,畫有花的海報則沒有這個效果?!鄙5隆ゑT·德·林登博士在雜志中寫道。
由此推斷,既然我們正在邁入奧威爾描述的那種監(jiān)視無處不在的狀態(tài),國民的道德會有所提高。路邊柱子上安了違章拍照攝像頭,就沒人超速、闖紅燈或是追尾。白帽黑客四處巡視,就沒人會登錄婚外情網(wǎng)站,也沒人會瀏覽Tinder應用中的下流內容。
1913年,最高法院大法官路易斯·布蘭迪斯在《哈潑周刊》的一篇影響廣泛的文章里也表達過類似的觀點?!肮_曝光是治療社會和工業(yè)疾病的一劑良藥,”他寫道,“據(jù)說日光是最好的消毒劑;燈光是最有效的警察。”
在道德倫理方面,每周七天、每天24小時的日光(指無處不在的監(jiān)控)能否代替數(shù)量銳減的教堂和日益萎縮的信仰還不好說,因為這項無意間進行的社會實驗進行的年頭尚淺。
再者說,日光本身也很復雜,光亮中斑駁著五十度黑。白帽黑客也許可以曝光惡行,但也常常觸犯法律或者突破道德底線,比如黑客團隊Impact Group對Ashley Madison網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)的泄露和愛德華·斯諾登對美國政府機密文件的公開。
我最小的女兒三歲的時候,不明白即使她閉上眼睛,別人也看得見她。被我發(fā)現(xiàn)干了壞事,她就會雙手蒙住眼睛大叫“看不見我!”她像一位優(yōu)秀的喜劇演員,稚嫩的笑聲后藏著真理。
對錯誤的行為感到懊悔或羞愧,本能地想要去掩蓋,需要有一定的道德基礎。
不幸的是,總有一些精神不健全的人蓄意為他們的罪行尋求曝光,比如弗吉尼亞槍擊案。全世界都在看并沒有使他們退卻,反而讓他們更有動力。整個社會的注視讓別人表現(xiàn)更好,卻讓他們表現(xiàn)更差。對他們來說,公開曝光不是良藥,而是動力,至于可能遭受的懲罰——不管是當時的曝光還是最終惹怒上帝并受到審判——都是無關緊要的。
然而說到底,不管是公開曝光還是無人知曉,道德都不會因此被塑造,還是得靠個人的意志。與其寄希望于測速攝像頭和“有道德的”黑客,不如努力建立起牢固的價值觀。C. S. 劉易斯有力地指出了真正意義上道德生活的基礎:“正直是即便沒人監(jiān)督的時候,依然能嚴格要求自己?!?/p>
1. Thomas Jefferson: 托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743—1826),美國第三任總統(tǒng),《獨立宣言》主要起草人;envision: 想象,展望。
2. license-plate: 車牌照;white-hat (hacker): 白帽黑客,通常受雇于安全公司,利用黑客技術,攻擊網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)來測試其安全性。
3. scrutinize: 仔細徹底地檢查;savvy: 有見識的,精通……的,technologically savvy意為“精通技術的”;impunity: 免于受罰,不受懲處。
4. subliminal: 潛意識的;nudge: 輕推,鼓勵。
5. extrapolate: 推斷;Orwellian state: 奧威爾式的國家,指英國作家喬治·奧威爾(1903—1950)在反烏托邦小說《1984》中描述的政府對人民高度監(jiān)控、具有監(jiān)視和監(jiān)聽功能的“電幕”(telescreen)無處不在的國家;devolve: 移交,轉移。
6. tailgate: 追尾。
7. on the prowl: 潛行,四處尋覓;Ashley Madison: 一家專門為已婚人士提供交友、約會服務的社交網(wǎng)站,2015年網(wǎng)站遭黑客攻擊,用戶信息泄露;slither: 滑動;seedy: 骯臟的,下流的;Tinder: 一款手機交友應用,基于用戶的地理位置為其推薦好友。
8. Louis Brandeis: 路易斯·布蘭迪斯(1856—1941),第一任美國最高法院猶太裔大法官,布蘭迪斯大學即以他的名字命名;Harpers Weekly:《哈潑周刊》,美國的一本政論雜志,1857—1916年間發(fā)行,以大量篇幅報道了美國內戰(zhàn)。
9. disinfectant: 消毒劑。
10. inadvertent: 無意的,出于無心的。
11. Edward Snowden: 愛德華·斯諾登,曾是CIA(美國中央情報局)技術分析員。2013年6月將美國國家安全局監(jiān)聽項目的秘密文檔披露給了《衛(wèi)報》和《華盛頓郵報》,隨即遭美國政府通緝。
12. horrific shootings in Virginia: 發(fā)生在弗吉尼亞的恐怖槍擊案,指2007年4月16日在美國弗吉尼亞理工學院暨州立大學發(fā)生的槍擊事件,連同兇手在內,共有33人死亡,是美國歷史上死亡人數(shù)最多的校園槍擊案;rank: 公然的,極端的。
13. C. S. Lewis: C. S. 劉易斯(1898—1963),英國著名的文學家、學者、批評家,最廣為人知的作品是《納尼亞傳奇》系列。