国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)氣管拔管時(shí)七氟烷的最低肺泡有效濃度

2016-05-25 06:58王強(qiáng)馮藝姚蘭
關(guān)鍵詞:七氟烷早產(chǎn)兒

王強(qiáng),馮藝,姚蘭

(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京100044)

?

早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)氣管拔管時(shí)七氟烷的最低肺泡有效濃度

王強(qiáng),馮藝,姚蘭

(北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京100044)

摘要:目的確定矯正胎齡<37周早產(chǎn)兒全憑吸入麻醉時(shí)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的七氟烷最低肺泡有效濃度(MAC)。方法擇期全憑吸入全身麻醉下行眼科手術(shù)的矯正胎齡<37周的早產(chǎn)兒31例,ASA分級(jí)Ⅱ級(jí)。吸入6%七氟烷進(jìn)行全身麻醉誘導(dǎo),手術(shù)過程中全憑吸入七氟烷維持麻醉。手術(shù)結(jié)束后,將呼氣末七氟烷濃度調(diào)整至預(yù)定值,維持15 min不變,然后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管。根據(jù)Dixon上下法進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),初始呼氣末七氟烷濃度為1.6%,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)發(fā)生體動(dòng)反應(yīng),下一例患兒升高1個(gè)濃度梯度,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)未發(fā)生體動(dòng)反應(yīng),下一例患兒降低1個(gè)濃度梯度,相鄰濃度梯度為0.2%。將無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)時(shí)呼氣末七氟烷濃度至體動(dòng)反應(yīng)時(shí)呼氣末七氟烷濃度的中點(diǎn)設(shè)為平衡點(diǎn),計(jì)算所有平衡點(diǎn)七氟烷濃度的平均值即為MAC值。結(jié)果矯正胎齡小于37周早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的七氟烷MAC為1.43%,95%有效量(ED95)是1.85%(95%CI:1.65%,3.17%)。結(jié)論矯正胎齡小于37周早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的七氟烷MAC為1.43%,低于足月兒童的參考值,這可能是歸因于早產(chǎn)兒中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育尚不完善。

關(guān)鍵詞:早產(chǎn)兒;矯正胎齡小于37周;拔除氣管導(dǎo)管;七氟烷;最低肺泡有效濃度

當(dāng)前,吸入七氟烷行氣管插管術(shù)以實(shí)施全身麻醉已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于早產(chǎn)兒外科領(lǐng)域[1-2]。然而,目前尚無任何研究測(cè)定在早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)七氟烷的最低肺泡有效濃度(minimum alveolar concentration,MAC),這給早產(chǎn)兒這類麻醉高危群體的氣道管理帶來極大不便和潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本研究擬測(cè)定矯正胎齡<37周早產(chǎn)兒全身麻醉平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)七氟烷的MAC,從而指導(dǎo)臨床準(zhǔn)確選擇拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的麻醉深度和時(shí)機(jī),進(jìn)而提高早產(chǎn)兒全身麻醉的臨床安全性。

1 資料與方法

本研究符合人體試驗(yàn)倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),已通過北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并獲得患兒法定監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署知情同意書。擇期于北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院兒童眼病中心行玻璃體切除術(shù)的矯正胎齡(自母親末次月經(jīng)第1天至接受手術(shù)時(shí)的周數(shù))<37周的早產(chǎn)兒31例,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級(jí)Ⅱ級(jí),預(yù)計(jì)手術(shù)時(shí)間≤1 h?;純壕鶡o氣道異常、心肺疾病、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)缺陷及貧血,手術(shù)前2周內(nèi)無上呼吸道感染。

患兒麻醉前4 h禁食母乳或配方奶,2 h禁食清液,均不使用術(shù)前用藥。自禁飲開始經(jīng)靜脈輸注糖鹽溶液(5.0%葡萄糖∶0.9%氯化鈉=1∶1)?;純旱竭_(dá)手術(shù)室后立即監(jiān)測(cè)脈搏血氧飽和度、心電圖及無創(chuàng)血壓。使用濃度為6%的七氟烷(批號(hào):0326,丸石制藥株式會(huì)社,日本)預(yù)充呼吸回路,將面罩密閉扣于患兒口鼻,保持自主呼吸進(jìn)行全憑吸入誘導(dǎo),根據(jù)患兒體動(dòng)反應(yīng)在3%~5%之間調(diào)節(jié)吸入七氟烷濃度,待患兒睫毛反射消失、下頜肌肉松弛后行氣管插管術(shù)(氣管導(dǎo)管Mallinckrodt品牌,美國)。采用連接在氣管導(dǎo)管尾端的氣體采集管路連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)呼氣末二氧化碳CO2分壓(end tidal carbon dioxide pressure,ETCO2),使用溫毯并監(jiān)測(cè)肛溫。術(shù)中采用全憑吸入2.5%~5.0%七氟烷維持麻醉,以6 ml/(kg·h)速度持續(xù)輸入糖鹽溶液。手術(shù)結(jié)束后,口咽部給予輕輕吸引,停止機(jī)械通氣,改為自主呼吸模式并維持ETCO2在35~45 mmHg,將1根氣體采樣管遠(yuǎn)端通過氣管導(dǎo)管置于患兒氣管隆突附近,導(dǎo)管的另一端連接氣體檢測(cè)儀(Datex-Ohmeda公司,芬蘭)連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)呼氣末七氟烷濃度(end tidal sevoflurane concentration,ETsev),將ETsev調(diào)至目標(biāo)濃度并維持該濃度穩(wěn)定15 min,然后拔除氣管導(dǎo)管。氣管拔管后,常規(guī)輕抬下頜并保持患兒面罩自主呼吸。假如患兒屏氣超過30 s,或潮氣量<6 ml/kg,給予人工輔助通氣。

采用Dixon上下法[3]進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),首例患兒手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)初始ETsev設(shè)定為1.6%[4-5],若拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)患兒體動(dòng),下一例患兒的目標(biāo)ETsev升高1個(gè)濃度梯度,若拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)患兒未發(fā)生體動(dòng),下一例患兒的目標(biāo)ETsev降低1個(gè)濃度梯度,相鄰濃度梯度差值為0.2%。將無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)時(shí)ETsev至體動(dòng)反應(yīng)時(shí)ETsev的中點(diǎn)設(shè)為平衡點(diǎn),計(jì)算所有平衡點(diǎn)七氟烷濃度的平均值即為拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的MAC值。拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)“體動(dòng)”定義為:①拔除氣管導(dǎo)管當(dāng)時(shí)及1 min之內(nèi),患兒發(fā)生咳嗽,牙關(guān)緊咬,軀體運(yùn)動(dòng);②發(fā)生屏氣,喉痙攣,血氧飽和度<95%。拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)“無體動(dòng)”定義為:未發(fā)生任何上述并發(fā)癥。氣管導(dǎo)管的置入及拔除由同一位熟練的麻醉醫(yī)生完成。對(duì)于是否發(fā)生“體動(dòng)”或“無體動(dòng)”,由3位對(duì)本研究設(shè)計(jì)和目的毫不知情的獨(dú)立觀察者進(jìn)行定義,當(dāng)至少有2位觀察者記錄出現(xiàn)“體動(dòng)”時(shí),則認(rèn)定為發(fā)生“體動(dòng)”[6]。

采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示。使用Dixon上下法計(jì)算拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的七氟烷MAC,同時(shí)使用probit test分析上下序貫序列,計(jì)算拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的七氟烷量效曲線[7],P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

本試驗(yàn)共納入31例早產(chǎn)患兒。其中,男性16例,女性15例,平均體重(3.2±0.7)/kg,出生時(shí)周齡(30.4±1.9)周,出生后周齡(5.6±1.1)周,肛溫(36.7±3.1)℃,睫毛反射消失(21.0±3.0)s,插管操作時(shí)間(39.0±4.1)s,手術(shù)時(shí)間(51.0±4.4)min。本研究中拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí),早產(chǎn)患兒的體動(dòng)反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為咳嗽和肢體活動(dòng),所有患兒均未發(fā)生喉痙攣和低氧血癥等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。31例早產(chǎn)患兒拔除氣管導(dǎo)管體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的病例序列見圖1,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的七氟烷量效曲線見圖2。

矯正胎齡<37周早產(chǎn)兒拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的七氟烷MAC為(1.43±0.20)%,95%有效量(95% effective dose,ED95)是1.85%(95%CI:1.65%, 3.17%)。

圖1 全憑吸入七氟烷麻醉拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)無體動(dòng)-體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的序貫圖

圖2 早產(chǎn)患兒在不同呼氣末七氟烷濃度下氣管拔管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的量效曲線

3 討論

通常臨床小兒全身麻醉蘇醒期拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的方法分為兩種:“深麻醉”下拔管和“淺麻醉”下拔管[8]。研究表明,于全身麻醉完全蘇醒之后再行“淺麻醉”下拔除氣管導(dǎo)管可導(dǎo)致患者掙扎、躁動(dòng)、血壓升高和口咽部組織損傷,甚至發(fā)生喉痙攣導(dǎo)致低氧血癥危及生命等并發(fā)癥[9]。既往研究者指出,在小兒全憑吸入全身麻醉蘇醒期拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí),“淺麻醉”能夠較“深麻醉”下拔除氣管導(dǎo)管導(dǎo)致更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的咳嗽、氣道梗阻和低氧血癥,因此,小兒“淺麻醉”下氣管拔管的安全性明顯低于“深麻醉”下氣管拔管[8]。而早產(chǎn)兒由于其分鐘通氣量與功能殘氣量之比和耗氧量的升高而導(dǎo)致拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)更易發(fā)生低氧血癥[10]。因此,獲取早產(chǎn)兒拔除氣管導(dǎo)管無體動(dòng)反應(yīng)時(shí)七氟烷的MAC以指導(dǎo)平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管就成為亟待解決的臨床問題。

既往Inomata等[4]測(cè)定,在2~8歲兒童,平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)七氟烷的MAC為1.64%。Yaguchi等[5]研究者測(cè)定,在2~9歲兒童,平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)七氟烷的MAC是1.63%。Higuchi等[11]測(cè)定,在2~10歲兒童,平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的七氟烷MAC為2.3%。本研究測(cè)定,矯正胎齡<37周早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的七氟烷MAC是1.43%,明顯低于既往研究中兒童的參考值,這一差異很可能是歸因于早產(chǎn)兒的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育尚未完善。

研究證實(shí),低體溫可顯著影響吸入麻醉藥MAC測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確性[12]。本研究中早產(chǎn)患兒手術(shù)全程使用溫毯保溫,并監(jiān)測(cè)肛溫以調(diào)節(jié)體溫在36~37℃之間,從而消除了溫度變化對(duì)MAC測(cè)量準(zhǔn)確性的影響。研究表明,測(cè)定吸入麻醉藥MAC時(shí),將呼氣末麻醉藥濃度調(diào)整至目標(biāo)值后需保持至少10 min不變才能使肺-血-腦內(nèi)的吸入麻醉藥達(dá)到平衡[7]。而本研究中,采用15 min作為平衡時(shí)間從而確保早產(chǎn)患兒肺-血-腦內(nèi)吸入麻醉藥能夠充分平衡。另外,本研究采用了最為經(jīng)典的測(cè)定吸入麻醉藥MAC的氣體采集方法,即在氣管隆突附近采集氣體作為呼氣末肺泡麻醉藥的濃度[13],這比大部分研究從氣管插管尾端采集氣體的方法更為科學(xué)和準(zhǔn)確,從而保證了本研究測(cè)定MAC的準(zhǔn)確性。

本研究采用經(jīng)典的Dixon上下法測(cè)定平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的七氟烷MAC?!盁o體動(dòng)-體動(dòng)”交叉點(diǎn)過少會(huì)影響測(cè)定的準(zhǔn)確性,而交叉點(diǎn)過多又會(huì)增加研究成本。既往研究證實(shí),采用6個(gè)交叉點(diǎn)可顯著增加測(cè)定MAC的準(zhǔn)確性,在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步增加交叉點(diǎn)則對(duì)MAC測(cè)定的準(zhǔn)確性影響輕微[14]。因此,本研究中使用Dixon上下法時(shí)采用了經(jīng)典6對(duì)“無體動(dòng)-體動(dòng)”交叉點(diǎn)的方法,保證了測(cè)定的準(zhǔn)確性和效率。

綜上所述,矯正胎齡<37周早產(chǎn)兒平穩(wěn)拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的七氟烷MAC是(1.43±0.20)%,低于既往研究結(jié)果中足月兒童的參考值。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]佘應(yīng)軍,宋興榮,王懷貞.新生兒七氟烷最低肺泡有效濃度[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志, 2013, 33(3): 323-324.

[2] Yu L, Sun H, Yao L, et al. Comparison of effective inspired concentration of sevoflurane in preterminfants with different postconceptual ages[J]. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 2011, 21(2): 148-152.

[3] Hamp T, Krammel M, Weber U, et al. The effect of a bolus dose of intravenous lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2013, 117 (2): 323-328.

[4] Inomata S, Suwa T, Toyooka H, et al. End-tidal sevoflurane concentration for tracheal extubation and skin incision in children[J]. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1998, 87(6): 1263-1267.

[5] Yaguchi Y, Inomata S, Kihara S, et al. The reduction in minimum alveolar concentration for tracheal extubation after clonidine premedication in children[J]. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2002, 94 (4): 863-866.

[6] Kihara S, Yaguchi Y, Inomata S, et al. Influence of nitrous oxide on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for laryngeal mask insertion in children[J]. Anesthesiology, 2003, 99(5): 1055-1058.

[7] Makkar JK, Ghai B, Bhardwaj N, et al. Minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane with fentanyl for laryngeal mask airway removal in anesthetized children[J]. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 2012, 22(4): 335-340.

[8]陳永浩,柳娟.深麻醉下拔管對(duì)小兒OSAS手術(shù)麻醉術(shù)后躁動(dòng)的影響[J].醫(yī)學(xué)與哲學(xué), 2015, 36(6): 48-50.

[9]黃紹農(nóng),劉友坦,張?jiān)?不同麻醉深度下氣管拔管的比較[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志, 2000, 16(6): 303-304.

[10]胡海燕,查萍,呂敏,等.不同胎齡早產(chǎn)兒肺功能研究[J].中華實(shí)用兒科臨床雜志, 2014, 29(14): 1114-1116.

[11] Higuchi H, Ura T, Taoda M, et al. Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for tracheal extubation in children[J]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1997, 41(7): 911-913.

[12] She YJ, Wang HZ, Huang JX, et al. Effect of a bolus dose of fentanyl on the ED50 and ED95 of sevoflurane in neonates[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2014, 14(20): 2658-2665.

[13] Mudakanagoudar MS, Santhosh MC. Comparison of sevoflurane concentration for insertion of proseal laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation in children (correlation with BIS)[J]. Braz J Anesthesiol, 2016, 66(1): 24-28.

[14] Paul M, Fisher DM. Are estimates of MAC reliable[J]. Anesthesiology, 2001, 95(6): 1362-1370.

(張西倩編輯)

Minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for tracheal extubation in premature infants

Qiang Wang, Yi Feng, Lan Yao
(Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China)

Abstract:Objective To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane for blunting the response to tracheal extubation in premature infants less than 37 weeks of corrected age. Methods Thirty-one ASAⅡpremature infants less than 37 weeks of corrected age were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia inductions were performed by inhaling 6% sevoflurane and the general anesthesia was maintained by totally inhaling sevoflurane. After the operation was finished, the end tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETsev) was adjusted to the target concentration and maintained stable for 15 min. After that, the endotracheal tube was extubated. The Dixon's up-and-down method was used to calculate the MAC. The initial ETsev was 1.6% and was increased or decreased by 0.2% in the next patient according to the endotracheal extubation response. If the extubation response was positive, then the ET-sev was increased. If the extubation response was negative, then the ETsev was decreased. The midpoint from negative response to positive response was set as the balance point and the mean value of the concentrations of sevoflurane at all the balance points were calculated as MAC. Results The end tidal sevoflurane concentration for blunting the responses to tracheal extubation in 50% premature infants was 1.43%, and the ED95 was 1.85% (95% confidence interval 1.65%~3.17%). Conclusions The MAC of sevoflurane for blunting the responses to tracheal extubation in premature infants less than 37 weeks of corrected age is 1.43%, which is lower than that in the full-term infants. And this difference is probably because that the central nervous system has not been developed very well inbook=77,ebook=82premature infants less than 37 weeks of corrected age.

Keywords:premature infant; corrected age less than 37 weeks; tracheal extubation; sevoflurane; minimum alveolar concentration

[通信作者]馮藝,E-mail:fengyi_rmyy@163.com;Tel:010-88325581

收稿日期:2015-12-10

文章編號(hào):1005-8982(2016)08-0076-04

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2016.08.016

中圖分類號(hào):R726.1

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B

猜你喜歡
七氟烷早產(chǎn)兒
早產(chǎn)兒出院后如何護(hù)理才正確
早產(chǎn)兒如何護(hù)理及喂養(yǎng)
早產(chǎn)兒長(zhǎng)途轉(zhuǎn)診的護(hù)理管理
晚期早產(chǎn)兒輕松哺喂全攻略
七氟烷在臨床麻醉中對(duì)心臟保護(hù)的應(yīng)用及機(jī)制
七氟烷麻醉在婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)中的臨床研究
七氟烷用于腦動(dòng)脈瘤鉗閉術(shù)麻醉的臨床效果評(píng)價(jià)
小兒先天性唇腭裂修補(bǔ)術(shù)的麻醉臨床分析
比較七氟烷和丙泊酚聯(lián)合瑞芬太尼用于短小腹腔鏡手術(shù)的麻醉效果及對(duì)麻醉蘇醒期的影響
早期護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)腦損傷早產(chǎn)兒預(yù)后的影響
湛江市| 淅川县| 昌都县| 丰台区| 临城县| 聊城市| 漠河县| 永川市| 大同市| 临安市| 汨罗市| 江陵县| 泌阳县| 襄樊市| 武功县| 桦甸市| 高唐县| 樟树市| 肇东市| 萍乡市| 泗阳县| 丰台区| 应用必备| 海城市| 阿城市| 满洲里市| 泽库县| 沁阳市| 海淀区| 罗平县| 冷水江市| 常熟市| 陆丰市| 南岸区| 海林市| 高青县| 汉寿县| 小金县| 惠东县| 兖州市| 韶山市|