CHEN Guang-hua

【Abstract】In China， the urbanization process will inevitably make collectively-owned lands in villages being levied. Personally speaking， there are multiple defects in traditional setting patterns. The author put forward a new setting pattern-setting by becoming a shareholder.

【Key words】urbanization； peasants without land； setting patterns； setting by becoming a shareholder

Hongwei Hu and Li Tang （2005） summarized the setting patterns to six patterns： monetary compensation， job placement， investment in capital compensation， housing， map ping out a land for setting， social insurance compensation. 1From the viewpoint of job placement route， the article will talk about these patterns： agricultural resettlement， business recruitment resettlement， monetary resettlement （self-employment placement）， social insurance placement，the combination of mapping out a land for setting and job placement.

Chapter 1 Study of traditional setting patterns of peasants without land

（1） agricultural resettlement

From early days to the 1980s， the government always utilize

agricultural resettlement in China. According to the resettlement procedures in 1956， “peasants without land should be placed in agriculture by the local Peoples Committee firstly， if it is difficult to do so the local government could plan to emigrate them.”

（2） monetary resettlement （self-employment placement）

Compensation for landless peasants is usually a one-time monetary resettlement after 1999. Monetary placement is known as “buyout identity”， which means that land acquisition department only need to pay the landless peasants once. In recent years， among the construction land project all submitted to the State Council for consent， one-time monetary placement accounts for more than 90%.

（3） business recruitment placement

It is an important institutional innovation in the 1980s. Under the background of contradiction between people and land from the system， smooth work is ensured and lots of construction land is provided. This pattern provides a stable income and attracts a lot of landless peasants. But within 3 years since the 1990s， with the development of market-oriented economy， the business recruitment placement and agricultural household to non-agricultural household lose their function gradually. The landless peasants cannot keep their jobs for long because of their low labor skills， market-oriented employment behaviors and so on.

（4） mapping out a land for setting

This pattern is mapping out some land to develop the secondary industry and tertiary industry. It not only solves the re-employment issue of landless peasants， but also develops the collective economy， so the peasants get more money.

（5） social insurance placement

This pattern means that landless peasants flow their land utilize rights to land displaced organization commissioned by the government at once. And the government should constitute the reasonable social security standard. The government of Jiaxing takes the lead in implementing this pattern.

In this case， it increases the burden of the country to include landless peasants into security system to some extent. But farmers are the factors of social stability.So we should protect them well.

（6） the combination of mapping out a land for setting and job placement

This pattern means that the special department centralizes land management. The typical method is “l(fā)eaving land for resettlement， comprehensive development and construction” taken by the local government of Changsha.

Chapter 2 The Comparison between Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Setting Patterns

Among those patterns， it is the most difficult to map out land to resettle. From the perspective of long term benefit， the operational risks should be taken into consideration in a prudent attitude in selecting the project.

The advantages of agricultural resettlement： it will exert less influence on the landless peasants who can leave the village. The disadvantages of agricultural resettlement： it is difficult to operate the agricultural resettlement because of the limitation of land resources.

Advantages of monetary resettlement： the farmers can get compensation directly. It actually fits the young and migrant peasant workers which can be available to the developed coastal areas. 10Disadvantages of monetary resettlement： it doesnt fit the underprivileged areas in middle part and the western part of China. It leads the violation of the equity in the market.

Advantages of business recruitment placement： the landless peasants can gain the opportunity to work. Disadvantages of business recruitment placement： it is not realistic if the pattern is put into practice because the peasants are not skillful and proficient at work， leading to the laid-off result.

Advantages of mapping out a land for setting： the landless peasants could share the appreciation accrual of the land. Disadvantages of mapping out a land for setting： this pattern will be difficult to operate later because it is hard to coordinate the use of the remained land with the planned land even though some villages get index.

Advantages of social insurance resettlement： farmers guarantee the stability. The farmers transform to citizens； Disadvantages： the local government needs a lot of money to settle the peasants. The operation is not under transparent supervision.

Advantages of the combination of mapping out a land for setting and job placement： it has integrated the advantages of the patterns above， mapping out land solves the survival issue while the comprehensive development ensures the employment rate. Disadvantages： the property right of land mapped out is uncertain， making It is hard to protect the peasants well.

Chapter 3New choices of setting patterns of landless peasants—setting by becoming a shareholder

This pattern is considered to be potential in the theoretical circle at present among the construction land project all submitted to the State Council for consent， one time monetary placement accounts for more than 90%. It cant completely solve the their living problem in the long run because of the lower skills of peasants. This pattern has much adverse impact.

Firstly， the monetary placement doesnt follow the market rules. Farmers do not have the right to say， which is contrary to the fairness and equality.

Secondly， the standard for compensation is low and the compensation is always not in place. Setting by becoming shareholders can avoid the problem caused by monetary placement.

Thirdly， the peasants get more benefit from the value of land and cost of living index increasing. And this will certain lead to the increasing value of land.

Fourthly， In the pattern of setting by becoming shareholders， the government shares out bonus after land requisition. The purpose of land requisition is to push the process of industrialization of villages， and advance peasants living standard. The government signs agreements with the farmer， so this mitigates the risks of peasants.

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