李華林,陳安平,胡鋌,高原(.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生院,貴州遵義563003;.四川省成都市第二人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科,四川成都60000)
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腹腔鏡膽總管探查鼻膽管引流與T管引流的療效比較*
李華林1,陳安平2,胡鋌1,高原1
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生院,貴州遵義563003;2.四川省成都市第二人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科,四川成都610000)
摘要:目的 比較分析腹腔鏡膽總管探查取石術(shù)后鼻膽管引流與T管引流治療膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石(CBDS)的臨床療效。探討腹腔鏡膽總管探查、一期縫合并經(jīng)腹置鼻膽管引流術(shù)的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。方法 回顧性分析成都市第二人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科2014年5月-2015年5月55例膽囊結(jié)石合并CBDS患者分別行腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)+膽總管探查+一期縫合術(shù)+經(jīng)腹置鼻膽管引流30例(鼻膽管組)及腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)+膽總管探查+T管引流25例(T管組)的臨床資料,對(duì)比分析兩組患者的臨床治療情況。結(jié)果 兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間和膽道引流管留置時(shí)間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),鼻膽管組更具優(yōu)勢(shì);術(shù)中出血量,術(shù)后第1天膽汁引流量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后第2和3天膽汁引流量差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),T管組優(yōu)勢(shì)更明顯。T管組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥共11例(44.0%),鼻膽管組共10例(33.3%),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但術(shù)后水、電解質(zhì)紊亂致厭食、惡心等消化道癥狀幾乎均由T管引流造成,兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 腹腔鏡膽總管探查取石術(shù)后鼻膽管引流擴(kuò)大了膽總管一期縫合的適應(yīng)證,避免了T管引流的一系列弊端,并未增加膽漏、結(jié)石殘留及膽道狹窄等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,體現(xiàn)了微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性,適應(yīng)證范圍內(nèi)治療膽囊結(jié)石合并CBDS安全、有效。
關(guān)鍵詞:腹腔鏡膽道探查術(shù);膽總管結(jié)石;鼻膽管引流;T管引流
膽總管結(jié)石(common bile duct stone,CBDS)在我國發(fā)病率較高,占全國膽結(jié)石患者的5%~29%,平均18%[1]。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方法為開腹膽囊切除術(shù)+膽總管探查取石術(shù)+T管引流術(shù)。近年來,國內(nèi)李波等[2]嘗試腹腔鏡下膽總管探查取石術(shù)后一期縫合膽總管治療膽囊結(jié)石合并CBDS,有較大宗成功病例的報(bào)道?,F(xiàn)將2014年5月-2015年5月本院為55例膽囊結(jié)石合并CBDS患者行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)+膽總管探查取石術(shù)+一期縫合+經(jīng)腹置鼻膽管引流(30例)和腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)+膽總管探查取石術(shù)+T管引流(25例)作一對(duì)比研究,進(jìn)一步探討腹腔鏡膽總管探查、鼻膽管引流的可行性?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1.1 一般資料
本研究共55例,男22例,女33例。年齡12~87歲,平均52歲,其中鼻膽管組30例,T管組25例。術(shù)前影像診斷主要依據(jù)B超、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)和磁共振胰膽管成像(magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatography,MRCP)等。兩組患者性別、年齡、膽總管直徑、最大結(jié)石直徑、結(jié)石數(shù)目和術(shù)前肝功能差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),有可比性。見表1。
表1 鼻膽管組與T管組一般資料的比較
1.2 手術(shù)主要器械及材料
電視腹腔鏡系統(tǒng)(Storz德國),膽道鏡及光源(Olympus,日本),十二指腸鏡(Olympus公司,日本),液電碎石儀(Acmi美國),腹腔鏡下手術(shù)器械,腹腔鏡下沖吸裝置,針式刀,弓式刀,取石網(wǎng)(Olympus公司,日本),各種型號(hào)的腹腔引流管,各種型號(hào)T管,Boston鼻膽管,4-0或者5-0可吸收帶針縫合線等。
1.3 手術(shù)方法
患者仰臥位,頭高足低15~20°,手術(shù)臺(tái)向左側(cè)傾斜15°,腹內(nèi)壓保持在12~14 mmHg,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)四孔法完成腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)手術(shù)后,解剖肝十二指腸韌帶,根據(jù)解剖標(biāo)志辨認(rèn)膽總管或用一次性輸液器頭皮針穿刺膽總管抽出膽汁以確認(rèn),縱行剪開膽總管前壁0.5~1.0 cm(以能取出最大結(jié)石的橫徑或能進(jìn)入膽管鏡的先端為度),經(jīng)膽總管前壁切口入路直接鉗取已擠達(dá)或沖吸至膽總管切口周圍的結(jié)石,或經(jīng)劍突下10 mm Trocar插入膽道鏡,用取石網(wǎng)取凈結(jié)石。若結(jié)石直徑較大或者結(jié)石嵌頓則行液電碎石術(shù)后再取石[3]。膽道鏡反復(fù)檢查,明確結(jié)石已取盡,膽總管下端通暢。鼻膽管組30例:在十二指腸鏡輔助下經(jīng)腹腔順行法留置鼻膽管引流后一期縫合膽總管前壁切口,用4-0或5-0可吸收縫線全層連續(xù)鎖邊縫合,針距及邊距均為1.5 mm。T管組25例:取10-20號(hào)T管,剪去約1/2或1/3橫臂橫徑,使橫臂橫徑細(xì)而軟且長(zhǎng)度適中。將T管橫臂放置于膽總管內(nèi),膽總管切口兩側(cè)用4-0可吸收縫線間斷縫合數(shù)針。0.9%生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗腹腔,吸盡殘余膽汁,再用清潔干凈紗布拭擦膽總管縫合切口處,若有膽汁滲出,可加縫數(shù)針。術(shù)后于Winslow孔附近常規(guī)放置1根腹腔引流管及1根16F的腦室引流管。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
比較兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、膽道引流管留置時(shí)間、術(shù)后第1、2和3天膽汁引流量以及術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,組間計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組各觀察指標(biāo)比較
兩組患者均順利完成手術(shù),圍手術(shù)期無死亡病例。兩組術(shù)中出血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間和膽道引流管留置時(shí)間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),鼻膽管組手術(shù)時(shí)間(100.7±8.0)min,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間(7.1±1.3)h,胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間(32.4±4.8)h,鼻膽管留置時(shí)間(4.1±1.0)d,較T管組更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。術(shù)后第1天膽汁引流量?jī)山M差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)后第2和3天膽汁引流量差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),T管引流較鼻膽管引流更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。見表2。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較
兩組病例總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組在膽汁引流失敗、膽道引流管早期滑脫、膽漏、膽道出血和胰腺炎等具體并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而電解質(zhì)紊亂致厭食惡心等消化系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),鼻膽管組發(fā)生率較T管組低,見表3。以上并發(fā)癥均經(jīng)保守治療治愈出院,未再次手術(shù)。術(shù)后3~12個(gè)月經(jīng)MRCP或T管造影復(fù)查41例(復(fù)查率74.5%),均未發(fā)現(xiàn)膽管殘留結(jié)石,未報(bào)告膽管切口區(qū)狹窄影像。
表2 鼻膽管組與T 管組住院情況比較(± s)
表2 鼻膽管組與T 管組住院情況比較(± s)
組別 手術(shù)時(shí)間/ min 術(shù)中出血量/ml 術(shù)后住院時(shí)間/d 胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間/h 膽道引流管留置時(shí)間/d 膽汁引流量(第1天)/ml 膽汁引流量(第2天)/ml 膽汁引流量(第3天)/ml鼻膽管組(n=30) 100.7±8.0 28.5±32.7 7.1±1.3 32.4±4.8 4.1±1.0 216.7±124.7 216.0±155.5 186.6±141.0 T管組(n=25) 107.8±10.4 40.6±40.5 9.5±2.9 39.1±4.1 90.7±2.4 260.4±114.1 305.1±135.1 269.9±119.1 t值 -2.88 -1.23 -3.82 -5.49 -169.51 -1.35 -2.24 -2.34 P值 0.006 0.226 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.184 0.029 0.023
表3 鼻膽管組與T管組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較 例
自1890年瑞士學(xué)者LUDWIG COURVOSSIOR首創(chuàng)并用膽道探查T管引流術(shù)治療CBDS以來[4],該手術(shù)方式就成為了治療CBDS的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為T管引流具有引流膽汁、減輕膽道壓力、術(shù)后膽道支撐、術(shù)后膽道造影及處理殘石等作用。但通過對(duì)T管引流術(shù)的深入研究,臨床中逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)T管置留可引起一系列嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥:①膽汁長(zhǎng)期大量丟失致水電解質(zhì)紊亂[5],從而導(dǎo)致厭食、惡心和嘔吐等消化道癥狀[6];②T管早期滑脫或拔除后,膽汁流入腹腔,造成膽汁性腹膜炎;③T管長(zhǎng)期刺激膽管致膽管壁增生、肥厚[7],膽管腔內(nèi)黏膜潰瘍,后期瘢痕性狹窄等[8],文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)術(shù)后第5天,膽總管黏膜開始出現(xiàn)糜爛、潰瘍[9];④拔管時(shí)易導(dǎo)致膽管損傷和出血[10];⑤腹腔鏡手術(shù)后T管留置時(shí)間長(zhǎng),長(zhǎng)期帶管增加了身體痛苦和精神負(fù)擔(dān)[11]。腹腔鏡手術(shù)對(duì)腹腔損傷小,T管竇道不易形成,加上腹腔鏡操作本身的局限性,留置T管引流可能較開腹手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更高、更嚴(yán)重,使腹腔鏡手術(shù)的微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)大打折扣[12]。
本研究比較分析了腹腔鏡膽總管探查取石術(shù)后鼻膽管引流與T管引流治療膽囊結(jié)石合并CBDS的臨床資料。結(jié)果顯示兩組術(shù)中出血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,鼻膽管組手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間和膽道引流管留置時(shí)間均比T管組短。術(shù)后第1天膽汁引流量?jī)山M差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而術(shù)后第2 和3天T管膽汁引流量明顯比鼻膽管多。顯示T管引流效果更佳,可能與T管管徑較大,鼻膽管管徑細(xì),側(cè)孔較小,容易賭塞有關(guān)。
本研究中,T管組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥共11例(44.0%),鼻膽管組共10例(33.3%),兩組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。其中T管早期滑脫1例(4.0%),鼻膽管2例(6.7%)。T管滑脫多由于腹腔鏡下放置T管難度大,致T管放置不當(dāng)、扭曲,T管固定不牢所致;鼻膽管早期滑脫多系鼻膽管在膽總管腔內(nèi)留置段較短、在胃腸腔內(nèi)拉得太直,隨著胃腸道的蠕動(dòng)而掉入腸道。術(shù)后鼻膽管引流失?。o膽汁流出)3例(10.0%),可能與鼻膽管堵塞、鼻膽管頭側(cè)段插入過深導(dǎo)致頭端打折閉管以及鼻膽管早期滑脫有關(guān)。術(shù)后鼻膽管組發(fā)生膽漏1例(3.3%),可能與腹腔鏡下膽總管切口縫合技術(shù)有關(guān)[13];T管組發(fā)生膽漏4例(16.0%),可能與腹腔鏡手術(shù)后腹腔粘連少,T管竇道不易形成有關(guān);也有可能是拔出T管時(shí)損傷膽總管所致,T管組術(shù)后2例(8.0%)發(fā)生膽道出血也可能與此有關(guān)。鼻膽管組術(shù)后發(fā)生胰腺炎4例(13.3%),多由于放置鼻膽管時(shí)行十二指腸鏡下乳頭切開、鼻膽管長(zhǎng)時(shí)間壓迫乳頭所致。T管組術(shù)后由于長(zhǎng)期大量膽汁丟失,致水、電解質(zhì)紊亂,進(jìn)而引起厭食和惡心等消化道癥狀共6例(24.0%),兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。以上結(jié)果表明,腹腔鏡膽總管探查鼻膽管引流并不增加術(shù)后因膽汁引流不暢、膽道高壓致膽漏并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道結(jié)果相似[14];也不增加無T管支撐致膽管狹窄的發(fā)生,相反,鼻膽管引流大大減少了水、電解質(zhì)紊亂等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
此外,術(shù)中應(yīng)用膽道鏡直視下探查膽道,可最大限度地減少結(jié)石殘留的發(fā)生,兩組患者術(shù)后3~12個(gè)月經(jīng)MRCP或T管造影復(fù)查41例(復(fù)查率74.5%),均未發(fā)現(xiàn)膽管殘留結(jié)石??梢娦g(shù)后需要經(jīng)T管竇道處理殘石的幾率很小。對(duì)于一期縫合鼻膽管引流者,即使術(shù)后發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石殘留,絕大多數(shù)可行內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography,ERCP)/十二指腸乳頭處切開(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)處理,無需再次外科手術(shù)。
腹腔鏡膽總管探查鼻膽管鼻膽管引流術(shù)的適應(yīng)證:①膽總管炎癥明顯且需膽道引流減壓減黃者;②結(jié)石取凈后合并有乳頭開口不夠通暢或有不同程度的狹窄者;③乳頭切開不滿意或切開后仍有乳頭水腫及狹窄者;④薄壁膽總管探查后施行一期縫合術(shù)者。對(duì)于術(shù)前合并急性梗阻性化膿性膽管炎、急性膽源性胰腺炎、肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石、術(shù)中CBDS不能取凈者,留置T管引流可能更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)于細(xì)經(jīng)膽總管(內(nèi)徑<0.8 cm)結(jié)石,選擇腹腔鏡經(jīng)膽囊管膽總管探查術(shù)[15](laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration,LTCBDE)或者ERCP/EST聯(lián)合LC比較合理。本次研究入選病例已排除具有上述情況的患者。
綜上所述,與膽總管探查T管引流相比較,鼻膽管引流保留了膽總管解剖完整和正常的生理功能,保證了膽汁正常的生理流動(dòng)方向,避免了膽汁長(zhǎng)期大量丟失,在一定程度上可預(yù)防水電解質(zhì)及酸堿平衡紊亂;鼻膽管經(jīng)人體自然生理腔道途徑引流,且留置時(shí)間短(4~7 d),避免了T管的腹壁戳孔且長(zhǎng)期帶管(3個(gè)月);鼻膽管引流較T管引流具有愈合快、住院時(shí)間短、患者心理恐懼及身體痛苦少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[16]。但是在膽道探查術(shù)中其并不能完全代替T管引流術(shù)。因此,需要根據(jù)具體情況選擇。
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(曾文軍 編輯)
Comparison of efficacy of nasobiliary drainage and T tube drainage after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration*
Hua-lin Li1, An-ping Chen2, Ting Hu1, Yuan Gao1
(1.Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China; 2.Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China)
Abstract:Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration with nasobiliary drainage and T tube drainage which the gallstone with common bile duct stones was treated. To explore the clinical experience of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, primary suture and nasobiliary drainage. Methods 55 cases of gallbladder stones combined with common bile duct stones were divided into two groups from May 2014 to May 2015. 30 cases in nasobiliary drainage group were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy + common bile duct exploration + primary suture + nasobiliary drainage, 25 cases in T tube drainage group were treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy + common bile duct exploration + T tube drainage. Then analyze the clinical efficacy comparatively. Results There was significant difference in operation time, hospitalization time, recovery time of gastrointestinal function, and time of recovery of gastrointestinal function, and the time difference between the two groups (P<0.05), the nasalbile duct group has a better advantage. There was no significant difference in the volume ofblood loss during the operation, the first day after operation, the bile flow volume was not statistically significant(P>0.05), there were significant differences in bile drainage volume between second and three days after operation(P<0.05), T tube group advantage is more obvious. There were 11 cases(44.0%)in T tube group, 10 cases(33.3%)in nasal bile duct group, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). But the Water and electrolyte disorders caused by anorexia, nausea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are almost caused by T tube drainage, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and postoperative drainage of the bile duct to expand the indication of primary suture of the common bile duc, to avoid a series of drawbacks of T tube drainage, and it was not increase the incidence of complications such as bile leakage, stone and biliary stricture. The advantages of minimally invasive surgical techniques were embodied, it was safe and effective in the treatment of common bile duct stones.
Keywords:laparoscopic bile duct exploration; common bile duct stones; nasobiliary drainage; T tube drainage
中圖分類號(hào):R657.4
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2016.05.003
文章編號(hào):1007-1989(2016)05-0012-05
收稿日期:2015-12-22
*基金項(xiàng)目:2014年成都市衛(wèi)生局一般科研項(xiàng)目(No:2014085)
[通信作者]陳安平,E-mail:chenanping1954@163.com