趙 揚(yáng),徐 洋,謝 繼,楊志洲,孫兆瑞,聶時(shí)南
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·論著·
去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者細(xì)胞因子的影響
趙揚(yáng),徐洋,謝繼,楊志洲,孫兆瑞,聶時(shí)南
210002江蘇南京,南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院急救醫(yī)學(xué)科
[摘要]目的探討去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者細(xì)胞因子水平的影響,為臨床使用去甲腎上腺素及垂體后葉素提供理論依據(jù)。方法回顧性分析2012年1月-2014年12月入住某院急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房的膿毒癥休克患者病歷資料,按照血管活性藥(去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素)使用情況將入選患者分為對(duì)照組(未使用血管活性藥物)、去甲腎上腺素組和垂體后葉素組,比較兩組患者急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康評(píng)分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、細(xì)胞因子腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素1(IL-1)、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)水平及28 d病死率。結(jié)果三組患者入院時(shí)APACHEⅡ評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;和對(duì)照組相比,去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素均能降低膿毒癥患者早期細(xì)胞因子濃度,去甲腎上腺素降低膿毒癥休克患者細(xì)胞因子水平的作用比垂體后葉素更明顯;三組患者的28 d病死率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素能降低膿毒癥休克患者早期細(xì)胞因子水平,但對(duì)28 d病死率無(wú)影響。
[關(guān)鍵詞]去甲腎上腺素;垂體后葉素;膿毒癥休克;細(xì)胞因子;病死率
細(xì)胞因子在膿毒癥休克發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用,促炎因子、抗炎因子及其他化學(xué)因子和生長(zhǎng)因子等在膿毒癥休克早期會(huì)明顯升高,可作為判斷膿毒癥休克患者預(yù)后的指標(biāo)[1]。既往研究表明,48 h內(nèi),膿毒癥休克患者白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)持續(xù)增高提示預(yù)后不良[2]。膿毒癥休克患者的細(xì)胞因子水平與預(yù)后存在相關(guān)性,同時(shí)許多治療藥物會(huì)影響膿毒癥休克患者的細(xì)胞因子水平。雖然現(xiàn)在已知去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素能調(diào)控細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),但尚不清楚兩者對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者早期細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)的影響。本研究以膿毒癥休克患者為研究對(duì)象,探討去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者細(xì)胞因子水平的影響,為臨床使用去甲腎上腺素及垂體后葉素提供理論依據(jù)。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1病例選擇本研究以膿毒癥休克患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)拯救膿毒癥患者運(yùn)動(dòng):2012嚴(yán)重膿毒癥和膿毒癥休克管理國(guó)際指南[3]制定的入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):將由感染導(dǎo)致的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征定義為膿毒癥,由膿毒癥導(dǎo)致的低血壓定義為膿毒癥休克。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①一般表現(xiàn):發(fā)熱(>38.3℃)或低體溫(<36.0 ℃);心率大于90次/min或大于同年齡組正常心率的兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;呼吸急促(>20次/min);神志改變;嚴(yán)重水腫或液體正平衡(24 h>20 mL/kg);無(wú)糖尿病患者血糖>7.7 mmol/L。②炎癥指標(biāo):外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)>12×109/L或<4×109/L;不成熟紅細(xì)胞>10%;血漿C反應(yīng)蛋白高于正常值的兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;血漿降鈣素原高于正常值的兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。③血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變:低血壓(收縮壓低于90 mmHg或平均動(dòng)脈壓低于70 mmHg,或收縮壓下降超過(guò)40 mmHg,或收縮壓下降同年齡組的兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)。
1.2方法以2012年1月-2014年12月入住我院急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房的患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選擇適合的膿毒癥休克患者病歷資料,將入選膿毒癥休克患者按照血管活性藥(去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素)使用情況分組:對(duì)照組(未使用血管活性藥物)、去甲腎上腺素組和垂體后葉素組。垂體后葉素0.01~0.03 U/min,去甲腎上腺素5~15 mg/min來(lái)維持患者平均動(dòng)脈壓在65~75 mmHg[4]。統(tǒng)計(jì)三組患者的一般情況、急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康評(píng)分Ⅱ (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II,APACHEⅡ)、28 d病死率,同時(shí)檢測(cè)患者入院時(shí)(0 h)、入院后24、48及72 h血漿TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6濃度。比較三組患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、細(xì)胞因子水平和28 d病死率。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測(cè)患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞因子濃度。
2結(jié)果
2.1三組患者的一般情況根據(jù)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共入選161例患者,其中對(duì)照組31例,去甲腎上腺素組72例,垂體后葉素組58例。三組患者在年齡和性別方面無(wú)差異。入院時(shí),三組患者APACHEⅡ評(píng)分分別為(24.3±6.3)、(27.5±7.3)和(26.9±6.1),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1,P>0.05),說(shuō)明三組患者病情嚴(yán)重情況相當(dāng),具有可比性。
2.2三組患者細(xì)胞因子水平的比較在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)(入院時(shí)、入院后24、48及72 h)檢測(cè)三組患者血漿TNF-α、IL-1及IL-6濃度,結(jié)果表明:入院時(shí),三組患者TNF-α、IL-1及IL-6濃度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。和對(duì)照組相比,在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn),去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素均能降低膿毒癥休克患者早期的細(xì)胞因子水平,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表2,P<0.05)。和垂體后葉素組相比,在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn),去甲腎上腺素更能降低膿毒癥休克細(xì)胞因子水平(表2,P<0.05)。
2.3三組患者的28 d病死率的比較三組患者的28 d病死率分別為:對(duì)照組12.90%(4/31),去甲腎上素組9.72%(7/72),垂體后葉素組8.62%(5/58),三組患者的28 d病死率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素歲能降低膿毒癥休克患者早期的細(xì)胞因子水平,但對(duì)患者的28 d病死率無(wú)明顯影響。
3討論
膿毒癥是感染導(dǎo)致的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,可導(dǎo)致急性器官功能障礙而發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重膿毒癥,或?qū)е碌脱獕骸⒗^發(fā)器官灌注不足為表現(xiàn)的膿毒癥休克。嚴(yán)重膿毒癥和膿毒癥休克可導(dǎo)致重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房患者的不良預(yù)后[5]。
膿毒癥的發(fā)生機(jī)制紛繁復(fù)雜,細(xì)胞因子的大量激活在膿毒癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用。免疫細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子如干擾素、白細(xì)胞介素和腫瘤壞死因子通過(guò)傳遞細(xì)胞間的信息而發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。細(xì)胞因子一般可分為致炎性細(xì)胞因子與抗炎性細(xì)胞因子兩類,IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α為致炎性細(xì)胞因子,IL-4、IL-10為抗炎性因子[6]。作為炎癥反應(yīng)中的重要細(xì)胞因子,TNF-α、IL-1與IL-6在感染時(shí)介導(dǎo)固有免疫初始應(yīng)答感染的作用。TNF-α與IL-1 通過(guò)激活內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)循環(huán)中的多形核白細(xì)胞遷移,使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征的表現(xiàn)[7]。在感染早期IL-6表達(dá)增加,IL-6與干擾素等多種細(xì)胞因子相互作用介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng),干擾素和內(nèi)毒素可促進(jìn)IL-6的表達(dá),從而誘導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞死亡[8]。因此,TNF-α、IL-1與IL-6在全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征和膿毒癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起啟動(dòng)作用[9]。同時(shí),細(xì)胞因子和一氧化氮合成酶可增加膿毒癥休克患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,既往研究表明,TNF-α可通過(guò)增加一氧化氮合成酶的含量而產(chǎn)生心臟毒性物質(zhì)、過(guò)硝酸鹽,對(duì)心肌[10]、肺[11]和腎[12]造成損傷,從而增加膿毒癥患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。在一定程度上抑制膿毒癥患者促炎因子的激活和釋放,對(duì)改善膿毒癥患者的預(yù)后具有重要意義。本文研究了去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)細(xì)胞因子水平的影響,結(jié)果表明去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素均能降低膿毒癥休克患者早期的細(xì)胞因子水平,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。和垂體后葉素組相比,在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)去甲腎上腺素更能降低膿毒癥休克細(xì)胞因子水平。
在膿毒癥休克患者中,存活患者和死亡患者的早期細(xì)胞因子水平存在差異,血漿細(xì)胞因子水平和患者病死率存在相關(guān)性。一些治療也能改變血漿細(xì)胞因子的水平[13]。去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克換的細(xì)胞因子水平可產(chǎn)生不同的影響。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,垂體后葉素能降低實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物促炎因子的表達(dá)[14-16],去甲腎上腺素也能改變細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),但各文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道存在差異[17-20]。既往研究表明,垂體后葉素和去甲腎上腺素相比,垂體后葉素能更好的降低IL-10的產(chǎn)生,這可從一方面解釋垂體后葉素降低膿毒癥患者的病死率,IL-10可抑制血管生成和誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡[21-22],還可促進(jìn)凝血的發(fā)生,使內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附到未激活的血小板,還能誘導(dǎo)氧化應(yīng)激的發(fā)生[23],所以抑制IL-10的產(chǎn)生對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者有益。同時(shí),去甲腎上腺素也能抑制細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,關(guān)于去甲腎上腺素對(duì)膿毒癥患者細(xì)胞因子的影響的報(bào)道不一致,有報(bào)道認(rèn)為去甲腎上腺素能增加IL-6的水平,同時(shí)激活能產(chǎn)生的單核細(xì)胞[20]。減少細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生從而終止免疫反應(yīng)的激活對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者有益。
目前關(guān)于垂體后葉素和去甲腎上腺素對(duì)膿毒癥患者早期細(xì)胞因子水平影響的研究較少。本研究以膿毒癥休克患者為研究對(duì)象,探討去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者早期細(xì)胞因子水平及28 d病死率的影響,結(jié)果表明去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素均能降低膿毒癥患者早期細(xì)胞因子水平,但并未能改善患者28 d病死率。這可能是因?yàn)槟摱景Y休克的發(fā)生發(fā)展受多種因素影響,機(jī)制復(fù)雜,單純降低膿毒癥患者TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6并未降低患者病死率,膿毒癥發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步研究,本研究明確了去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者早期TNF-α、IL-1和IL-6的影響,為臨床用藥提供了理論依據(jù)。
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(本文編輯:齊名;英文編輯:王建東)
Effect of norepinephrine and vasopressin on cytokine level of septic shock patients
ZHAO Yang, XU Yang, XIE Ji, YANG Zhi-zhou,SUNZhao-rui,NIEShi-nan.
DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,NanjingGeneralHospitalofNanjingMilitaryCommand,PLA,Nanjing,Jiangsu210002,China
[Key words]norepinephrine; vasopressin; septic shock; cytokine; mortality
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of norepinephrine and vasopressin on cytokine level of septic shock patients, so as to provide rational consultation for clinical using of norepinephrine and vasopressin. MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis for medical records of septic shock patients who admitted to our emergency intensive care unit from January 2012 to December 2014. According to the usage of vasoactive drugs (noradrenaline and vasopressin), patients were divided into control group (no vasoactive drugs), norepinephrine group and vasopressin group. We compared the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ), cytokine level and 28-day mortality of the three groups. ResultsThere were no difference between the three groups of hospitalized APACHEⅡ score; Compared with the control group, norepinephrine and vasopressin could decrease early cytokine concentration of septic shock patients; Compared with the vasopressin group, norepinephrine reduced cytokine level in septic shock patients more obvious than vasopressin. There were no significant difference in 28-day mortality of the three group patients. ConclusionNorepinephrine and vasopressin can reduce early cytokine level of septic shock patients, but not reduce 28-day mortality.
基金項(xiàng)目:全軍后勤面上項(xiàng)目(CNJ14L002);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金課題(81401583);南京軍區(qū)重點(diǎn)課題(12732);南京軍區(qū)面上項(xiàng)目(14MS111)
通訊作者:聶時(shí)南,E-mail:shi_nie@sina.com
[中圖分類號(hào)]R631
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-271X.2016.02.003
(收稿日期:2015-11-30;修回日期:2016-01-10)
引用格式:趙揚(yáng),徐洋,謝繼,等.去甲腎上腺素和垂體后葉素對(duì)膿毒癥休克患者細(xì)胞因子的影響[J].東南國(guó)防醫(yī)藥,2016,18(2):119-121,134.