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吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切釘合術(shù)與多普勒超聲引導(dǎo)下痔動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù)治療Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病的效果比較

2016-07-11 20:43魏巍魏東李榮先蔡建彭昕
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2016年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)發(fā)率黏膜評(píng)分

魏巍 魏東 李榮先 蔡建 彭昕

[摘要] 目的 探討吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切釘合術(shù)(PPH)與多普勒超聲引導(dǎo)下痔動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù)(DGHAL)治療Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病的臨床效果。 方法 選取2010年1月~2011年12月本院收治的Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病患者112例,根據(jù)手術(shù)方法將患者分為PPH術(shù)組(n=58)、DGHAL術(shù)組(n=54)。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)療效、并發(fā)癥及復(fù)發(fā)情況。 結(jié)果 PPH術(shù)組的術(shù)后恢復(fù)日常活動(dòng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于DGHAL術(shù)組,術(shù)后痛評(píng)分高于DGHAL術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。PPH術(shù)組術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期[中位隨訪38個(gè)月(33~48個(gè)月)]癥狀評(píng)分及痔脫出復(fù)發(fā)率均低于DGHAL術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)后8周的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期,兩組的所有并發(fā)癥均消除。 結(jié)論 PPH術(shù)與DGHAL術(shù)均為治療Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病較安全有效的手術(shù)方式,DGHAL術(shù)術(shù)后疼痛輕微,術(shù)后恢復(fù)日?;顒?dòng)時(shí)間短,而PPH術(shù)的遠(yuǎn)期效果可靠,痔脫出復(fù)發(fā)率低。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 痔??;吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切釘合術(shù);多普勒超聲引導(dǎo)下痔動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù)

[中圖分類號(hào)] R657.1+8 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2016)03(b)-0024-04

Effect comparison of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids and Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation in the treatment ofⅡ-Ⅲ degree haemorrhoids

WEI Wei1 WEI Dong2 LI Rong-xian1 CAI Jian2 PENG Xin1

1.Department of Anorectum,Central Hospital of Xinxiang City in Henan Province,Xinxiang 453000,China;2.Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery of PLA,the 150th Central Hospital of PLA,Luoyang 471031,China

[Abstract] Objective To discuss the clinical effect of procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH) and Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation (DGHAL) in the treatment of Ⅱ-Ⅲdegree haemorrhoids. Methods 112 patients with Ⅱ-Ⅲ degree haemorrhoids treated by our hospital from January 2010 and December 2011 were chosen,and they were divided into PPH group (n=58) and DGHAL group (n=54) according to operation method.The curative effect of operation,complication and recurrence between two groups was compared respectively. Results The time of recovering daily activities after operation in PPH group was longer than that of DGHAL group,pain score after operation in PPH group was higher than that of DGHAL group,and there was a statistical difference (P<0.05).Symptom score of postoperative long-term [median follow-up of 38 months (33-48 months)] and recurrence rate of hemorrhoids prolapse in PPH group was lower than that of DGHAL group respectively, and there was a statistical difference (P<0.05).There was no statistical difference of incidence rate of complication between two groups after 8 weeks operation (P>0.05),at postoperative long-term period, all complications were eliminated in the two groups. Conclusion PPH and DGHAL are more safe and effective method treating degree Ⅱ-Ⅲ haemorrhoids.Postoperative pain is light after DGHAL operation,and its time of recovering daily activities after operation is short,and long term effect of PPH is reliable,and its recurrence rate of hemorrhoids prolapse is low.

[Key words] Haemorrhoids;Procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids;Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation

痔病是最常見的肛腸疾病之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在全球范圍內(nèi),它在成人中的發(fā)病率大約為5%[1]。痔病根據(jù)病情不同而采用不同的治療方法。長(zhǎng)期以來外科手術(shù)治療以外剝內(nèi)扎手術(shù)(Milligan-Morgan術(shù))作為經(jīng)典術(shù)式,該術(shù)式操作簡(jiǎn)便、費(fèi)用低廉,但手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,患者疼痛劇烈甚至術(shù)后影響肛門自制功能的弊端仍不容忽視。

隨著科技的發(fā)展以及對(duì)痔病發(fā)病機(jī)制的深入認(rèn)識(shí),近年來出現(xiàn)了吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切釘合術(shù)(procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,PPH)、多普勒超聲引導(dǎo)下痔動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎術(shù)(Doppler-guided haemorrhoidal artery ligation,DGHAL)。PPH術(shù)通過懸吊直腸黏膜,恢復(fù)患病痔組織正常的解剖和生理功能。相關(guān)研究顯示,PPH 術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)痔切除手術(shù)比較痛苦小,恢復(fù)快[2-3]。同時(shí)一些報(bào)道認(rèn)為,PPH術(shù)有發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4-5]。DGHAL術(shù)是一種在超聲引導(dǎo)下封閉直腸上動(dòng)脈的末梢分支,由此減少痔血管叢血流的手術(shù)方法。據(jù)報(bào)道,就術(shù)后疼痛及恢復(fù)正?;顒?dòng)而言,DGHAL術(shù)比傳統(tǒng)痔切除術(shù)更具有優(yōu)勢(shì),但在復(fù)發(fā)率方面與傳統(tǒng)痔切除術(shù)相似[6-8]。本研究比較PPH術(shù)與DGHAL術(shù)治療Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病的臨床效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

本研究通過新鄉(xiāng)市中心醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)的審批,所有參加入組的患者均自愿并簽署知情同意書。選取2010年1月~2011年12月在新鄉(xiāng)市中心醫(yī)院肛腸科住院行手術(shù)治療的112例Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病患者,病史0.5~15年。應(yīng)用根據(jù)手術(shù)方法將112例患者分為PPH組(n=58),DGHAL組(n=54)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合《痔臨床診治指南》(2006版)[9]中痔診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Ⅱ~Ⅲ度內(nèi)痔及以內(nèi)痔為主的痔病患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并肛裂、肛瘺、肛門狹窄等其他肛門直腸疾病者;②既往有注射治療、套扎或結(jié)扎治療及手術(shù)治療史者;③合并嚴(yán)重的心腦血管、呼吸等內(nèi)科疾病,精神或心理疾病及圍生期婦女患者。兩組患者的年齡、性別構(gòu)成、病程、臨床分度以及術(shù)前癥狀評(píng)分等一般資料差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1),具有可比性。患者臨床癥狀量化評(píng)分表見表2。

1.2 手術(shù)方法

兩組患者均進(jìn)行必要的全身和??茩z查。術(shù)前備皮,術(shù)晨用溫肥皂水灌腸。兩組均采用骶管麻醉,取膀胱截石位,所有手術(shù)由同一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)完成。PPH術(shù)組行PPH手術(shù)治療:采用PPH01(33 mm)一次性肛痔吻合器(Ethicon EndoSurgery?誖),麻醉滿意后充分?jǐn)U肛,置入肛管擴(kuò)張器,取出內(nèi)拴并加以固定。放入縫扎器,于齒狀線上2.5~4.0 cm 處行單荷包縫合,也可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況行雙重荷包縫合(脫垂痔的長(zhǎng)度≥3 cm 者宜行雙荷包縫合)。放入抵釘座,將荷包線收緊并打結(jié),旋緊吻合器,女性患者注意切勿夾入陰道后壁組織。擊發(fā)吻合器,30 s后旋松并取出,仔細(xì)檢查吻合口,遇有搏動(dòng)出血的部位行縫扎止血。DGHAL術(shù)組行DGHAL手術(shù)治療:采用AKS 100痔動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎多普勒超聲檢查治療儀(南京奧克森電子公司),麻醉滿意后充分?jǐn)U肛,將帶有超聲探頭的直腸鏡消毒后置于齒線上約3 cm處,順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)直腸鏡,當(dāng)監(jiān)測(cè)到多普勒信號(hào)明顯處固定直腸鏡,通過直腸鏡操作窗口用2-0可吸收線對(duì)黏膜下痔動(dòng)脈行“8”字縫合,同理處理其他部位的痔動(dòng)脈。將直腸鏡退出0.5 cm重復(fù)上述操作。在進(jìn)行痔動(dòng)脈縫扎的同時(shí)對(duì)脫垂的痔核通過可吸收線進(jìn)行縫合懸吊并對(duì)痔核本身進(jìn)行縫扎進(jìn)一步鞏固脫垂痔懸吊固定效果(以上手術(shù)在齒線上0.5 cm操作)。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

在術(shù)后8周(近期)及中位隨訪38個(gè)月(33~48個(gè)月)(遠(yuǎn)期)兩個(gè)觀察節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行隨訪觀察。觀察指標(biāo)包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后恢復(fù)日?;顒?dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后疼痛、臨床癥狀評(píng)分、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及復(fù)發(fā)情況。術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)估采用國(guó)際通用的視覺模擬評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(visual analogue score,VAS),實(shí)行0~10分制。患者臨床癥狀評(píng)估利用一個(gè)特別設(shè)計(jì)的調(diào)查問卷表來進(jìn)行,該表選取痔病患者4個(gè)典型癥狀指標(biāo)進(jìn)行量化評(píng)分。每項(xiàng)指標(biāo)評(píng)分從0~4分,0分代表從未出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)癥狀,4分代表每次排便均出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)癥狀(表2)。復(fù)發(fā)是指在門診復(fù)查或電話隨訪中痔脫出或頻繁出血。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行處理,呈正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),呈非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料,以中位數(shù)(P25,P75)表示,采用秩和檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α = 0.05。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后恢復(fù)日常活動(dòng)時(shí)間、術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分的比較

兩組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。DGHAL術(shù)組的術(shù)后恢復(fù)日常活動(dòng)時(shí)間短于PPH術(shù)組,術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分低于PPH術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。

2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后近期癥狀評(píng)分及復(fù)發(fā)情況的比較

術(shù)后8周,PPH術(shù)組[1.1(0,7)分]的癥狀評(píng)分與DGHAL術(shù)組[1.6(0,12)分]比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組均無復(fù)發(fā)病例出現(xiàn)。

2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的比較

術(shù)后8周,兩組患者的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表4)。中位隨訪38個(gè)月(33~48個(gè)月),兩組患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥均消除。

2.4 兩組患者術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期癥狀評(píng)分及復(fù)發(fā)率的比較

中位隨訪38個(gè)月(33~48個(gè)月),PPH術(shù)組的癥狀評(píng)分及痔脫出復(fù)發(fā)率均低于DGHAL術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表5)。

3 討論

肛墊是人體正常的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),相關(guān)研究證實(shí)肛管靜息壓的15%~20%來自肛墊的作用,同時(shí)肛墊作為肛門的一個(gè)“塞子”,在肛門精細(xì)控便能力方面起重要作用[10]。Maloku 等[11]認(rèn)為黏膜脫垂可能影響靜脈回流,去除脫垂黏膜或者黏膜折疊固定術(shù)能改善痔血管叢的靜脈回流,從而減少痔病的發(fā)作。PPH術(shù)與DGHAL術(shù)均是通過減少動(dòng)脈血流以及去除脫垂黏膜或者黏膜折疊固定從而恢復(fù)肛墊的正常解剖,同時(shí)改善痔血管叢的生理功能[12]。

PPH術(shù)與DGHAL術(shù)均在敏感的肛管以上操作,因此與傳統(tǒng)痔切除術(shù)比較,較少引起術(shù)后疼痛。韓國(guó)學(xué)者Kim[13]提出,DGHAL術(shù)與PPH術(shù)比較,DGHAL術(shù)后第1周疼痛更輕。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn),與PPH術(shù)比較,DGHAL術(shù)后疼痛更輕微。此外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DGHAL術(shù)組患者術(shù)后不適感相對(duì)較小,術(shù)后能更早地恢復(fù)日?;顒?dòng)。本研究采用癥狀評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)療效,結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者術(shù)后近期(8周)的癥狀評(píng)分顯著低于術(shù)前,且兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);中位隨訪38個(gè)月,PPH術(shù)組的癥狀評(píng)分低于DGHAL組(P<0.05),說明PPH術(shù)組有更好的長(zhǎng)期手術(shù)療效。國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)關(guān)于DGHAL術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)痔切除術(shù)術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果的Meta分析證實(shí)DGHAL術(shù)后脫垂復(fù)發(fā)率更高,并且在Ⅲ~Ⅳ度痔病中這種差異更顯著,兩組間其他結(jié)果(出血及患者滿意度)無明顯差異[14-15]。另一項(xiàng)前瞻性試驗(yàn)中DGHAL聯(lián)合黏膜固定術(shù)與PPH術(shù)治療Ⅲ~Ⅳ度痔病,隨訪6周,分別有78%、83%(P=0.648)的患者癥狀完全改善;隨訪28個(gè)月,術(shù)后持續(xù)脫垂在DGHAL術(shù)組更普遍(22% vs 11%)[16]。本研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,DGHAL組中位隨訪38個(gè)月,患者的癥狀評(píng)分高于PPH組,且復(fù)發(fā)率顯著增高,共有13例出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)癥狀,而PPH組僅有6例復(fù)發(fā)。痔脫出和頻繁出血是復(fù)發(fā)最常見的癥狀,本研究中PPH組與DGHAL組術(shù)后痔脫出復(fù)發(fā)率分別為5.2%、16.7%,而兩組術(shù)后的頻繁出血率相近(5.2% vs 7.4%)(P>0.05)。筆者認(rèn)為,PPH術(shù)通過切除痔核上方的直腸黏膜對(duì)痔脫垂進(jìn)行懸吊上提,而DGHAL術(shù)通過可吸收線縫合折疊直腸黏膜從而可懸吊固定脫垂的痔核,這種“非切除”技術(shù)對(duì)于脫垂癥狀嚴(yán)重的痔病來說治療效果有限,而在阻斷痔的血供,控制痔出血方面,兩種手術(shù)方式的效果相近。

總之,PPH術(shù)與DGHAL術(shù)均是治療Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病較安全、有效的手術(shù)方式。兩種術(shù)式各有利弊,PPH術(shù)的遠(yuǎn)期手術(shù)療效確切,復(fù)發(fā)率低,而DGHAL術(shù)后疼痛輕微,術(shù)后恢復(fù)日常活動(dòng)時(shí)間短,因此,外科醫(yī)師應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的病情以及自身對(duì)術(shù)式的熟練程度選擇合適的手術(shù)方式治療Ⅱ~Ⅲ度痔病。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2] González-Macedo EA,Cosme-Reyes C,Belmonte-Montes C.Modification to stapled mucosectomy technique with PPH.Experience of a surgical group[J].Cir Cir,2015,83(2):124-128.

[3] 朱軍,丁健華,趙克,等.吻合器痔上黏膜環(huán)切釘合術(shù)與開放式外剝內(nèi)扎痔切除術(shù)治療Ⅲ度痔遠(yuǎn)期療效比較[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用外科雜志,2012,32(5):398-401.

[4] Safadi W,Altshuler A,Kiv S,et al.Severe retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal bleeding after stapling procedure for prolapsed haemorrhoids (PPH);diagnosis,treatment and 6-year follow-up of the case[J].BMJ Case Rep,2014,2014.

[5] Wang Q,Du J,Cai C,et al.Severe intra-abdominal bleeding leading to hemorrhagic shock,rectal perforation,and bilateral hydrothorax after stapling procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids (PPH):is the transanal drainage feasible in this situation? : report of a case and a successful experience[J].Int J Colorectal Dis,2014,29(4):541-542.

[6] Walega P,Romaniszyn M,Kenig J,et al.Doppler-guided hemorrhoid artery ligation with Recto-Anal-Repair modification:functional evaluation and safety assessment of a new minimally invasive method of treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease[J].Sci World J,2012,2012:324040.

[7] Wa?覥ega P,Scheyer M,Arnold S,et al.Selective Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation as a minimaly invasive method of treatment of hemorrhoidal disease[J].Przegl Lek,2009,66(3):122-125.

[8] 唐迎春,董曉妮,胡漢平.PPH與DGHAL術(shù)式治療Ⅲ度混合痔的比較[J].華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版),2012,41(6):755-758.

[9] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)外科學(xué)分會(huì)結(jié)直腸肛門外科學(xué)組,中華中醫(yī)藥學(xué)會(huì)肛腸病專業(yè)委員會(huì),中國(guó)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合學(xué)會(huì)結(jié)直腸肛門病專業(yè)委員會(huì).痔臨床診治指南(2006版)[J].中華胃腸外科雜志,2006,9(5):461-462.

[10] Yeo D,Tan KY.Hemorrhoidectomy-making sense of the surgical options[J].World J Gastroenterol,2014,20(45):16976-16983.

[11] Maloku H,Gashi Z,Lazovic R,et al.Laser hemorrhoidoplasty procedure vs open surgical hemorrhoidectomy:a trial comparing 2 treatments for hemorrhoids of third and fourth degree[J].Acta Inform Med,2014,22(6):365-367.

[12] Shrestha S,Pradhan GB,Shrestha R,et al.Stapled haemorrhoidectomy in the operative treatment of grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ haemorrhoids[J].Nepal Med Coll J,2014,16(1):72-74.

[13] Kim do S.Histopathology and physiological alterations after procedure for prolapsed hemorrhoids[J].Ann Coloproctol,2013,29(5):179-180.

[14] Denoya P,Tam J,Bergamaschi R.Hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy versus hemorrhoidectomy:3-year follow-up assessment of a randomized controlled trial[J].Tech Coloproctol,2014,18(11):1081-1085.

[15] Athanasiou A,Karles D,Michalinos A,et al.Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation and rectoanal repair modification for the treatment of grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ hemorrhoids:one-year follow-up[J].Am Surg,2014,80(12):1279-1280.

[16] Verre L,Rossi R,Gaggelli I,et al.PPH versus THD:a comparison of two techniques for Ⅲ and Ⅳ degree haemorrhoids.Personal experience[J].Minerva Chir,2013,68(6):543-550.

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