蘇麗芬 洪宇
[摘要] 目的 比較腹腔鏡與開腹手術(shù)治療輸卵管妊娠致腹腔內(nèi)大出血的效果。 方法 回顧性分析2000年1月~2015年10月104例在普寧市婦幼保健院婦科住院、因輸卵管妊娠致腹腔內(nèi)大出血行手術(shù)治療的患者的臨床資料,其中66例行腹腔鏡手術(shù),38例行開腹手術(shù),比較兩組患者的治療效果。 結(jié)果 腹腔鏡組患者中原有3例因盆腔嚴(yán)重粘連、出血兇猛而中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,其余均在腹腔鏡下順利完成,成功率為95.7%;兩組均取得很好的臨床療效,無一例術(shù)中、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生;與開腹組患者比較,腹腔鏡組患者盆腹腔積血量明顯較少,且手術(shù)時(shí)間明顯較短(P均<0.05),在術(shù)中出血量、輸血量方面,兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05);腹腔鏡組患者術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后首次下床時(shí)間均短于開腹組(P均<0.05);兩組出院時(shí)血紅蛋白水平、住院天數(shù)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。 結(jié)論 與開腹手術(shù)比較,腹腔鏡手術(shù)對腹腔內(nèi)大出血的輸卵管妊娠患者具有快速止血、手術(shù)時(shí)間短等優(yōu)勢,值得臨床推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 輸卵管妊娠;腹腔出血;腹腔鏡手術(shù);開腹手術(shù)
[中圖分類號] R714.22 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2016)03(b)-0081-03
[Abstract] Objective To compare the effect of laparoscopy and laparotomy in the treatment of fallopian pregnancy induced intra-abdominal bleeding. Methods Clinical data of 104 patients who were hospitalized in Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Puning City and were given surgical treatment due to fallopian pregnancy induced intra-abdominal bleeding from January 2000 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.66 patients were given laparoscopy and 38 patients were given laparotomy.Curative effects were compared between the two groups. Results 3 patients in the laparoscopy group were changed to laparotomy due to severe adhesion of pelvic cavity and unstoppable bleeding,and others were successfully completed under laparoscopy,with the successful rate of 95.7%;The clinical curative effects were favorable in the two groups,without complications during the surgery and after the surgery;Compared with the patients in the laparotomy group,the volume of bleeding in the pelvic cavity in the patients in the laparoscopy group was significantly lower,and the surgery time was significantly shorter(all P<0.05).In terms of volume of bleeding during surgery and volume of blood transfusion,there were no differences between the two groups of patients (all P<0.05);Time of postoperative passage of gas and postoperative first off-bed activity in the patients in the laparoscopy group was better than that in the laparotomy group respectively(all P<0.05);In terms of level of hemoglobin and length of stay upon discharge,there was no significant differences between the two groups of patients respectively(all P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with laparotomy,laparoscopy has the advantages of fast hemostasis and short surgery time for the patients with fallopian pregnancy induced intra-abdominal bleeding,which is worthy of clinical promotion.
[Key words] Fallopian pregnancy;Abdominal bleeding;Laparoscopy;Laparotomy
異位妊娠是可危及生命的婦科常見病,其發(fā)生率為所有妊娠的1.3%~2%,以輸卵管妊娠為主[1]。盡管近年來該病導(dǎo)致的死亡率明顯降低,但仍占妊娠相關(guān)死亡總數(shù)的9%~13%[2-3]。腹腔鏡術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小、失血少、術(shù)時(shí)短、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢,已逐漸取代傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù),成為診治異位妊娠的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但對于異位妊娠病灶已發(fā)生破裂,腹腔內(nèi)大出血的患者來說,腹腔內(nèi)的出血量與患者的血流動力狀態(tài)是衡量采用腹腔鏡或開腹手術(shù)的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。既往有學(xué)者報(bào)道腹腔鏡手術(shù)對此類患者的可行性[4-7],但納入的患者數(shù)量較少,本研究擬采用病例對照研究方法比較腹腔鏡與開腹手術(shù)治療輸卵管妊娠致腹腔內(nèi)大出血、血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定患者的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2000年1月~2015年10月在普寧市婦幼保健院婦科住院治療的輸卵管妊娠患者共1125例,其中578例患者接受手術(shù)治療。選取行腹腔鏡或開腹手術(shù)治療、臨床資料完整且符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者為研究對象:①術(shù)前患者生命體征和血紅蛋白檢測提示有血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定;②行患側(cè)輸卵管切除術(shù);③經(jīng)手術(shù)及病理檢查證實(shí)為輸卵管妊娠;④術(shù)中測量盆腹腔積血量≥800 ml。共有104例患者符合入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn),按手術(shù)方式將患者分為腹腔鏡組(66例)和開腹組(38例)。兩組患者在年齡[(26.2±3.7)歲 vs (28.5±4.3)歲]、孕次[(2.7±1.6)次 vs (2.5±1.7)次]、產(chǎn)次[(1.8±1.4)次 vs (1.6±1.4)次]、BMI[(24.3±5.8) kg/m2 vs (24.8±5.5)kg/m2]、妊娠周數(shù)[(6.9±1.6)周 vs (7.3±1.7)周]和盆腹腔手術(shù)史(10例 vs 7例)等方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05),具有可比性。
兩組患者術(shù)前的血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo):收縮壓[(95.6±16.8)mmHg vs (97.7±13.5)mmHg]、舒張壓[(64.1±8.3)mmHg vs (64.6±8.1)mmHg]、心率[(100.6±6.4)/min vs (103.7±7.8)/min]、血紅蛋白[(96.3±10.9)g/L vs (98.7±14.3)g/L]及初診至手術(shù)的時(shí)間間隔[(137.6±39.5)min vs (145.8±42.1)min]方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
開腹組:全身麻醉,患者取平臥位,逐層切開腹壁組織進(jìn)入腹腔,尋找、暴露患側(cè)輸卵管,吸凈盆腔內(nèi)積血,根據(jù)不同情況行輸卵管切除術(shù)或切開取胚術(shù)或妊娠物擠出術(shù),沖洗盆腹腔,止血,逐層關(guān)腹。
腹腔鏡組:全身麻醉,患者取平臥、頭低臀高位,氣腹針穿刺氣孔,形成CO2氣腹,置入10 mm Trocar,使氣腹壓力維持在13 mmHg,將腹腔鏡從Trocar中插入。然后于左右麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)處取小切口,并置入2個(gè)Trocar,先吸出腹腔和盆腔中殘留的積血,暴露患側(cè)輸卵管,對盆腔和腹腔進(jìn)行細(xì)致探查,根據(jù)不同情況行輸卵管切除術(shù)或切開取胚術(shù)或妊娠物擠出術(shù)。通過Trocar將切除物取出,沖洗盆腹腔,止血,排出氣體,縫合切口。
兩組患者術(shù)后均應(yīng)用抗生素抗感染,若有血象高、發(fā)熱等情況,可延長應(yīng)用時(shí)間。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
觀察比較兩組術(shù)中相關(guān)指標(biāo)(盆腹腔積血量、術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、輸血量)和術(shù)后相關(guān)指標(biāo)(肛門排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后首次下床活動時(shí)間、出院時(shí)血紅蛋白、住院天數(shù)和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
腹腔鏡組患者中原有3例因盆腔嚴(yán)重粘連、出血兇猛而中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,其余均在腹腔鏡下順利完成,成功率為95.7%。開腹組和腹腔鏡組均取得很好的臨床療效,無一例術(shù)中、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
2.1 兩組患者術(shù)中相關(guān)指標(biāo)的比較
與開腹組患者比較,腹腔鏡組患者盆腹腔積血量明顯較少,且手術(shù)時(shí)間明顯較短(P均<0.05);在術(shù)中出血量、輸血量方面,兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后相關(guān)指標(biāo)的比較
腹腔鏡組患者術(shù)后肛門排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后首次下床活動時(shí)間均短于開腹組(P均<0.05);兩組患者出院時(shí)血紅蛋白水平、住院天數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)(表2)。
3 討論
腹腔鏡術(shù)是破裂型異位妊娠的常用治療方法,但并不適用于所有患者,既往觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,對于輸卵管間質(zhì)部妊娠、宮角妊娠、肥胖、盆腔嚴(yán)重粘連患者來說,尤其是伴有血流動力學(xué)狀態(tài)不穩(wěn)定的患者,腹腔鏡手術(shù)難度大、時(shí)間長,被列為禁忌證[8-9]。近年來隨著腹腔鏡器械的更新升級和臨床醫(yī)師微創(chuàng)手術(shù)技術(shù)的提高,上述禁忌證已逐漸成為相對禁忌。據(jù)報(bào)道[10],有多達(dá)15%的異位妊娠患者可能經(jīng)歷低血容量性休克,但由于缺乏大樣本的臨床數(shù)據(jù),腹腔鏡手術(shù)對快速止血的作用目前尚存在爭議。有研究[11]提示,對于同時(shí)伴有血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的異位妊娠患者來說,腹腔鏡手術(shù)時(shí)可能發(fā)生以下病理、生理效應(yīng),應(yīng)加以權(quán)衡。①對患者有利:頭低腳高體位可增加心臟回流血量,腹腔因氣腹壓力增加可壓迫血管壁,在一定程度上限制病灶進(jìn)行性出血;②對患者不利:氣腹會減少下肢靜脈回流和回心血量,從而減少心排血量。
既往已有較多學(xué)者證實(shí),針對血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的異位妊娠患者,施行腹腔鏡手術(shù)的成功率高達(dá)90.9%~94.5%,僅有不到10%患者需要中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,且術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率等與開腹患者比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[4-5]。最近一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究[12]提示,腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療腹腔內(nèi)出血量>800 ml的異位妊娠患者時(shí),有自信的術(shù)者和富有手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的術(shù)者成功率分別為70%和100%。本研究期間,腹腔鏡組患者中有3例因盆腔嚴(yán)重粘連、出血兇猛而中轉(zhuǎn)開腹,其余均在腹腔鏡下順利完成,成功率為95.7%,與上述研究結(jié)果相似,說明腹腔鏡手術(shù)的可行性。其是否優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)?本研究提示,腹腔鏡組和開腹組患者術(shù)前的血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo)(收縮壓、舒張壓、心率、血紅蛋白)及初診至手術(shù)的時(shí)間間隔方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但與開腹組患者比較,腹腔鏡組患者術(shù)畢時(shí)盆腹腔積血量明顯較少,其與腹腔鏡手術(shù)進(jìn)入腹腔快(節(jié)約了開腹的時(shí)間),視野更清晰,手術(shù)時(shí)間明顯縮短有關(guān),且手術(shù)過程中氣腹壓迫血管壁,控制出血量,從而減少患者的總體失血量[13-14]。
綜上所述,與傳統(tǒng)開腹手術(shù)比較,腹腔鏡手術(shù)對腹腔內(nèi)大出血的輸卵管妊娠患者具有快速止血、手術(shù)時(shí)間短等優(yōu)勢,臨床醫(yī)生可通過提高腹腔鏡操作技巧以提升手術(shù)效果。但對盆腹腔嚴(yán)重粘連等手術(shù)困難患者術(shù)式選擇應(yīng)慎重,切勿勉強(qiáng)施行腹腔鏡,以免延誤搶救時(shí)機(jī),得不償失[15]。
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