蔣 智,賈中申,潘裕佳,,李安潔,韋 方
1貴州省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,貴陽 5500022貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)系,貴陽 550025
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·論著·
子宮內(nèi)膜干細(xì)胞來源細(xì)胞因子雞尾酒對小鼠心肌缺血再灌注損傷的影響
蔣智1,賈中申2,潘裕佳1,2,李安潔1,韋方1
1貴州省人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,貴陽 5500022貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)系,貴陽 550025
摘要:目的研究子宮內(nèi)膜干細(xì)胞(EnSCs)來源細(xì)胞因子雞尾酒(EdCC)對小鼠心肌缺血再灌注損傷(I/R)的影響。方法采用Millipore蛋白超濾技術(shù)從EnSCs培養(yǎng)液中提取EdCC,通過尾靜脈注射治療小鼠心肌I/R損傷。TTC/Evans Blue染色評估梗死面積,TUNEL染色計數(shù)凋亡細(xì)胞,Western blot法檢測cleaved caspase 3。結(jié)果EdCC提取效率為每24 h (222.4±29.3) μg/106細(xì)胞,經(jīng)-80℃凍存后EdCC蛋白濃度及蛋白總量逐漸降低。與I/R組比較,100 μg新鮮提取的EdCC可顯著縮小心肌梗死面積(P=0.001),減少梗死周邊區(qū)細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)量(P=0.019),降低cleaved caspase 3表達(dá)(P=0.002),增加EdCC劑量不能進(jìn)一步縮小梗死面積。EdCC經(jīng)-80 ℃凍存90 d以上心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)逐漸降低。結(jié)論EdCC可能是通過抑制細(xì)胞凋亡保護(hù)心肌I/R損傷。經(jīng)-80 ℃凍存30 d以內(nèi)可保持較強(qiáng)保護(hù)效應(yīng)。
關(guān)鍵詞:子宮內(nèi)膜干細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞因子;心肌梗死;缺血再灌注損傷;凋亡
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(3):253-259
急性心肌梗死已成為國人主要致死原因[1]。急診再灌注治療可顯著縮小急性心肌梗死的梗死面積從而改善預(yù)后,但缺血再灌注損傷(ischemic reperfusion injury,I/R)會加重心肌結(jié)構(gòu)破壞和功能障礙,削弱再灌注治療的獲益[2]。如何防治再灌注損傷保護(hù)缺血心肌日益成為急性心肌梗死治療中亟待解決的問題[3]。單一細(xì)胞因子如粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)和促紅細(xì)胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)治療心肌梗死的臨床試驗(yàn)大多得到陰性結(jié)果[4- 5],而干細(xì)胞移植卻取得治療有效的結(jié)論[6],大量研究提示旁分泌效應(yīng)是其最主要的治療機(jī)制[7]。子宮內(nèi)膜干細(xì)胞(endometrial stem cells,EnSCs)具有間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞特性,可從月經(jīng)血中分離獲得,具有無創(chuàng)獲取、增殖速度快、傳代穩(wěn)定、低免疫原性及無倫理道德問題等優(yōu)勢,適宜異體移植,是干細(xì)胞產(chǎn)品中極具潛力的種子細(xì)胞[8]。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人EnSCs移植可通過分泌多種細(xì)胞因子保護(hù)大鼠心肌細(xì)胞,減少心肌梗死面積[9]。為避免直接移植EnSCs潛在的致心律失常[10]、腫瘤形成[11]、血栓栓塞[12]等風(fēng)險,本研究從EnSCs培養(yǎng)液中提取并濃縮EnSCs來源細(xì)胞因子雞尾酒(EnSCs derived cytokine cocktail,EdCC),并觀察了EdCC對小鼠心臟I/R損傷梗死面積和細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。
材料和方法
材料8~12周齡雄性健康昆明小鼠,體重25~30 g,購自貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心。胎牛血清(Hyclone,美國),DMEM/F12細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液(吉諾,中國),PBS(吉諾,中國),25 cm2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶(Corning,美國),Millipore超濾離心管(Millipore,美國),異氟烷(玉研,中國),6- 0手術(shù)縫線(Sharpoint,美國),TTC(Sigma,美國),Evans Blue(凱信,中國),多聚甲醛(凱信,中國),TUNEL試劑盒(Invitrogen,美國),OCT包埋劑(Takura,日本),兔抗小鼠cleaved caspase3(CST,美國),ECL顯色液(Pierce,美國)。
人EnSCs的培養(yǎng)人EnSCs細(xì)胞株購自易文賽生物技術(shù)有限公司(杭州,中國),37 ℃快速溶解后用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞生長至80%按1∶2或1∶3傳代。
EdCC的制備和儲存將8×105個EnSCs種入25 cm2培養(yǎng)瓶中,24 h后用PBS洗3次,加入3 ml無血清無酚紅DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液,于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),24 h后吸出培養(yǎng)液,5000 r/min離心15 min,將上清加入Millipore超濾離心管,5000 r/min離心30 min,上層濃縮液即為EdCC,培養(yǎng)瓶中EnSCs消化后細(xì)胞計數(shù)。用200 μl移液器測得EdCC總體積V,然后取1 μl EdCC加99 μl無酚紅DMEM/F12,BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量測得蛋白濃度C,蛋白總量Q=C×V,EdCC提取效率E=Q μg/(細(xì)胞總數(shù)·24 h)。蛋白定量后供實(shí)驗(yàn)用或-80 ℃冰箱儲存。
小鼠心肌I/R損傷模型小鼠用2%異氟烷持續(xù)吸入麻醉,6-0圓針絲線于肺動脈下方2 mm處用活結(jié)結(jié)扎左冠狀動脈前降支開始缺血,將活結(jié)線頭預(yù)留5 mm在胸腔外,5 min后經(jīng)尾靜脈注射藥物,30 min后適當(dāng)用力拉活結(jié)線頭將活結(jié)松開開始再灌注[13]。I/R組注射200 μl無血清DMEM/F12,I/R+EdCC組按實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計注射不同劑量及不同凍存時間的EdCC(用無血清DMEM/F12稀釋成200 μl)。
TTC/Evans Blue染色脫頸椎處死小鼠,將原先松開的線結(jié)再次結(jié)扎,從升主動脈逆行注入2% Evans Blue染液,剪下心臟用PBS洗去多余染液,保鮮膜包裹后放入-20 ℃冰箱冷凍15 min,取出后垂直左心室長軸從心尖至心底間隔1 mm切成5~6片,放入37 ℃含2% TTC的PBS中避光染色20 min,4%多聚甲醛溶液固定20 min,壓平、拍照,非藍(lán)染區(qū)域?yàn)槲kU區(qū)(area at risk,AAR),白色區(qū)域?yàn)楣K绤^(qū)(infarct area,IA)。用image-pro plus軟件分別計算各切片的左心室面積(left ventricle,LV)、AAR面積和IA面積。梗死面積(IA/AAR%)=IA總和/AAR總和×100%,危險區(qū)面積(AAR/LV%)=AAR總和/LV總和×100%。
冰凍切片脫頸椎處死小鼠,經(jīng)主動脈逆行灌注10 ml冰PBS,剪下心臟用濾紙吸去多余水分,分離多余結(jié)締組織,用10%、20%、30%蔗糖PBS溶液梯度脫水,OCT包埋,液氮速凍,7 μm切片留樣。
TUNEL染色冰凍切片于常溫放置解凍,晾干,4%多聚甲醛溶液固定10 min,PBS洗3次,0.2% TritonX100穿膜5 min,PBS洗3次,加混合好的TUNEL染液在37 ℃下孵育60 min,PBS洗3次,浸入含1 μg/ml Hoechst的PBS溶液中5 min,PBS洗3次,封片。用熒光顯微鏡觀察,每個樣本取5個梗死周邊區(qū)高倍鏡視野,用image-pro plus軟件計數(shù)TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)。
Western blot檢測小鼠脫頸椎處死后立即經(jīng)主動脈逆行灌注10 ml冰PBS,剪去心包、大血管、右心室游離壁等,僅保留冠脈結(jié)扎線以下左心室心肌組織,冰PBS反復(fù)沖洗。心肌組織用錫箔紙包裹,液氮速凍,砸碎后移入EP管,加RIPA蛋白裂解液及蛋白酶抑制劑,冰上裂解30 min,期間反復(fù)震蕩混勻,離心后取上清用BCA法蛋白定量,準(zhǔn)備蛋白樣品,用15%梯度膠電泳后,轉(zhuǎn)膜,用5 %的脫脂牛奶封閉1 h,膜與兔抗小鼠cleaved caspase 3一抗4℃孵育過夜,PBS-T洗3次,加入HRP偶聯(lián)羊抗兔二抗于室溫孵育2 h,PBS-T洗3次,加ECL液曝光、顯影、定影。用掃描儀掃描曝光膠片,用Bandscan軟件分析條帶像素灰度值。
統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計軟件,所有數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,2組間數(shù)據(jù)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),3組以上數(shù)據(jù)比較采用單因素方差分析和LSD-t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
EnSCs的生長形態(tài)人EnSCs貼壁生長,大部分為紡錘形,細(xì)胞核圓形位于細(xì)胞中間(圖1A),細(xì)胞間融合后形成旋渦樣結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1B)。
EdCC的提取及保存效率每15 ml EnSCs上清液經(jīng)Millipore超濾技術(shù)超濾濃縮后的體積為(200.5±11.2) μl,蛋白濃度為(5.57±0.95) μg/μl,EdCC的提取效率為每24 h (222.4±29.3)μg/106細(xì)胞。-80 ℃長期儲存可導(dǎo)致EdCC蛋白濃度及總量逐漸降低(圖2)。
EdCC減輕心肌I/R損傷將小鼠分為I/R組、I/R+EdCC 50 μg組、I/R+EdCC 100 μg組和I/R+EdCC 200 μg組(注射新鮮提取EdCC),再灌注24 h行心臟TTC/Evans Blue染色,結(jié)果顯示,各組小鼠危險區(qū)面積差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均>0.05);I/R+EdCC 100 μg組[(34.1±8.6)% 比(48.5±7.9)%,P<0.01;(34.1±8.6)% 比(43.4±8.7)%,P<0.05]和I/R+EdCC 200 μg組[(34.3±10.0)% 比(48.5±7.9)%,P<0.01;(34.3±10.0)% 比(43.4±8.7)%,P<0.05]梗死面積較I/R組和I/R+EdCC 50 μg組明顯縮小,I/R+EdCC 100 μg組與I/R+EdCC 200 μg組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖3)。
EnSCs:子宮內(nèi)膜干細(xì)胞
EnSCs:endometrial stem cells
A.融合度30%;B.融合度100%
A.EnSCs with 30% confluent;B. EnSCs with 100% confluent
圖 1倒置顯微鏡下EnSCs的生長形態(tài)
Fig 1Phase-contrast microscopic view of EnSCs
EdCC:EnSCs來源細(xì)胞因子雞尾酒
EdCC:EnSCs derived cytokine cocktail
圖 2EdCC經(jīng)-80℃凍存后蛋白濃度及蛋白總量逐漸降低(n=4)
Fig 2The protein concentration and total quantity of EdCC decreased following-80℃ storage(n=4)
EdCC減少細(xì)胞凋亡將小鼠分為I/R組和I/R+EdCC組(注射新鮮提取100 μg EdCC),再灌注3 h取心臟冰凍切片行TUNEL染色,留蛋白用Western blot檢測cleaved caspase 3,結(jié)果顯示,I/R+EdCC組梗死周邊區(qū)凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量較I/R組明顯減少[(16.2±4.9)個/高倍鏡視野比(23.8±4.9)個/高倍鏡視野,P<0.05],cleaved caspase 3表達(dá)水平明顯降低(0.150±0.027比0.400±0.052,P<0.01)(圖4)。
-80 ℃儲存降低EdCC心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)將小鼠分為I/R組、I/R+EdCC 1 d、I/R+EdCC 30 d、I/R+EdCC 90 d組和I/R+EdCC 180 d組(注射相應(yīng)凍存時間EdCC 100 μg),再灌注24 h行心臟TTC/Evans Blue染色,結(jié)果顯示,各組間危險區(qū)面積差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均>0.05);I/R+EdCC 1 d組[(36.5±7.7)%比(47.0±6.4)%,P<0.01]和I/R+EdCC 30 d組[(39.1±8.9)%比(47.0±6.4)%,P<0.05]的梗死面積明顯小于I/R組,其余各組間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)(圖5)。
討論
EnSCs具有間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞特性,是目前極具潛力的干細(xì)胞產(chǎn)品的種子細(xì)胞,但直接移植間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞存在多種風(fēng)險:(1)干細(xì)胞因缺乏Connexin 43表達(dá)[14- 15]或無法與正常心肌形成節(jié)律偶聯(lián)[16- 17],將在移植局部形成傳導(dǎo)阻滯區(qū)導(dǎo)致折返性心律失常,也可能通過降低心肌細(xì)胞傳導(dǎo)速度形成致心律失?;|(zhì)[10];(2)體外短期培養(yǎng)的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞可能出現(xiàn)染色體畸形,移植后導(dǎo)致腫瘤形成[11];(3)細(xì)胞表面的組織因子引起經(jīng)血管途徑注射后血栓栓塞[12]。近來研究提示,干細(xì)胞的旁分泌效應(yīng)是治療心肌梗死的重要機(jī)制[7]。故本研究采用EdCC注射代替EnSCs移植,以期能避免直接細(xì)胞移植導(dǎo)致的致心律失常、腫瘤形成和血栓栓塞風(fēng)險。
I/R:缺血再灌注損傷;AAR/LV:危險區(qū)面積;IA/AAR:梗死面積;與I/R組比較,aP<0.01;與I/R+EdCC 50 μg組比較,bP<0.05
I/R:ischemic reperfusion injury;AAR/LV:risk area;IA/AAR:infarct area;aP<0.01 compared with I/R group;bP<0.05 compared with I/R+EdCC 50 μg group
A.心臟TTC/Evans Blue染色;B.定量分析危險區(qū)面積;C.定量分析梗死面積
A.representative images of TTC/Evans Blue staining of mouse heart;B.quantification of AAR/LV%;C.quantification of IA/AAR%
圖 3EdCC劑量對梗死面積的影響
Fig 3Influence of EdCC dosage on infarct size
與I/R組比較,aP<0.05,bP<0.01
aP<0.05,bP<0.01 compared with I/R group
A.心臟冰凍切片TUNEL染色,藍(lán)色熒光為細(xì)胞核,綠色熒光為TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞核(箭頭);B. 定量分析梗死周邊區(qū)凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量(n=6);C. Western blot檢測cleaved caspase 3結(jié)果;D.定量分析cleaved caspase 3表達(dá)水平(n=3)
A.representative images of TUNEL positive nuclei in the infarct border zone,blue fluorescence denotes nuclei and green fluorescence denotes apoptotic nuclei (arrow);B.quantification of the apoptotic nuclei(n=6);C. Western blotting of cleaved caspase 3;D.quantification of the ratio of cleaved caspase 3 and β-actin(n=3)
圖 4EdCC減少細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制caspase 3活化
Fig 4EdCC reduced cell apoptosis and inhibited activation of caspase 3
與I/R組比較,aP<0.05,bP<0.01
aP<0.05,bP<0.01 compared with I/R group
A.心臟TTC/Evans Blue染色;B.定量分析危險區(qū)面積;C.定量分析梗死面積
A.representative images of TTC/Evans Blue staining of mouse heart;B.quantification of AAR/LV%;C.quantification of IA/AAR%
圖 5-80℃凍存對EdCC心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)的影響
Fig 5Influence of-80 ℃ storage on the myocardial protective effect of EdCC
當(dāng)前急性心肌梗死最重要的治療措施是在時間窗內(nèi)盡早開通閉塞血管使心肌恢復(fù)血供[3]。隨著急性心肌梗死發(fā)病率的增加、急診再灌注治療的廣泛應(yīng)用,如何保護(hù)缺血心肌、減輕心肌I/R損傷越來越受到重視。本研究在心肌缺血30 min即松開活結(jié)使前降支恢復(fù)血流,即急診再灌注治療,研究設(shè)計接近真實(shí)臨床情況。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在心肌缺血5 min時經(jīng)尾靜脈注射EdCC可使梗死面積顯著縮小,說明EdCC可在靜脈注射后快速介導(dǎo)心肌保護(hù)作用。已知EnSCs經(jīng)心肌移植可激活細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2、信號傳導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3和絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶促存活信號通路減少細(xì)胞凋亡[9],推測EdCC的心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)可能是通過上述信號通路介導(dǎo)。此外,microRNA可能也參與了該保護(hù)效應(yīng)[18]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),I/R損傷引起心肌細(xì)胞凋亡約占所有心肌細(xì)胞死亡的80%[19],caspase 3活化形成cleaved caspase 3是細(xì)胞凋亡的主要執(zhí)行者[20],抑制凋亡可以顯著縮小梗死面積[21]。本研究采用TUNEL染色發(fā)現(xiàn),EdCC可顯著減少梗死周邊區(qū)凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量。Western blot檢測結(jié)果顯示,EdCC可明顯抑制心肌組織cleaved caspase 3表達(dá),從細(xì)胞和蛋白水平證明了EdCC的抗凋亡作用。本研究還顯示,EdCC隨凍存時間延長心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)逐漸降低,推測可能是因?yàn)榈鞍踪|(zhì)聚集、構(gòu)象改變導(dǎo)致生物學(xué)活性喪失[22],如能優(yōu)化凍融過程或制備成凍干粉可進(jìn)一步提高EdCC儲存效率。
目前干細(xì)胞旁分泌效應(yīng)的研究主要存在以下問題:(1)多種因子的協(xié)同作用;(2)心肌梗死不同時期發(fā)揮治療效應(yīng)的因子不同;(3)因子濃度不同生物學(xué)效應(yīng)不同;(4)移植微環(huán)境影響旁分泌譜[23]。這些問題對深入理解旁分泌效應(yīng)造成巨大的障礙,需聯(lián)合基因、蛋白組學(xué)技術(shù)和質(zhì)譜分析才能進(jìn)一步探索并驗(yàn)證具體的有效治療成分[24]。隨著我國《干細(xì)胞臨床研究管理辦法(試行)》的發(fā)布,備受爭議的干細(xì)胞治療迎來新一輪曙光以及挑戰(zhàn)。本研究結(jié)果支持干細(xì)胞治療策略從細(xì)胞移植向細(xì)胞因子注射轉(zhuǎn)化的新方案,在建立EnSCs細(xì)胞庫的同時可建立商品化EdCC以供臨床研究及應(yīng)用。
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基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(81460050)、貴州省科技廳科學(xué)技術(shù)基金(黔科合J字[2014]2112號)和貴州省衛(wèi)生廳科學(xué)技術(shù)基金(gzwkj2013- 1- 006) Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (81460050),the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department (黔科合J字[2014]2112號),and the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Health Department (gzwkj2013- 1- 006)
通信作者:韋方電話:0851- 85937194,電子郵件:weifanggzsy@qq.com
中圖分類號:R54
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1000- 503X(2016)03- 0253- 07
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.03.002
Corresponding author:WEI FangTel:0851- 85937194,E-mail:weifanggzsy@qq.com
(收稿日期:2015- 12- 25)
Effect of Endometrial Stem Cell-derived Cytokine Cocktail on a Mouse Model of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
JIANG Zhi1,JIA Zhong-shen2,PAN Yu-jia1,2,LI An-jie1,WEI Fang1
1Department of Cardiology,Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital,Guizhou 550002,China2Department of Clinical Medicine,Guizhou Medical University,Guizhou 550025,China
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo study the effect of endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) derived cytokine cocktail (EdCC) on myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (I/R) in a mouse model. MethodsEdCC was concentrated from the culture medium of EnSCs with Millipore ultra-filtration technology and was administrated to a myocardial I/R mouse models through tail vein injection. The infarct area was determined by TTC/Evans Blue staining. The apoptotic cells were counted by TUNEL assay and the protein level of cleaved caspase 3 was evaluated by Western blotting. ResultsThe EdCC extraction efficiency was (222.4±29.3) μg/106 cells in every 24 h,but the protein gradually degraded under-80 ℃ storage. As compared with I/R group,100 μg fresh EdCC decreased infarct area (P=0.001),reduced apoptotic nuclei in the infarct border (P=0.019),and inhibited cleaved caspase 3 expression (P=0.002). Increasing EdCC dosage did not further reduce the infarct area. The myocardial protective effect of EdCC diminished after 90 days’ storage under-80 ℃. ConclusionEdCC reduces myocardial I/R injury through protecting cardiomyocytes from apoptosis within 30 days storage under-80 ℃.
Key words:endometrial stem cells;cytokine;myocardial infarction;ischemic reperfusion injury;apoptosis