高培森,任水明,劉 磊,杜智慧,王淑敏
內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯市中心醫(yī)院 1超聲科 2風(fēng)濕免疫科,內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯017010
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·論著·
高頻超聲在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者神經(jīng)卡壓診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值
高培森1,任水明2,劉磊1,杜智慧1,王淑敏1
內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯市中心醫(yī)院1超聲科2風(fēng)濕免疫科,內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯017010
摘要:目的評(píng)估高頻超聲在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)患者神經(jīng)卡壓診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法以80例RA患者(研究組)和60例非RA患者為研究對(duì)象,行上肢神經(jīng)超聲檢查,統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組受試者的神經(jīng)卡壓發(fā)生率;比較有、無(wú)神經(jīng)卡壓癥狀RA患者在年齡、病程、健康評(píng)估問(wèn)卷殘疾指數(shù)(HAQ-DI)分值、類風(fēng)濕活動(dòng)性等方面的差異。結(jié)果RA組上肢神經(jīng)卡壓發(fā)病率明顯高于對(duì)照組(15.0%比3.3%,P=0.046)。伴有神經(jīng)卡壓RA患者與無(wú)神經(jīng)癥狀患者相比年齡更大[(60.2±11.4)歲比(49.2±7.9)歲;t=2.343,P=0.039],病程更長(zhǎng)[(9.50±5.99)年比(5.88±3.87)年;t=2.639,P=0.023],HAQ-DI指數(shù)更高(1.58±0.75比0.85±0.67;t=2.490,P=0.030);兩組患者在類風(fēng)濕活動(dòng)性指數(shù)方面差異沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(14.50±11.68比16.62±9.24;t=1.141,P=0.278)。結(jié)論外周神經(jīng)病變是RA的常見關(guān)節(jié)外表現(xiàn)。當(dāng)RA患者疑似外周神經(jīng)病變時(shí),應(yīng)行高頻超聲檢查。
關(guān)鍵詞:類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎;神經(jīng)卡壓;超聲;上肢
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(3):327-330
風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種病因不明的慢性系統(tǒng)性炎性疾病,以雙側(cè)對(duì)稱性的多發(fā)關(guān)節(jié)炎為其特征性表現(xiàn),約10%~20%的患者會(huì)合并心血管系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等關(guān)節(jié)外病變[1- 2]。Sivri等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),57.4%的RA患者外周神經(jīng)電生理檢查存在異常。RA引起的卡壓、脈管炎及一些治療藥物的不良反應(yīng)都有可能誘發(fā)外周神經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)端的感覺(jué)或感覺(jué)-運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)病變[4- 5]。本研究采用高頻超聲評(píng)估了RA患者外周神經(jīng)卡壓在流行病學(xué)和臨床表現(xiàn)等方面的相關(guān)性。
對(duì)象和方法
對(duì)象2013年3月至2015年3月在內(nèi)蒙古鄂爾多斯市中心醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科住院就診的80例RA患者,其中,男15例,女65例,平均年齡(51.5±9.0)歲(28~78歲);所有患者均符合2012年早期RA分類診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6],平均病程(6.1±4.6)年(1~11年)。隨機(jī)選取同期就診的非RA患者60例為對(duì)照組,其中,男11例,女49例,平均年齡(51.1±10.8)歲(24~76歲)。兩組患者均無(wú)骨折和外傷史,無(wú)孕產(chǎn)婦,RA組未排除糖尿病和甲狀腺疾病患者。
儀器設(shè)備飛利浦IU22超聲診斷儀,高頻線陣探頭L12- 5(5~12 MHz)、L15- 7(7~15 MHz)。西門子S2000超聲診斷儀,高頻線陣探頭9L4(4~9 MHz)。
方法采用高頻超聲分別對(duì)兩組患者的正中神經(jīng)、尺神經(jīng)和橈神經(jīng)及其周圍結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。以正中神經(jīng)橫截面積≥12 mm2、尺神經(jīng)橫截面積>10 mm2、橈神經(jīng)橫截面積>13 mm2,或神經(jīng)局部腫大橫截面積超過(guò)鄰近部分20%為超聲診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7- 9],所有陽(yáng)性患者行肌電圖檢查,以肌電圖檢查結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),統(tǒng)計(jì)陽(yáng)性病例及發(fā)病率。
RA組患者詳細(xì)詢問(wèn)病史,統(tǒng)計(jì)患者年齡、患病時(shí)間、健康評(píng)估問(wèn)卷殘疾指數(shù)(Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index,HAQ-DI)分值、類風(fēng)濕活動(dòng)性指數(shù)(clinical disease activity index,CDAI),將RA組繼續(xù)分為神經(jīng)卡壓陽(yáng)性組(N+)和陰性組(N-),對(duì)兩組患者的上述指標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較。
RA的活動(dòng)性通過(guò)CDAI進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià):CDAI=TJC(28個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)中的疼痛關(guān)節(jié)數(shù))+SJC(28個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)中的腫脹關(guān)節(jié)數(shù))+PGA(患者的總體評(píng)價(jià)0~10)+MDGA(醫(yī)生的總體評(píng)價(jià))[10]。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
超聲表現(xiàn)正常神經(jīng)為長(zhǎng)軸切面高回聲(神經(jīng)外膜)、低回聲(神經(jīng)束)交替分布的平行管狀結(jié)構(gòu),短軸切面為邊界清晰的蜂窩狀結(jié)構(gòu)(高回聲的神經(jīng)外膜包繞并分隔開的多個(gè)點(diǎn)狀低回聲)。神經(jīng)卡壓時(shí),直接卡壓部位神經(jīng)直徑明顯變細(xì)(切跡),臨近卡壓點(diǎn)神經(jīng)腫脹明顯,神經(jīng)內(nèi)部回聲減低、蜂窩狀結(jié)構(gòu)模糊消失(圖1、2)。
RA組和對(duì)照組神經(jīng)卡壓發(fā)病率的比較RA組80
F:指屈肌腱
F:finger fiexor tendons
A. 正中神經(jīng)正常超聲表現(xiàn)(短軸,箭頭);B. 正中神經(jīng)正常超聲表現(xiàn)(長(zhǎng)軸,箭頭);C. 腕管綜合征患者短軸切面,正中神經(jīng)明顯增大(箭頭),回聲減低,內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)顯示不清;D. 腕管綜合征患者長(zhǎng)軸切面,正中神經(jīng)受壓部位可見切跡(箭頭),鄰近部位神經(jīng)腫脹明顯
A.ultrasonographic pictures of a normal median nerve (transverse sonogram,arrow);B.ultrasonographic pictures of a normal median nerve(longitudinal sonogram,arrow);C.transverse sonogram showing enlargement of the median nerve (arrow) and loss of internal structure discrimination and reduced echogenicity;D.longitudinal sonogram showing a marked caliber change noted at the compression site (arrow),and the proximal nerve was markedly swollen
圖 1正中神經(jīng)超聲圖片
Fig 1Ultrasonographic pictures of median nerve
1:肱骨內(nèi)上髁;2:鷹嘴
1:medial epicondyle;2:olecroanon
A. 尺神經(jīng)正常超聲表現(xiàn)(短軸,箭頭);B. 尺神經(jīng)正常超聲表現(xiàn)(長(zhǎng)軸,箭頭);C.短軸切面顯示尺神經(jīng)明顯腫脹,內(nèi)部束狀結(jié)構(gòu)消失(箭頭);D. 長(zhǎng)軸切面顯示神經(jīng)受壓部位管徑突然變細(xì)(箭頭),鄰近的神經(jīng)明顯腫脹
A.ultrasonographic pictures of a normal ulnar nerve(transverse sonogram,arrow);B.ultrasonographic pictures of a normal ulnar nerve(longitudinal sonogram,arrow);C.transverse sonogram shows swollen ulnar nerve and loss of fascicular discrimination(arrow);D.longitudinal showing a marked caliber change noted at the compression site(arrow),meanwhile,the proximal nerve was markedly swollen
圖 2尺神經(jīng)超聲圖片
Fig 2Ultrasonographic pictures of ulnar nerve
例患者中,有12例(15%)發(fā)生上肢神經(jīng)卡壓,其中,正中神經(jīng)卡壓10例(男2例,女8例;單側(cè)4例,雙側(cè)6例);尺神經(jīng)卡壓2例(男1例,女1例,均為單側(cè)發(fā)病)。對(duì)照組60例患者中,有2例(3.3%)發(fā)生正中神經(jīng)卡壓(男1例,女1例;均為單側(cè)受壓)。兩組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=3.97,P=0.046)。
有無(wú)神經(jīng)卡壓RA患者間的比較伴有神經(jīng)卡壓RA患者與無(wú)神經(jīng)癥狀患者相比年齡更大[(60.2±11.4)歲比(49.2±7.9)歲;t=2.343,P=0.039)],病程更長(zhǎng)[(9.50±5.99)年比(5.88±3.87)年;t=2.639,P=0.023)],HAQ-DI指數(shù)更高(1.58±0.75比0.85±0.67;t=2.490,P=0.030);兩組患者在CDAI方面差異沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(14.50±11.68比16.62±9.24;t=1.141,P=0.278)。
討論
外周神經(jīng)疾病是RA常見的關(guān)節(jié)外病變之一。有研究顯示,RA患者罹患外周神經(jīng)疾病可能與神經(jīng)滋養(yǎng)血管的脈管炎、鄰近組織卡壓和一些抗風(fēng)濕藥物的不良反應(yīng)有關(guān)[4- 5,11]。外周神經(jīng)病變表現(xiàn)多樣,如感覺(jué)麻木,疼痛和肌肉萎縮。這些癥狀與關(guān)節(jié)炎的癥狀相類似,容易被忽視。
類風(fēng)濕是一種慢性的系統(tǒng)性疾病,其主要病理特征是滑膜細(xì)胞增生,血管翳形成,侵犯關(guān)節(jié)軟骨和骨組織,最終導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)骨質(zhì)破壞、增生,關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)畸形。上肢的外周神經(jīng)卡壓最容易發(fā)生在腕管和肘管,腕管和肘管均為相對(duì)閉合的管道結(jié)構(gòu),其內(nèi)有神經(jīng)及其伴行組織走行,RA增厚的滑膜和腱鞘,腫大的肌腱和骨骼的增生變形都可以擠占管道空間,導(dǎo)致其內(nèi)走形的神經(jīng)滋養(yǎng)動(dòng)脈受壓和靜脈充血,最終表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)的水腫,伴隨著卡壓時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),神經(jīng)鞘逐漸纖維化會(huì)對(duì)神經(jīng)纖維產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步的危害[11]。
1992年,Buchberger等[12]首次提出直接受壓部位神經(jīng)直徑的突然變細(xì)是神經(jīng)卡壓的顯著超聲特征,現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)同樣可以應(yīng)用在其他部位神經(jīng)卡壓性病變的可靠診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]。鄰近病變處的神經(jīng)束局限性膨大是微血管充血、水腫的表現(xiàn),神經(jīng)受壓的嚴(yán)重程度與神經(jīng)的橫截面積呈正相關(guān)[14],嚴(yán)重受壓的神經(jīng)束通常融合在一起表現(xiàn)為一條粗大的低回聲帶,無(wú)法分辨出神經(jīng)內(nèi)部束樣結(jié)構(gòu)。超聲在原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性神經(jīng)卡壓的診斷中有著很高的敏感性和特異性[15- 17]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,RA患者神經(jīng)卡壓綜合征的發(fā)病率明顯高于對(duì)照組,RA患者年齡越大,病程越長(zhǎng)患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。該結(jié)果與RA疾病發(fā)展過(guò)程一致,RA患病時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),關(guān)節(jié)骨質(zhì)增生和關(guān)節(jié)變形越嚴(yán)重,腕管及肘管神經(jīng)通過(guò)空間減小,壓力增大,更加容易導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)卡壓的發(fā)生。本研究還顯示,神經(jīng)卡壓綜合征的RA患者HAQ-DI殘疾指數(shù)更高,推測(cè)其原因可能是由患者平均年齡更高,病程更長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致;此外,正中神經(jīng)卡壓和尺神經(jīng)卡壓造成的刺痛和肌肉萎縮無(wú)力也可能是重要原因之一。
本研究選取的RA患者均為住院患者,病程較長(zhǎng),癥狀較重,神經(jīng)卡壓的發(fā)生率有可能高于實(shí)際發(fā)病率。此外,糖尿病和甲狀腺功能低下也是外周神經(jīng)卡壓的常見病因,RA患者合并上述疾病時(shí),在神經(jīng)卡壓的超聲圖像和臨床表現(xiàn)是否會(huì)有更加嚴(yán)重的表現(xiàn),也是本研究試圖探討的問(wèn)題之一,但是病例過(guò)少,且無(wú)陽(yáng)性病例,未能得出有意義的結(jié)論,還需要更多的資料收集。
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基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81260221、81460269) Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (81260221,81460269)
通信作者:王淑敏電話:0477- 8107184,電子郵件:shuminwang2014@163.com
中圖分類號(hào):R445.1;R730.41
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000- 503X(2016)03- 0327- 04
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.03.015
Corresponding author:WANG Shu-minTel:0477- 8107184,E-mail:shuminwang2014@163.com
(收稿日期:2015- 06- 15)
Value of High-frequency Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Compression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
GAO Pei-sen1,REN Shui-ming2,LIU Lei1,DU Zhi-hui1,WANG Shu-min1
1Department of Ultrasound,2Department of Rheumatology,Ordos Hospital,Ordos,Inner Mongolia 017010,China
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo evaluate the value of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) in diagnosing peripheral nerve compression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MethodsThe upper limb nerves were evaluated by HFUS in 80 RA patients (RA group) and 60 non-RA patients (control group),then the incidence of peripheral nerve compression was recorded respectively. RA patients with/without neurological symptoms were compared in terms of age,disease course,Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) score,and clinical disease activity index (CDAI). ResultsThe incidence of upper limb nerve compression in RA group was significantly higher than that in control group(15.0% vs. 3.3%,P=0.046)。The patients with nerve compression was older [(60.2±11.4)y vs.(49.2±7.9)y;t=2.343,P=0.039] and had longer disease course [(9.50±5.99) y vs. (5.88±3.87)y;t=2.639,P=0.023] and higher HAQ-DI score (1.58±0.75 vs.0.85±0.67;t=2.490,P=0.030). These two groups had no statistical differences in CDAI (14.50±11.68 vs.16.62±9.24;t=1.141,P=0.278).ConclusionsPeripheral neuropathies are common extra-articular manifestations in RA patients. HFUS can be valuable in patients suspected of RA.
Key words:rheumatoid arthritis;nerve compression;ultrasonography;upper limb
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2016年3期