楊 潔,虎崇康,曾令超,張 薇,林 燕,杜春艷,田 姣,張妮妮,江 遜,王寶西
(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬唐都醫(yī)院兒科,陜西 西安 710038)
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【臨床研究】
肺泡灌洗術(shù)治療兒童大葉性肺炎的療效觀察
楊潔,虎崇康,曾令超,張薇,林燕,杜春艷,田姣,張妮妮,江遜,王寶西
(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬唐都醫(yī)院兒科,陜西 西安 710038)
[摘要]目的觀察纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)對(duì)兒童大葉性肺炎治療的臨床效果。方法收集第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬唐都醫(yī)院2015年1至12月121例兒童大葉性肺炎的臨床資料,分析應(yīng)用纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)在臨床療效上的差異。結(jié)果①病程≤7天的79例患兒,37例行纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),1周后復(fù)查,治愈30例(占81.08%),42例對(duì)照組中治愈23例(占54.76%);病程>7天的42例患兒,22例行纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),1周后復(fù)查,治愈17例(占77.27%),20例對(duì)照組中治愈11例(占55.00%);②121例患兒靜脈血中肺炎支原體(MP)陽(yáng)性10例(8.26%),而59例行纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)患兒的肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中MP陽(yáng)性者為47例(79.66%);③病程在1周內(nèi)的患兒接受纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),其住院時(shí)間、熱程均較對(duì)照組縮短(t值分別是2.394和2.101,均P<0.05),肺部病變治愈率明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(χ2=6.171,P<0.05);而病程超過(guò)1周的患兒差異并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論在大葉性肺炎患兒中,早期進(jìn)行纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)治療,可以有效縮短熱程及住院天數(shù),提高治愈率。檢測(cè)BALF可提高M(jìn)P的陽(yáng)性檢出率。
[關(guān)鍵詞]纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù);兒童;大葉性肺炎;臨床療效
肺炎是兒童時(shí)期常見(jiàn)的下呼吸道疾病,發(fā)病率高,約為15.7:10 000[1],其中大葉性肺炎是臨床癥狀較重、累及范圍較廣、病程較長(zhǎng)的一類。近年隨著纖維支氣管鏡在兒科領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用,為兒童大葉性肺炎提供了一種新的治療方法。本研究對(duì)121例大葉性肺炎患兒的臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,探討纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)在兒童大葉性肺炎治療中的療效。
1.1一般資料
選擇2015年1至12月在第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬唐都醫(yī)院兒科住院的大葉性肺炎患兒,共121例,其中男62例,女59例,年齡為1~15歲。所有患兒符合《諸福棠實(shí)用兒科學(xué)》中大葉性肺炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2],且均無(wú)纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)禁忌癥[3]。入院后根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)予以抗感染、霧化、化痰藥物等治療。根據(jù)患兒來(lái)院時(shí)的病程,將121例患兒分為A組79例(病程≤7天)和B組42例(病程>7天),以患兒家屬是否同意進(jìn)行支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),將其分為灌洗組和對(duì)照組,其中灌洗組患兒均在入院3天內(nèi)進(jìn)行首次支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗。A、B組中灌洗組和對(duì)照組在一般情況、臨床癥狀、體征、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查方面比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),具有可比性,見(jiàn)表1、表2。
表1A組患兒灌洗組與對(duì)照組臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)比較結(jié)果[n(%)]
Table 1 Comparison of clinical and laboratory indexes between two subgroups in group A [n(%)]
注:*臨床肺部感染評(píng)分(clinical pulmonary infection score,CPIS),參照1991年制定的國(guó)際通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]計(jì)算總分;超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein,Hs-CRP)
項(xiàng)目灌洗組(n=22)對(duì)照組(n=20)χ2/tP性別(男/女)11(50.00)/11(50.00)14(70.00)/6(30.00)χ2=1.7390.187年齡(歲)6.65±3.185.98±3.25t=0.1860.669咳嗽22(100.00)20(100.00)--氣促2(9.09)2(10.00)χ2=0.0100.920濕羅音14(63.64)12(60.00)χ2=0.0590.808Hs-CRP17(77.27)14(70.00)χ2=0.2870.592降鈣素原6(27.27)5(25.00)χ2=0.0280.867CPIS≥614(63.64)8(40.00)χ2=2.3460.126
1.2方法
1.2.1纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)
所有行肺泡灌洗術(shù)的患兒均經(jīng)家屬同意,并簽署知情告知書。術(shù)前全部進(jìn)行血常規(guī)、凝血系列、輸血前四項(xiàng)及心電圖檢查,并禁食、水6小時(shí),1~5歲患兒選擇全身麻醉,6歲以上患兒選擇局部麻醉。術(shù)中監(jiān)測(cè)患兒生命體征,應(yīng)用纖維支氣管鏡依次進(jìn)入鼻咽部、會(huì)厭、聲門、氣管、支氣管。結(jié)合術(shù)前胸部影像學(xué)檢查病變部位,遇到痰栓堵塞氣管腔,經(jīng)活檢孔通過(guò)硅膠管用20mL的無(wú)菌注射器快速注入37℃滅菌生理鹽水(1.0mL/kg)進(jìn)行灌洗;然后用50~100mmHg負(fù)壓吸引回收灌洗液至一次性無(wú)菌容器中,回收率要求達(dá)到40%~60%,中葉或舌葉回收率在40%以上,其他部位在30%以上。若鏡下分泌物較多,可重復(fù)灌洗。將肺泡灌洗液(BALF)于30分鐘內(nèi)送檢細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)、肺炎支原體(MP)DNA等檢查。術(shù)后繼續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征24小時(shí)。
1.2.2有關(guān)治療
細(xì)菌感染選擇廣譜抗生素進(jìn)行治療,并依據(jù)病原學(xué)調(diào)整抗生素。感染中毒癥狀重者可根據(jù)情況選擇加用靜注人免疫球蛋白、甲潑尼龍等。支原體感染予口服阿奇霉素。合并中大量胸腔積液者,給予胸腔閉式引流術(shù)。
1.2.3治療轉(zhuǎn)歸
按照國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局發(fā)布的小兒肺炎療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]分為:①治愈,1周內(nèi)體溫恢復(fù)正常,臨床癥狀和體征消失或基本消失,胸部X線檢查炎癥吸收;②好轉(zhuǎn),1周內(nèi)體溫有下降,臨床癥狀和體征減輕,X線檢查炎癥未全吸收;③未愈,臨床癥狀、肺部體征、X線均無(wú)明顯變化。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩兩比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1纖維支氣管鏡灌洗術(shù)患兒的治療情況及鏡下表現(xiàn)
在121例患兒中,有116例(95.87%)在入院前使用過(guò)抗生素,共有59例患兒行支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)。A組中34例接受纖維支氣管鏡灌洗1次,2例2次,1例4次(后發(fā)展為遷延性肺炎);2例合并中大量胸水,均行胸腔閉式引流術(shù),1周后復(fù)查胸部影像學(xué),胸水明顯減少。B組中20例患兒接受1次纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),1例2次,1例4次。
在所有進(jìn)行肺泡灌洗術(shù)的患兒中,鏡下表現(xiàn)為痰栓、支氣管黏膜充血水腫者47例,多發(fā)小結(jié)節(jié)者5例,炎性管腔狹窄7例。對(duì)多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)及炎性管腔狹窄的患兒進(jìn)行黏膜活檢,病理改變?yōu)椋?例慢性炎伴纖維組織增生,3例炎性滲出、壞死,2例上皮細(xì)胞不典型增生。
2.2病原學(xué)檢查結(jié)果
在121例患兒靜脈血中MP陽(yáng)性10例,陽(yáng)性率占8.26%,其中6例MP-DNA陽(yáng)性,4例MP-IgM抗體陽(yáng)性(滴度≥1:160)。在59例行支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)患兒中,BALF檢測(cè)MP-DNA陽(yáng)性者47例(79.66%),3~10歲患兒陽(yáng)性者占39例(66.10%)。細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性者7例,其中甲型溶血性鏈球菌2例,流感嗜血桿菌1例,金黃色葡萄球菌1例,肺炎鏈球菌3例。EB-DNA(Epstein-Barr virus DNA)陽(yáng)性者7例。3例血T-spot.TB陽(yáng)性。MP感染合并細(xì)菌感染者5例,合并EB-DNA陽(yáng)性者2例。
2.3治療后療效評(píng)價(jià)情況
2.3.1熱程和住院時(shí)間
A組患兒灌洗組較對(duì)照組在熱程及住院時(shí)間上明顯縮短,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);而B(niǎo)組患兒灌洗組較對(duì)照組在熱程及住院時(shí)間上雖有縮短,但兩組比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.3.2治愈率及總有效率
A組患兒灌洗組的治愈率高于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=6.171,P=0.013<0.05),A組患兒總有效率也高于對(duì)照組,但兩組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組患兒灌洗組的治愈率高于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=2.339,P=0.126>0.05),B組患兒總有效率也高于對(duì)照組,但兩組間比較差異也無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
Table 3 Comparison of the duration of fever and hospital stays between patients in group A and group ±S)
表4A組和B組患兒療效的比較結(jié)果[n(%)]
Table 4 Comparison of therapeutic effect between patients in group A and group B[n(%)]
3.1兒童大葉性肺炎在纖維支氣管鏡下的表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后
肺炎是導(dǎo)致兒童死亡最常見(jiàn)的急性感染性疾病,約占5歲以下兒童死亡的15%[6]。兒童大葉性肺炎多為氣道黏膜充血、水腫,大量粘稠性分泌物堵塞,致排痰不暢,加之存在血支氣管屏障、肺泡毛細(xì)血管屏障,使到達(dá)病灶部位抗菌藥物濃度低,從而癥狀改善緩慢[7-8]。近年來(lái)隨著臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷積累,纖維支氣管鏡在兒科呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病方面的應(yīng)用已得到廣泛肯定[9],應(yīng)用纖維支氣管鏡可以更直觀地觀察病灶部位,探尋呼吸不暢的原因,通過(guò)肺泡灌洗術(shù)可快速促使被痰栓堵塞的氣道通暢。本研究中59例患兒中有47例鏡下表現(xiàn)為痰栓、支氣管黏膜充血水腫。經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗后均預(yù)后良好。
本研究顯示A、B兩組中各有1例患兒經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)治療4次,病程均超過(guò)1個(gè)月,細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)均未培養(yǎng)出致病菌,2例BALF MP-DNA均陽(yáng)性,1例BALF EB-DNA陽(yáng)性。纖維支氣管鏡下均可見(jiàn)大量膿痰,黏膜充血、水腫,伴不同程度管腔狹窄。病程遷延原因考慮為:①2例患兒病變部位均為右肺中葉,由于其解剖特點(diǎn)容易導(dǎo)致引流不暢,且纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)后可再次出現(xiàn)痰栓阻塞;②慢性炎癥刺激致肉芽組織增生、支氣管開(kāi)口管腔狹窄,周圍淋巴結(jié)腫大壓迫支氣管引流不暢。隨訪至出院3個(gè)月,胸部影像學(xué)病變肺部已完全復(fù)張。
3.2大葉性肺炎病原學(xué)特點(diǎn)
大葉性肺炎感染的病原菌隨時(shí)間的推移而出現(xiàn)了變遷,不再以肺炎鏈球菌為主,而是由細(xì)菌、支原體、病毒、真菌混合感染為主,且MP感染的比率逐漸增多[10-11]。本研究中血及BALF中細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性者僅為7例,占5.79%,分析原因可能與入院時(shí)大多數(shù)患兒已在外院使用過(guò)抗生素有關(guān)。血中MP-DNA或MP-IgM抗體(滴度≥1:160)檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性者10例,而B(niǎo)ALF中MP-DNA陽(yáng)性者有47例,高達(dá)79.66%。故BALF檢測(cè)可提高檢測(cè)MP感染陽(yáng)性率。
3.3纖維支氣管鏡治療大葉性肺炎的效果
本研究顯示,病程在1周內(nèi)的患兒接受纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),其住院時(shí)間、熱程均較對(duì)照組縮短,肺部病變治愈率明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組;而病程1周以上的患兒灌洗組與對(duì)照組的住院時(shí)間、熱程比較則差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。所以在診斷大葉性肺炎后,早期實(shí)施纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù)的臨床治療效果更好。與有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[12]。
綜上所述,在兒童大葉性肺炎治療中,除常規(guī)使用抗感染等藥物治療外,如能在早期輔以纖維支氣管鏡肺泡灌洗術(shù),有利于明確病原,并縮短熱程及住院時(shí)間,降低家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:侯偉]
[收稿日期]2016-06-04
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]楊潔(1980-),女,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事兒科臨床工作。
[通訊作者]江遜,主任醫(yī)師/副教授;王寶西,主任醫(yī)師/教授。
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2016.07.012
[中圖分類號(hào)]R725.6
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1673-5293(2016)07-0822-03
Clinical observation on the therapeutic effects of bronchoalveolar lavage in treating children with lobar pneumonia
YANG Jie, HU Chong-kang, ZENG Ling-chao, ZHANG Wei, LIN Yan, DU Chun-yan, TIAN Jiao, ZHANG Ni-ni, JIANG Xun, WANG Bao-xi
(Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Xi’an 710038, China)
[Abstract]Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope in treating children with lobar pneumonia. Methods Clinical data of 121 children with lobar pneumonia treated in Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University from January to December 2015 were collected. Differences in the therapeutic effect of bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope were analyzed. Results Among 79 cases of patients whose course of disease were shorter or equal to 7 days, 37 cases underwent bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope and had re-examination in one week. Among them, 30 cases were cured (81.08%). In addition, 23 out of 42 cases of patients in the control group were cured (54.76%). As for the other 42 cases of children whose course of disease were longer than 7 days, 22 of them received bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope and re-examined in one week. Among them, 17 cases were cured (77.27%). Meanwhile, 11 out of 20 cases of patients in the control group were cured (55.00%). In total, 10 out of 121 cases (8.26%) of children showed positive result of mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) in their venous blood. In addition, 47 out of 59 (79.66%) cases of patients who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope showed positive result of MP in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). As for patients whose course of disease were shorter or equal to 7 days, they had shorter length of hospital stays and fever after receiving bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope than patients in the control group (t value was 2.394 and 2.101, respectively, both P<0.05). Besides, their recovery rate of pulmonary lesion was significantly superior to that of the control group (χ2=6.171, P<0.05). But these differences were not statistically significant in patients whose course of disease were longer than 7 days. Conclusion Treating lobar pneumonia with bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope at early stage can effectively shorten the duration of fever and hospital stays and eventually improve the recovery rate. Testing BALF can improve the positive detection rate of MP.
[Key words]bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchofibroscope; children; lobar pneumonia; therapeutic effect