趙紅英,楊國(guó)濤,王海濱,張惠芳,王文浩,谷倩倩
[河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)滄州臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(河北省滄州市中心醫(yī)院)1.老年內(nèi)科,2.神經(jīng)內(nèi)三科,河北 滄州061001]
老年患者發(fā)生遲發(fā)性腦缺血前多種影響因素的探究*
趙紅英1,楊國(guó)濤2,王海濱1,張惠芳1,王文浩1,谷倩倩1
[河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)滄州臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(河北省滄州市中心醫(yī)院)1.老年內(nèi)科,2.神經(jīng)內(nèi)三科,河北 滄州061001]
目的探究老年患者發(fā)生遲發(fā)性腦缺血(DCI)的危險(xiǎn)因素,防止遲發(fā)性腦缺血的發(fā)生。方法回顧性分析120例動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者。年齡60~79歲,F(xiàn)isher分級(jí)>1。將患者分為DCI組和非DCI組。分析患者的相關(guān)指標(biāo)(性別、吸煙史、局部腦氧飽和度等),找出遲發(fā)性腦缺血的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并用受試者工作曲線評(píng)估其預(yù)測(cè)性能。結(jié)果所有入組患者中,69例患者伴有DCI。單因素分析結(jié)果表明,DCI組患者中,有吸煙史、低鈉、局部腦氧飽和度<50的患者比例明顯大于非DCI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),鈉離子濃度(O∧R=3.011,95%CI:1.123,8.070)與局部腦氧飽和度(O∧R=3.324,95%CI:1.734,6.372)是遲發(fā)性腦缺血的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且局部腦氧飽和度預(yù)測(cè)性能更佳。結(jié)論局部腦氧飽和度是老年患者動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后遲發(fā)性腦缺血較好的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
局部腦氧飽和度;遲發(fā)性腦缺血;蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔缺血
動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage,aSAH)是由腦部動(dòng)脈瘤破裂引起的血管破裂,從而使血液流入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的腦部疾病,此病較為危急,兇險(xiǎn)異常,老年患者由于身體機(jī)能下降,常會(huì)引起一些并發(fā)癥,包括遲發(fā)性腦缺血(delayed cerebral ischaemia,DCI)、腦積水、腦血管痙攣等[1-2]。其中DCI為局灶性或全局性的神經(jīng)功能惡化,伴有腦血流受損,可演變成腦梗死,致殘率與致死率均較高[3]。有些DCI患者經(jīng)過(guò)治療后,病情雖然有所緩解,但預(yù)后很差,絕大多數(shù)伴有殘疾,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量,有的患者甚至惡化,最終導(dǎo)致死亡,所以找出導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,早期干預(yù),防止DCI的發(fā)生顯得尤為重要。本研究回顧性分析aSAH患者的各項(xiàng)觀測(cè)指標(biāo),通過(guò)Logistic回歸分析找出導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并通過(guò)受試者工作曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲線)評(píng)價(jià)該獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)DCI的診斷價(jià)值,以便在臨床上早期干預(yù)、防止DCI的發(fā)生。
1.1一般資料
回顧性分析2011年5月-2015年1月河北省滄州市中心醫(yī)院120例aSAH患者。此次入組患者年齡60~79歲,平均(70.93±7.35)歲;男性53例,女性67例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):伴有腦動(dòng)脈瘤破裂,F(xiàn)isher分級(jí)>1。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):先前存在慢性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、外傷、真菌性動(dòng)脈瘤,肌酐>200μmol/L的患者以及孕產(chǎn)婦。入組患者在出血發(fā)病12 h內(nèi)入組,此后在醫(yī)院隨訪14 d。采用CT掃描與腦血管造影分別證實(shí)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血與腦動(dòng)脈瘤的診斷。將患者分為DCI組與非DCI組,其中DCI患者69例,非DCI患者51例。
1.2遲發(fā)性腦缺血的診斷
神經(jīng)功能惡化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別如下:通過(guò)Glasgow昏迷量表測(cè)量意識(shí)水平惡化;出現(xiàn)新的局灶性神經(jīng)缺陷;瞳孔對(duì)光反應(yīng)惡化;NIH卒中量表評(píng)估出現(xiàn)惡化。在DCI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,腦血流的評(píng)估應(yīng)該在神經(jīng)功能惡化后12 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行。使用經(jīng)顱多普勒檢測(cè)受損的腦血流指征包括:平均大腦中動(dòng)脈流速>120m l/s;收縮期大腦中動(dòng)脈流速>200 ml/s;Lindegard指數(shù)> 3.0。采用頭部CT/CT灌注掃描對(duì)腦缺血、梗死與腦血流不對(duì)稱進(jìn)行評(píng)估,且由不同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的放射科醫(yī)師獨(dú)立審查。由神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生獨(dú)立進(jìn)行腦血管造影且對(duì)其進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),狹窄>25%表示顯著血管痙攣,當(dāng)受試者具有神經(jīng)功能惡化以及一個(gè)或多個(gè)受損的腦血流指標(biāo)即可診斷為DCI。
1.3相關(guān)信息的收集
性別;年齡;手術(shù)方式:手術(shù)夾閉與血管內(nèi)栓塞;手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī):分為0~24 h與24~96 h手術(shù);吸煙史;高血壓??;心電圖;白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù):正常范圍為4~10×109/L;電解質(zhì):鈉離子濃度正常參考值為135~145 mmol/L,鈣離子濃度正常參考值為2.12~2.75 mmol/L,鉀離子濃度正常值3.5~5.5 mmol/L;血糖:正常范圍為3.1~6.9mmol/L;GCS評(píng)分:即Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分,通過(guò)睜眼與語(yǔ)言反應(yīng)以及肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)3方面得分總和來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)患者的昏迷程度;局部腦氧飽和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2):使用近紅外光譜法(near-infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)監(jiān)測(cè)rSO2,rSO2<50即被認(rèn)為是氧合不足。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,DCI和非DCI兩組間計(jì)數(shù)資料(包括性別分布、吸煙史、電解質(zhì)及rSO2)的比較用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Logistic回歸分析進(jìn)行多因素分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的單因素分析
將入組患者分為DCI組與非DCI組,比較兩組患者間性別、年齡、電解質(zhì)等相關(guān)指標(biāo)。其中吸煙史、鈉離子濃度以及rSO2在兩組間存在差異。DCI組有吸煙史、低鈉以及rSO2<50的患者數(shù)明顯多于非DCI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的多因素分析
將單因素分析中在DCI和非DCI兩組間有差異的3個(gè)指標(biāo)(即吸煙、低鈉、rSO2<50)采用Logistic回歸分析進(jìn)行多因素分析,從而找出導(dǎo)致老年患者aSAH后DCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)rSO2<50與低鈉是導(dǎo)致老年患者aSAH后DCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3ROC曲線分析
采用ROC曲線對(duì)鈉離子濃度與rSO2兩個(gè)影響因素進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)rSO2的ROC曲線下面積大于鈉離子濃度,且臨界點(diǎn)為56,所以rSO2是最佳的指標(biāo),其更為精確的臨界點(diǎn)為56,即rSO2<56時(shí),患者患有DCI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。見(jiàn)表3和附圖。
表1 DCI組與非DCI組間相關(guān)影響因素的比較
表2 影響DCI發(fā)生的多因素Logistic回歸分析
附圖 rSO2與鈉離子濃度的ROC曲線
表3 rSO2與鈉離子濃度的ROC曲線參數(shù)
DCI是老年aSAH患者的并發(fā)癥之一,為局灶性或全局性的神經(jīng)功能惡化,伴有腦血流受損,較為兇險(xiǎn),死亡率較高[4-6]。盡管隨著醫(yī)療水平的進(jìn)步,aSAH后DCI經(jīng)過(guò)治療可以改善,但死亡率仍較高[7-8]。所以找出導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,對(duì)其進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),防止DCI發(fā)生,對(duì)于提高aSAH患者生存率以及改善預(yù)后意義重大。此次研究的主要目的就是先通過(guò)Logistic回歸分析找到導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,然后再通過(guò)ROC曲線評(píng)價(jià)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素的診斷價(jià)值,便于臨床早期干預(yù),防止DCI的發(fā)生,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。
此次研究將患者分為DCI和非DCI兩組,對(duì)一些相關(guān)的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)DCI組有吸煙史、低鈉以及rSO2<50的患者數(shù)明顯多于非DCI組,然后對(duì)吸煙史、鈉離子濃度以及rSO2進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)鈉離子濃度與rSO2是DCI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。眾所周知,煙草中的某些物質(zhì)可以對(duì)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)造成一定的傷害,例如動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的形成、腦血流灌注減少、血液黏稠等,這些都使DCI發(fā)生的可能性增大[9]。但多因素Logistic回歸分析中吸煙史卻不是DCI的發(fā)生獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這可能與本次研究樣本量較少有關(guān),還需較大樣本量更進(jìn)一步的研究。另外,電解質(zhì)紊亂在aSAH患者中較為常見(jiàn),尤其是低鈉血癥最為常見(jiàn)[10]。低鈉血癥患者由于細(xì)胞外液滲透壓較低,細(xì)胞外液變少,血容量不足,最終導(dǎo)致腦缺血的發(fā)生[11]。另外,低鈉血癥還可以通過(guò)提高心房鈉尿肽的水平來(lái)促進(jìn)腦缺血甚至是腦梗死的發(fā)生[12-14]。此次研究中,低鈉是DCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,所以對(duì)于低鈉患者應(yīng)定期監(jiān)控鈉離子水平,一旦出現(xiàn)異常,及早采取措施。除此之外,rSO2可以評(píng)價(jià)大腦血氧供應(yīng)情況[15],其正常值在55%~75%之間,rSO2<50說(shuō)明患者大腦血氧供應(yīng)不足,而腦對(duì)血氧含量的變化又十分敏感[16-18]。在本次研究中rSO2<50也是DCI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,所以通過(guò)NIRS持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)rSO2,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)干預(yù),從而避免由于rSO2降低引起的腦細(xì)胞壞死、變性、腫脹等形態(tài)學(xué)變化,防止DCI的發(fā)生。
在多因素Logistic回歸分析中,低鈉與rSO2<50的OR值分別為3.011與3.324,較為接近,說(shuō)明兩者對(duì)于導(dǎo)致DCI發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)程度相當(dāng),于是本研究又通過(guò)ROC曲線對(duì)鈉離子濃度以及rSO2進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分析,以便找到敏感度和特異度較高的指標(biāo),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)rSO2優(yōu)于鈉離子濃度,可以更好的預(yù)測(cè)DCI的發(fā)生,并且rSO2的評(píng)估可以在床邊持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè),不需要病人離開(kāi)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,便于維持患者病情穩(wěn)定,在臨床上早期監(jiān)測(cè),一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常盡早干預(yù),對(duì)于防止DCI的發(fā)生具有重要的實(shí)用價(jià)值,值得推廣使用。
綜上所述,吸煙史、鈉離子濃度與rSO23者均是老年aSAH患者并發(fā)DCI的危險(xiǎn)因素,但只有鈉離子濃度與rSO2是其獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且rSO2更有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,便于持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)。所以,在臨床上需要密切觀測(cè)老年aSAH患者rSO2的變化,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,及早采取措施,防止DCI的發(fā)生。
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(張蕾編輯)
Risk factors for delayed cerebral ischemia in elderly patients*
Hong-ying Zhao1,Guo-tao Yang2,Hai-bin Wang1,Hui-fang Zhang1,Wen-hao Wang1,Qian-Qian Gu1
(1.Department of Elderly Internal Medicine;2.The Third Department of Neurology,Cangzhou Central Hospital,Cangzhou Clinical Medical School of Hebei Medical University,Cangzhou,Hebei 061001,China)
Objective To explore the independent risk factors for delayed cerebral ischemia(DCI)in elderly patients so as to prevent occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia.Methods Totally 120 subjects with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage with the age of 60-79 years and Fisher grade>1 were included in the retrospective study. The patients were divided into DCI group and non-DCI group.The patient's relevant indicators(gender,smoking history,regional cerebral oxygen desaturation and so on)were analyzed to identify independent risk factors for delayed cerebral ischemia.Through ROC analysis their predicting value was evaluated.Results Among all subjects,69 patients had DCI.Univariate analysis showed that the proportion of the patients with smoking history,low sodium and regional cerebral oxygen desaturation<50 in the DCI group was significantly higher than that in the non-DCI group(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sodium ion concentration(O∧R=3.011;95%CI:1.123,8.070)and regional cerebral oxygen saturation(O∧R=3.324;95%CI:1.734,6.372)were the independent risk factors for delayed cerebral ischemia.Regional cerebral oxygen saturation was a helpful predictor.Conclusions Regional cerebral oxygen saturation is a helpful predictor for delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage in elderly patients.
regional cerebral oxygen saturation;delayed cerebral ischemia;subarachnoid hemorrhage
R 742
B
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2016.14.015
1005-8982(2016)14-0077-05
2016-03-17
滄州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No:131302062)
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)雜志2016年14期